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________________ jainadharma kI paramparA, itihAsa ke jharokhe se DaoN. sAgaramala jaina.... dyapi janasaMkhyA kI dRSTi se Aja vizva meM prati eka hajAra / va vyaktiyoM meM mAtra chaha vyakti jaina haiM, phira bhI vizva ke . prAkRta-sAhitya meM RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI) aura pAlI dharmoM ke itihAsa meM jainadharma kA bhI apanA eka viziSTa sthAna hai, sAhitya meM theragAthA aise grantha haiN| jo isa tathya kI puSTi karate haiM kyoMki vaicArika udAratA, dArzanika gaMbhIratA, vipula sAhitya : ki ati prAcIna kAla meM AcAra aura vicAragata vibhinnatAoM aura utkRSTa zilpa kI dRSTi se vizva ke dharmoM meM isakA avadAna ke hote hue bhI ina RSiyoM meM pArasparika sauhArda thaa| mahattvapUrNa hai| Aie! isa mahAna dharma-paramparA kA itihAsa ke pariprekSya meM adhyayana kreN| RSibhASita, jo ki prAkRta-jaina AgamoM aura bauddha pAlI piTakoM meM apekSAkRta rUpa se prAcIna hai aura jo kisI samaya zramaNaparaMparA: jaina paramparA kA mahattvapUrNa grantha mAnA jAtA thA, adhyAtmapradhAna vizva ke dharmo kI mukhyata: semeTika dharma aura Arya-dharma, zramaNadhArA ke isa pArasparika sauhArda aura ekarUpatA ko sUcita aisI do zAkhAe~ haiN| semeTika dhamoM meM yahadI, IsAI aura masalamAna karatA hai| yaha grantha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke pazcAt Ate haiM, jabaki Arya-dharmoM meM pArasI, hindU (vaidika) bauddha tathA zeSa sabhI prAkRta aura pAlI-sAhitya ke pUrva I. pU. lagabhaga aura jaina dharmoM kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| inake atirikta sadara parva caturtha zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hai| isa grantha meM nirgrantha, bauddha, ke deza jApAna aura cIna meM vikasita kucha kanphaziyasa evaM aupaniSadika evaM AjIvaka Adi anya zramaNa-paramparAoM ke zinto ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| 45 'RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| isI prakAra bauddha-paramparA ___ Arya-dhoM meM jahA~ hindU dharma ke vaidika svarUpa ko ke grantha theragAthA meM bhI zramaNadhArA ke vividha RSiyoM ke upadeza pravRttimArgI mAnA jAtA hai| vahA~ jainadharma aura bauddhadharma ko evaM AdhyAtmika anubhUtiyA~ saMkalita haiN| aitihAsika evaM anAgrahI saMnyAsamArgI yA nivRttiparaka kahA jAtA hai| jaina aura bauddha donoM dRSTi se adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai, na to RSibhAsita hI dharma zramaNa-paramparA ke dharma hai| zramaNa-paraMparA kI vizeSatA (isibhAsiyAI) ke sabhI RSi jaina-paramparA ke haiM aura na theragAthA ke sabhI thera (sthavira) bauddha-paramparA ke haiN| jahA~ RSibhAsita meM yaha hai ki vaha sAMsArika evaM aihika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA ko ujAgarakara saMnyAsa evaM vairAga ke mAdhyama se nirvANa kI sAriputra, vAtsIputra (vajjIputta) aura mahAkAzyapa bauddha-paramparA prApti ko jIvana kA carama lakSya nirdhArita karatI hai| isa ke haiM, vahIM uddAlaka, yAjJavalkya , aruNa, asitadevala, nArada, nivRttimArgI zramaNa-paramparA ne apanI tapa evaM yoga kI dvaipAyana, aMgarisa bhAradvAja Adi aupaniSadika dhArA se saMbaMdhita AdhyAtmika sAdhanA evaM zIloM yA vratoM ke rUpa meM naitika haiM, to saMjaya (saMjaya velaTThiputta) maMkhalI gozAlaka, rAmaputta mUlyoM kI saMsthApanA kI dRSTi se bhAratIya dharmoM ke itihAsa meM Adi anya svataMtra zramaNa-paraMparAoM se saMbaMdhita hai| isI prakAra apanA viziSTa avadAna pradAna kiyA hai| isa zramaNa-paraMparA meM theragAthA meM varddhamAna Adi jaina dhArA ke, va nArada Adi aupaniSadika na kevala jaina aura bauddha dhArAyeM hI sammilita haiM, apitu dhArA ke RSiyoM kI svAnubhUti saMkalita hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki zramaNadhArA kA janma vaidikadhArA kI pratikriyA aupaniSadika aura sAMkhya-yoga kI dhArAyeM bhI sammilita haiM, jo Aja vRd hindU dharma kA hI eka aMga bana cukI haiN| inake ke rUpa meM huA, kintu isameM mAtra AMzika satyatA hai| yaha sahI atirikta AjIvaka Adi anya kucha dhArAyeM bhI thIM, jo hai ki vaidika dhArA pravRttimArgI thI aura zramaNa dhArA nivRttimArgI Aja vilupta ho cukI hai| thI aura inake bIca vAsanA aura viveka athavA bhoga aura tyAga ke jIvanamUlyoM kA saMgharSa thaa| kintu aitihAsika dRSTi se to
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________________ - yatIndrasUri smAraka grantha - itihAsa zramaNadhArA kA udbhava mAnava-vyaktitva ke parizodhana evaM naitika tathA adhyAtmika mUlyoM ke pratisthApana kA hI prayatna thA, jisameM zramaNa brAhmaNa- sabhI sahabhAgI bane the| RSibhASita meM ina RSiyoM ko arhat kahanA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inheM apanI paramparA se sammata mAnanA, prAcIna kAla meM ina RSiyoM kI paramparA ke bIca pArasparika sauhArda kA hI sUcaka hai| nirgrantha paraMparA : lagabhaga I. pU. sAtavIM-chaThI zatAbdI kA yuga eka aisA yuga thA jaba jana-samAja ina sabhI zramaNoM, tapasviyoM, yogasAdhakoM evaM cintakoM ke upadezoM ko AdarapUrvaka sunatA thA aura apane jIvana ko AdhyAtmika evaM naitika sAdhanA se jor3atA thaa| phira bhI vaha kisI varga vizeSa yA vyakti vizeSa se ba~dhA huA nahIM thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM usa yuga meM dharma-paraMparAoM yA dhArmika sampradAyoM kA udbhava nahIM huA thaa| kramazaH ina zramaNoM, sAdhakoM evaM ciMtakoM ke AsapAsa ziSyoM, upAsakoM evaM zraddhAluoM kA eka vartula khar3A huaa| ziSyoM evaM praziSyoM kI paramparA calI aura unakI alaga- alaga pahacAna banane lgii| isI krama meM nirgantha-paramparA kA udbhava huA, jahA~ pArzva kI paramparA ke zramaNa apane ko pArzvApatya-nirgrantha kahane lage, vahIM varddhamAna mahAvIra ke zramaNa apane ko jJAtRputrIya nirgrantha kahane lage / siddhArtha gautama buddha kA bhikSu saMgha zAkyaputrIya zramaNa ke nAma se pahacAnA jAne lagA / pArzva aura mahAvIra kI ekIkRta paramparA nirgrantha ke nAma se jAnI jAne lgii| jainadharma kA prAcIna nAma hameM nirgrantha dharma ke rUpa meM milatA hai| jaina zabda to mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa bAda astitva meM AyA hai| azoka (I. pU. tRtIya zatAbdI), khAravela (I. pU. dvitIya zatAbdI) Adi ke zilAlekhoM meM jainadharma kA ullekha nigrantha- saMgha ke rUpa meM hI huA hai| pArzva evaM mahAvIra kI paramparA : RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana sUtrakRtAMga Adi se jJAta hotA hai ki pahale nirgranthadharma meM nami, bAhuka, kapila, nArAyaNa (tArAyaNa), aMgirasa bhAradvAja, nArada Adi RSiyoM ko bhI, jo ki vastutaH usakI paramparA ke nahIM the, atyanta sammAnapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| pArzva aura mahAvIra ke samAna inheM bhI ahaMt kahA gayA thA kintu jaba nirgrantha sampradAya pArzva aura mahAvIra ke prati kendrita hone lagA to inheM pratyekabuddha ke rUpa meM sammAnajanaka sthAna to diyA gayA, kintu aparokSa rUpa se apanI paramparA se pRthak mAna liyA gyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki I.pU. pAcavIM yA cauthI zatI meM nirgrantha-saMgha pArzva aura mahAvIra taka sImita ho gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki prAraMbha meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAe~ bhI pRthak-pRthak hI thiiN| yadyapi `uttarAdhyayana evaM bhagavatIsUtra kI sUcanAnusAra mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM pArzva kI paramparA ke kucha zramaNa unake vyaktitva se prabhAvita ho unake saMgha meM sammilita hue the, kintu mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paraMparAe~ pUrNata: ekIkRta nahIM ho skiiN| uttarAdhyayana meM prApta ullekha se aisA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt hI zrAvastI meM mahAvIra ke pradhAna ziSya gautama aura pArzvApatya paramparA ke tatkAlIna AcArya kezI ne paraspara milakara donoM saMghoM ke ekIkaraNa kI bhUmikA taiyAra kI thI / yadyapi Aja hamAre pAsa aisA koI bhI sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki pArzva kI paramparA pUrNataH mahAvIra kI paramparA meM vilIna ho gaI thii| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki pArzvApatyoM kA eka bar3A bhAga mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita ho gayA thA aura mahAvIra kI paramparA ne parzva ko apanI hI paramparA ke pUrva puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnya kara liyA thA / pArzva ke lie 'puruSAdAnIya' zabda kA prayoga isakA pramANa hai / kAlAntara meM RSabha, nami aura ariSTanemi jaise prAk - aitihAsika kAla ke mahAn vyaktiyoM ko svIkAra karake nirgrantha- paramparA ne apane astitva ko ati prAcInakAla se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyaa| RSabha Adi tIrthakaroM kI aitihAsikatA kA prazna : vedoM evaM vaidika paramparA ke prAcIna granthoM se itanA to nirvivAda rUpa se siddha hotA hai ki vAtarazanA muniyoM evaM vrAtyoM ke rUpa meM zramaNadhArA usa yuga meM bhI jIvita thI aura jisake pUrva puruSa RSabha the| phira bhI Aja aitihAsika AdhAra para yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai ki RSabha kI dArzanika evaM AcAra sambandhI vistRta mAnyatAe~ kyA thIM aura ve vartamAna jaina paraMparA ke kitanI nikaTa thIM, to bhI itanA nizcita hai ki RSabha saMyAsa mArga ke le ? m For Private Personal Use Only Gaboron
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________________ -yatIndrasUri smAraka grantha - itihAsapravartaka ke rUpa meM dhyAna aura tapa para adhika bala dete the| gayA hai| isa prakAra AjIvakoM ke nirgrantha-saMgha se jur3ane evaM RSabha, nami, ajita, ara, ariSTanemi, pArzva aura mahAvIra ko alaga hone kI yaha ghaTanA nirgrantha paramparA kI eka mahattvapUrNa chor3akara anya tIrthaMkaroM kI aitihAsikatA ke sambandha meM ghaTanA hai| sAtha hI nirgranthoM ke prati apekSAkRta udAra bhAva donoM aitihAsika sAkSya pUrNataH mauna haiM aura inake prati hamArI AsthA saMghoM kI AMzika nikaTatA kA bhI sUcaka hai| kA AdhAra paravartI kAla ke Agama aura anya kathA-grantha hI hai| niryantha - paramparA meM mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM mahAvIra aura AjIvaka - paraMparA : hue saMghabheda: jainadharma ke isa pUrva itihAsa kI isa saMkSipta rUparekhA ke mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM nirgrantha-saMgha kI anya mahattvapUrNa pazcAt jaba hama punaH mahAvIra ke kAla kI ora Ate haiM to ghaTanA mahAvIra ke jAmAta kahe jAne vAle jamAli se unakA kalpasUtra evaM bhagavatI meM kucha aise sUcanA-sUtra milate haiM, jinake vaicArika matabheda honA aura jamAli kA apane pA~ca sau ziSyoM AdhAra para jJAtapatra zramaNa mahAvIra ke pAzrthApatyoM ke atirikta sahita unake saMgha se alaga honA hai| bhagavatI, Avazyaka-niyukti AjIvakoM ke sAtha bhI nikaTa sambandhoM kI sUcanA milatI hai| aura paravartI granthoM meM isa sambandha meM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha jainAgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM yaha mAnA gayA hai hai| nirgrantha-saMgha-bheda kI isa ghaTanA ke atirikta hameM bauddha ki mahAvIra ke dIkSita hone ke dasare varSa meM hI maMkhalIpatra gozAlaka piTaka-sAhitya meM eka anya ghaTanA kA ullekha bhI milatA hai unake nikaTa saMparka meM AyA thA. kacha varSa donoM sAtha bhI rahe. jisake anusAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa hote hI unake bhikSuoM evaM kintu niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda sambandhI matabhedoM ke kAraNa zveta vastradhArI zrAvakoM meM tIvra vivAda utpanna ho gyaa| nirgranthadonoM alaga-alaga ho ge| haramana jekobI ne to yaha kalpanA saMgha ke isa vivAda kI sUcanA buddha taka bhI pahu~catI hai| kintu bhI kI hai ki mahAvIra kI nirgrantha-paramparA meM nagnatA Adi jo piTaka-sAhitya meM isa vivAda ke kAraNa kyA the, isakI koI AcAramArga kI kaThoratA hai. vaha gozAlaka kI AjIvakaparaMparA carcA nahIM hai| eka sambhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai ki yaha vivAda kA prabhAva hai| yaha satya hai ki gozAlaka ke parva bhI AjIvakoM mahAvIra ke uttarAdhikArI ke prazra ko lekara huA hogaa| zvetAmbara kI eka paramparA thI, jisameM arjuna Adi AcArya the| phira bhI aura. digambara paramparAoM meM mahAvIra ke prathama uttarAdhikArI ko aitihAsika sAkSya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki kaThora lekara matabheda hai| digambara-paramparA mahAvIra ke pazcAt gautama ko sAdhanA kI yaha paramparA mahAvIra se AjIvaka paramparA meM gaI yA paTTadhara mAnatI hai, jabaki zvetAmbara-paramparA sudharmA ko| zvetAmbaraAjIvakagozAlaka ke dvArA mahAvIra kI paramparA aaii| kyoMki paramparA meM jo mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya gautama ko nikaTa ke isa tathya kA koI pramANa nahIM hai ki mahAvIra se alaga hone ke dUsare grAma meM kisI devazarmA brAhmaNa ko pratibodha dene hetu bhejane pazcAt gozAlaka AjIvaka paramparA se jur3A thaa| yA vaha prAraMbha kI jo ghaTanA varNita hai, vaha bhI isa prasaMga meM vicAraNIya ho meM hI AjIvaka paramparA meM dIkSita hokara mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA sakatI hai| kintu dUsarI sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki thA phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI bauddhoM ne jainoM ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara sambandhI paravartI vivAda ke bAda taka bhI isa AjIvaka-paramparA kA astitva rahA hai| ko piTakoM ke saMpAdana ke samaya mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI ghaTanA yaha nirgranthoM evaM bauddhoM kI eka pratispardhI zramaNa - paraMparA thI. ke sAtha jor3a diyA ho| merI dRSTi meM yadi aisA koI vivAda ghaTita jisake zramaNa jainoM kI digambara zAkhA ke samAna nagna rahate the| huA hogA to vaha mahAvIra ke nagna va vastra rakhane vAle zramaNoM ke jaina aura AjIvaka donoM paramparAe~ pratispardhI hokara bhI eka bIca huA hogaa| kyoMki pArthApatyoM ke mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha dUsare ko anya paramparAoM kI apekSA adhika sammAna detI thI. meM praveza ke sAtha hI unake saMgha meM nagna aura savastra aise do varga isa tathya kI puSTi hameM bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM upalabdha vyaktiyoM avazya hI bana gae hoMge aura mahAvIra ne zramaNoM ke ina do vargoM ke SaTavidha vargIkaraNa se hotI hai| nirgranthoM ko anya paramparA ke ko sAmAyika cAritra aura chedopasthApanIya cAritradhArI ke rUpa zramaNoM se Upara aura AjIvaka-paramparA se nIce sthAna diyA meM vibhAjita kiyA hogaa| vivAda kA kAraNa ye donoM varga hI rahe
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________________ - yatIndrasUri smAraka grantha - itihaashoNge| merI dRSTi meM bauddha paramparA meM jinheM zveta vastradhArI zrAvaka abhilekha ghaTanA kA ullekha karatA hai vaha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM kahA gayA ve vastutaH savastra zramaNa hI hoNge| kyoMki bauddha- zatI kA hai| Aja bhI tamila jainoM kI vipula saMkhyA hai aura ve paramparA meM zramaNa (bhikSa) ko bhI zrAvaka kahA gayA hai, phira bhI bhArata meM jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM kI prAcInatama paramparA ke isa sambandha meM gaMbhIra ciMtana kI AvazyakatA hai| pratinidhi haiN| yadyapi bihAra, baMgAla aura ur3IsA kI prAcIna jaina paramparA kAlakrama se vilupta ho gaI hai, kintu sarAka jAti ke niryantha - saMgha kI dharmaprasAra - yAtrA : rUpa meM usa paramparA ke avazeSa Aja bhI zeSa haiN| sarAka zabda bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kAla meM unake nirgrantha saMgha kA prabhAva- zrAvaka kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai aura Aja bhI isa jAti meM kSetra bihAra evaM pUrvI uttarapradeza tathA unake AsapAsa kA pradeza rAtribhojananiSedha jaise kucha saMskAra zeSa haiN| hI thaa| kintu mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt ina sImAoM meM vistAra hotA gyaa| phira bhI AgamoM aura niryaktiyoM kI racanA uttara aura dakSiNa ke niryanya zramaNoM meM AdhAra-bheda : tathA tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa-kAla taka uttarapradeza, dakSiNa meM nayA nirgrantha-saMgha, apane sAtha vipula prAkRtahariyANA, paMjAba evaM pazcimI rAjasthAna ke kucha bhAga taka hI jaina-sAhitya to nahIM le jA sakA, kyoMki usa kAla taka nirgranthoM ke vihAra kI anumati thii| tIrthaMkaroM ke kalyANakSetra bhI jainAgama-sAhitya kI pUrNa racanA hI nahIM ho pAI thI, kintu vaha yahIM taka sImita the| mAtra ariSTanemi hI aise tIrthaMkara hai, jinakA apane sAtha zruta-paraMparA se kucha dArzanika vicAroM evaM mahAvIra sambandha zorasena (mathurA ke AsapAsa ke pradeza) ke atirikta ke kaThora AcAramArga ko hI lekara calA thA, jise usane bahuta saurASTra se bhI dikhAyA gayA hai aura unakA nirvANa giranAra parvata kAla taka surakSita rkhaa| Aja kI digambaraparamparA kA pUrvaja mAnA gayA hai| kintu AgamoM meM dvArikA aura giranAra kI jo yahI dakSiNI acela-nirgrantha-saMgha hai| isa saMbaMdha meM anya kucha nikaTatA varNita hai vaha yathArtha sthiti se bhinna hai| sambhavataH mudde bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAraNIya haiN| mahAvIra ke apane yuga ariSTanemi aura kRSNa ke nikaTa sambandha hone ke kAraNa hI meM bhI unakA prabhAva kSetra mukhyatayA dakSiNI bihAra hI thA jisakA kRSNa ke sAtha-sAtha ariSTanemi kA sambandha bhI dvArikA se jor3A kendra rAjagRha thA, jabaki bauddhoM evaM pArthApatyoM kA prabhAva-kSetra gayA hogaa| abhI taka isa sambandha meM aitihAsika sAkSyoM kA uttarI bihAra evaM pUrvottara uttarapradeza thA jisakA kendra zrAvastI abhAva hai| vidvAnoM se apekSA hai ki isa dizA meM khoja kreN| thaa| mahAvIra ke acela-nirgrantha-saMgha aura pArthApatya santarottara jo kucha aitihAsika sAkSya mile haiM, unase aisA lagatA hai (sacala)-nigrantha-sagha ka sAmmalana kA bhUmikA bhA zrAvastA ki nirgrantha-saMgha apane janmasthala bihAra se do dizAoM meM apane ___meM gautama aura kezI ke netRtva meM taiyAra huI thii| mahAvIra ke pracAra-abhiyAna ke lie Age bddh'aa| eka varga dakSiNa-bihAra evaM sarvAdhika cAturmAsa rAjagRha nAlaMdA meM honA aura buddha ke zrAvastI baMgAla se ur3IsA ke rAste tamilanADu gayA aura vahIM se usane meM honA bhI isI tathya kA pramANa hai| dakSiNa kI jalavAyu uttara zrIlaMkA aura svarNadeza (jAvA-sumAtrA Adi) kI yAtrAe~ kii| kI upekSA garma thI ataH acelatA ke paripAlana meM dakSiNa meM gae lagabhaga I. pU. dUsarI zatI meM bauddhoM ke bar3hate prabhAva ke kAraNa nirgrantha-saMgha ko koI kaThinAI nahIM huI, jabaki uttara se nirgranthanirgranthoM ko zrIlaMkA se nikAla diyA gyaa| phalataH ve punaH saMgha meM kucha pApityoM ke prabhAva ke aura kucha ati zItala tamilanADu meM A ge| tamilanADu meM lagabhaga I.pU. prathama jalavAyu ke kAraNa yaha acelatA akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI aura dvitIya zatI meM brAhmI lipi meM aneka jaina-abhilekha milate haiM, eka vastra rakhA jAne lgaa| svabhAvataH bhI dakSiNa kI apekSA uttara jo isa tathya ke sAkSI bhI haiM ki nirgrantha-saMgha mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke nivAsI adhika suvidhAvAdI hote haiM aura bauddhadharma meM bhI baddha ke lagabhaga do-tIna sau varSa pazcAt hI tamila pradeza meM pahu~ca ke nirvANa ke pazcAt suvidhAoM kI mA~ga vAtsIputrIya bhikSuoM ne cukA thaa| mAnyatA to yaha bhI hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu candragupta hI kI thI, jo ki uttarI tarAI kSetra ke the| bauddha piTaka-sAhitya maurya ko dIkSita karake dakSiNa gae the| yadyapi isakI aitihAsika meM nirgranthoM ko eka-zATaka aura AjIvakoM ko nagna kahA prAmANikatA nirvivAda rUpa se siddha nahIM ho sakI hai. kyoMki jo gayA, yaha bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai ki lajjA aura zIta nivAraNa
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________________ - yatIndrasUri smAraka grantha - itihAsahetu uttarI bhArata kA nirgrantha-saMgha kama se kama eka vastra to rakhane aura pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) kA pracalana thaa| sAmAnyatayA muni laga gayA thaa| mathurA meM IsavIM san prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa nagna hI rahate the, aura sAdhviyA~ sAr3I pahanatI thiiN| muni vastra kA kI jaina-zramaNoM kI jo mUrtiyA~ upalabdha huI haiM unameM sabhI meM upayoga ucita avasara para zIta evaM lajjAnivAraNa hetu karate the| zramaNoM ko eka vastra se yukta dikhAyA gayA hai| ve sAmAnyatayA maniyoM ke dvArA sadaiva vastra dhAraNa kie rahane kI paramparA nahIM thii| nagna rahate the kintu bhikSA yA jana samAja meM jAte samaya ve isI prakAra ina aMkanoM meM mukhavastrikA bhI hAtha meM hI pradarzita hai, vastrakhaMDa hAtha para DAlakara apanI nagnatA chipA lete the aura na ki vartamAna sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparAoM ke anurUpa ati zIta Adi kI sthiti meM use or3ha lete the| mukha para ba~dhI huI dikhAI gaI hai| prAcIna stara ke Agama grantha bhI yaha sunizcita hai ki mahAvIra binA kisI pAtra ke dIkSita inhIM tathyoM kI puSTi karate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM mani ke jina hue the| AcArAMga se upalabdha sUcanA ke anusAra pahale to ve 14 upakaraNoM kA ullekha milA hai, ve saMbhavataH IsA kI dUsarIgRhI-pAtra kA upayoga kara lete the, kintu bAda meM unhoMne isakA tIsarI zatI taka nizcita ho gae the| tyAga kara diyA aura pANipAtra ho gae arthAt hAtha meM hI bhikSA mahAvIra ke pazcAta niryanthasaMgha meM hue saMgha-bheda : grahaNa karane lge| sacitta jala kA prayoga niSiddha hone se saMbhavataH sarva prathama nirgrantha-saMgha meM zauca ke lie jalapAtra kA grahaNa mahAvIra ke nirvANa aura mathurA ke aMkana ke bIca lagabhaga mahAvAra kAnavANa Ara mathurA ka akana ka kiyA gayA hogA, kintu bhikSukoM kI bar3hatI huI saMkhyA aura eka pA~ca sau varSoM ke itihAsa meM hameM jo mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ milatI hI ghara se pratyeka bhikSu ko peTa bhara bhojana na mila pAne ke haiM, ve nihnavoM ke dArzanika evaM vaicArika matabhedoM evaM saMgha ke kAraNa Age calakara bhikSA hetu bhI pAtra kA upayoga prArambha ho vibhinna, gaNoM, zAkhAoM, kuloM evaM saMbhAgoM ke vibhakta hone se gayA hogaa| isake atirikta bImAra aura ativRddha bhikSuoM kI sambandhita haiN| Avazyakaniyukti sAta nihnavoM kA ullekha karatI paricaryA ke lie bhI pAtra meM AhAra lAne aura grahaNa karane kI hai, inameM se jAmAli aura tiSyagupta to mahAvIra ke samaya hue the, paramparA pracalita ho gaI hogii| mathurA meM IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zeSa pA~ca ASAr3habhUti, azvAmitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura goSTamahila zatI kI eka jaina zramaNa kI pratimA milI hai. jo apane hAtha meM mahAvIra nirvANa ke pazcAt 214 varSa se 584 varSa ke bIca hue| eka pAtra-yukta jholI aura dUsare meM pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) lie ye nihnava kinhIM dArzanika prazroM para nirgrantha-saMgha kI paramparAgata hue hai| isa jholI kA svarUpa Aja zvetAmbara-paramparA meM, vizeSa mAnyatAoM se matabheda rakhate the| kintu inake dvArA nirgrantha-saMgha rUpa se sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI-paramparA meM pracalita jholI meM kisI navIna sampradAya kI utpatti huI ho, aisI koI bhI sUcanA ke samAna hai| yadyapi mathurA ke aMkanoM meM hAtha meM khulA pAtra bhI upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| isa kAla meM nirgrantha-saMgha meM gaNa aura pradarzita hai| isake atirikta mathurA ke aMkana meM muniyoM evaM zAkhA-bheda bhI hue kintu ve kina dArzanika evaM AcAra sambandhI sAdhviyoM ke hAtha meM mukha-vastrikA (mu~ha-patti) aura pratilekhana matabheda ko lekara hue the, yaha jJAta nahIM hotA hai| merI dRSTi meM (rajoharaNa) ke bhI aMkana upalabdha hote haiN| pratilekhana ke aMkana vyavasthAgata suvidhAoM evaM ziSya-praziSyoM kI paramparAoM ko digambara-paramparA meM pracalita mayUrapicchi aura zvetAmbaraparamparA lekara hI ye gaNa yA zAkhA bheda hae hoNge| yadyapi kalpasatra meM pracalita rajoharaNa donoM hI AkAroM meM milate haiN| yadyapi sthavirAvali meM SaDalaka rohagapta se trairAzika zAkhA nikalane sAhityika aura purAtAttvika spaSTa sAkSya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kA ullekha huA hai| rohagapta trairAzika mata ke pravaktA eka kaThina hai ki ve pratilekhana mayUrapiccha ke bane hote the yA anya niva mAne gae haiN| ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki ina gaNoM evaM zAkhAoM kisI vastu ke| digambara-paramparA meM mAnya yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra meM kacha mAnyatA-bheda bhI rahe hoMge, kinta Aja hamAre pAsa yaha aura bhagavatIArAdhanA meM pratilekhana (paDilehaNa) kA aura jAnane kA koI sAdhana nahIM hai| usake guNoM kA to varNana hai, kintu yaha spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai ki ve kisa vastu ke bane hote the| isa prakAra IsA kI prathama zatI ke kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvali tuMgIyAyana gotrI Arya yazobhadra pUrva uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha-saMgha meM vastra, pAtra, jholI, mukhavastrikA na ke do ziSyoM mADharagotrI sambhUtivijaya o ra prAcInagotrI bhadrabAhu anoramirarawdrowdriworipodrotoniudoodwordbord6M 5 Handirirandiriranirdridoraririramidnidaniraniraniane
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________________ * yatIndrasUri smAraka grantha - itihAsa. kA ullekha karatI hai| kalpasUtra meM gaNoM aura zAkhAoM kI utpatti batAI gaI hai, ve eka ora Arya bhadrabAhu ke ziSya kAzyapagotrI gaudAsa se evaM dUsarI ora sthUlibhadra ke ziSyapraziSyoM se prArambha hotI haiN| godAsa se godAsagaNa kI utpatti huii| aura usakI cAra zAkhAe~ tAmraliptikA, koTivarSIyA, pauNDravarddhanikA aura dAsIkarpATikA nikalI haiN| isake pazcAt bhadrabAhu kI paramparA kaise Age bar3hI isa sambandha meM kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvali meM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| ina zAkhAoM ke nAmoM se bhI aisA lagatA hai ki bhadrabAhu kI ziSya paramparA baMgAla aura ur3IsA se dakSiNa kI ora calI gaI hogii| dakSiNa meM godAsagaNa kA eka abhilekha bhI milA hai| ataH yaha mAnyatA samucita hI hai| ki bhadrabAhu kI paramparA se hI Age calakara dakSiNa kI acelaka nirgrantha-paraMparA kA vikAsa huaa| zvetAmbaraparamparA pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke samaya bhadrabAhu ke nepAla meM hone kA ullekha karatI hai, jabaki digambaraparamparA caMdragupta maurya ko dIkSita karake unake dakSiNa jAne kA ullekha karatI hai| sambhava hai ki ve apane jIvana ke aMtima caraNa meM uttara se dakSiNa cale gaye hoN| uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha kI paramparA sambhUtivijaya ke prazisya evaM sthUlibhadra ke ziSyoM se Age bddh'ii| kalpasUtra meM varNita godAsagaNa aura usakI uparyukta cAra zAkhAoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI gaNoM, kuloM aura zAkhAoM kA sambandha sthUlabhadra kI ziSya-praziSya paramparA se hI hai| isI prakAra dakSiNa kA acela nirgrantha saMgha bhadrabAhu kI paramparA se aura uttara kA sacela nirgrantha saMgha sthUlibhadra kI paramparA se vikasita huA / isa saMgha meM uttara balissahagaNa, uddhehagaNa, koTikagaNa, cAraNagaNa, mAnavagaNa, vesavADivagaNa, uDDavADiyagaNa Adi pramukha gaNa the| ina gaNoM kI aneka zAkhAe~ evaM kula the| kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvali ina sabakA ullekha to karatI hai, kintu isake antima bhAga meM mAtra koTikagaNa kI vajra zAkhA kI AcArya paramparA dI gaI hai, jo devarddhikSamAzramaNa (vIra nirmANa saM. 980) taka jAtI hai| sthUlabhadra ke ziSyapraziSyoM kI paramparA meM udbhUta jina vibhinna gaNoM, zAkhAoM evaM kuloM kI sUcanA hameM kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvali se milatI hai usakI puSTi mathurA ke abhilekhoM se ho jAtI hai, jo kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvali kI prAmANikatA ko siddha karate haiN| digambara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa se lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa pazcAt taka kI jo paTTAvalI le 6 upalabdha hai, eka to vaha paryApta paravartI hai| dUsare bhadrabAhu ke nAma ke atirikta usakI puSTi kA prAcIna sAhityika aura abhilekhIya koI sAkSya nahIM hai / bhadrabAhu ke sambandha meM bhI jo sAkSya hai, vaha paryApta paravartI hai| ataH aitihAsika dRSTi se usakI prAmANikatA para praznacihna lagAe jA sakate haiN| mahAvIra ke nirvANa meM IsA kI prathama evaM dvitIya zatAbdI taka ke jo mahattvapUrNa parivartana uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM hue, unheM samajhane ke lie arddhamAgadhI AgamoM ke atirikta mathurA ke zilpa evaM abhilekha hamArI bahuta adhika madada karate haiN| mathurA zilpa kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki tIrthaMkara pratimAe~ nagna haiM, muni nagna hokara bhI vastra khaNDa se apanI nagnatA chipAe hue haiN| vastra ke atirikta pAtra, jholI, mukhavastrikA aura pratilekhana bhI muni ke upakaraNoM meM samAhita hai| muniyoM ke nAma, gaNa, zAkhA, kula Adi zvetAmbara paramparA ke kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvali se milate haiN| isa taraha ye zvetAmbara paramparA kI pUrva sthiti ke sUcaka haiN| jaina dharma meM tIrthaMkara pratimAoM ke atirikta stUpa ke nirmANa kI paraMparA bhI thI, yaha bhI mathurA ke zilpa se siddha ho jAtA hai| yApanIya yA boTika saMgha kA udbhava : For Private IsA kI dvitIya zatI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke chaha sau nau varSa pazcAt uttara bhArata nirgrantha-saMgha meM vibhAjana kI eka anya ghaTanA ghaTita huI, phalataH uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha sacela evaM acela aise do bhAgoM meM ba~Ta gyaa| pArzvApatyoM ke prabhAva se ApavAdika rUpa meM evaM zItAdi ke nivAraNArtha gRhIta hue vastra, pAtra Adi jaba muni kI aparihArya upAdhi banane lage, to parigraha kI isa bar3hatI huI pravRtti ko rokane ke prazna para Arya kRSNa aura Arya zivabhUti meM matabheda ho gyaa| Arya kRSNa jinakalpa kA uccheda batAkara gRhIta vastra - pAtra ko municaryA kA aparihArya aMga mAnane lage, jabaki Arya zivabhUti ne inake tyAga aura jinakalpa ke AcaraNa para bala diyaa| unakA kahanA thA ki samartha ke jinakalpa kA niSedha nahIM mAnanA caahie| vastra, pAtra kA grahaNa apavAda - mArga hai, utsarga-mArga to acelatA hI hai| Arya zivabhUti kI uttara bhArata kI isa acela - paramparA ko zvetAmbaroM ne boTika (bhraSTa) khaa| kiMtu Age calakara yaha paramparA yApanIya ke nAma se hI adhika prasiddha huI / gopAJcAla meM vikasita hone ke kAraNa yaha gopyasaMgha nAma se bhI jAnI jAtI thI / Personal Use Only Safran
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________________ -yatIndrasUrismAraka grantha - itihAsaSaDdarzanasamuccaya kI TIkA ne guNaratna ne gopyasaMgha yA yApanIya (2) mUlasaMgha, (3) yApanIyasaMgha, (4) kUcarka saMgha aura (5) saMgha ko paryAyavAcI batAyA gayA hai| yApanIya saMgha kI vizeSatA shvetpttmhaashrmnnsNgh| isI kAla meM pUrvottara bhArata meM vaTagohalI yaha thI ki eka ora yaha zvetAmbara paramparA ke samAna AcarAMga, se prApta tAmrapatra meM paMcastUpAnvaya ke astitva kI bhI sUcanA sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi arddhamAgadhI Agama- milatI hai| isa yuga kA zvetapaTamahAzramaNasaMgha aneka kuloM evaM sAhitya ko mAnya karatA thA, jo ki use uttarAdhikAra meM hI . zAkhAoM meM vibhakta thA, jisakA sampUrNa vivaraNa kalpasUtra evaM prApta huA thA, sAtha hI vaha sacela, strI aura anyatairthikoM kI mathurA ke abhilekhoM se prApta hotA hai| mukti ko svIkAra karatA thaa| Agama sAhitya ke vastra-pAtra niryantha-paramparA kA sAhitya : sambandhI ullekhoM ko vaha sAdhviyoM evaM ApavAdika sthiti meM muniyoM se sambandhita mAnatA thaa| kintu dUsarI ora vaha digambara- mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAta se lekara IsA kI pA~cavIM paramparA ke samAna vastra aura pAtra kA niSedha kara muni kI nagnatA zatI taka eka hajAra varSa kI isa sudIrgha avadhi meM arddhamAgadhI para bala detA thaa| yApanIya muni nagna rahate the aura pAnItalabhojI Agama-sAhitya kA nirmANa evaM saMkalana hotA rahA hai| ataH (hAtha meM bhojana karane vAle) hote the| isake AcAryoM ne uttarAdhikAra Aja hameM jo Agama upalabdha haiM, ve na to eka vyakti kI racanA meM prApta AgamoM se gAthAe~ lekara zaurasenI prAkRta meM aneka grantha haiM aura na eka kAla kii| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, eka Agama meM bnaae| inameM kaSAya prAbhRta, SaTkhaNDAgama, bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, vividha kAloM kI sAmagrI saMkalita hai| isa avadhi meM sarvaprathama mUlAcAra Adi prasiddha haiN| I. pU. tIsarI zatI meM pATaliputra meM prathama vAcanA huI, saMbhavataH dakSiNa bhArata meM acela nirgranthaparamparA kA itihAsa IsavI isa ghAcanA meM aMgasUtroM evaM pArthApatya-paramparA ke pUrva sAhityasan kI tIsarI cauthI zatI taka aMdhakAra meM hI hai| isa saMbaMdha meM / granthoM kA saMkalana huaa| pUrva sAhitya ke saMkalana kA prazra isalie mahattvapUrNa bana gayA thA ki pApitya-paraMparA lupta hone hameM na to vizeSa sAhityika sAkSya hI milate haiM aura na abhilekhIya lagI thii| isake pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA hii| yadyapi isa kAla ke kucha pUrva ke brAhmIlipi ke aneka guphA-abhilekha tamilanADu meM pAye jAte hai kintu ve zramaNoM yA meM aura Arya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhIpura meM samAnAntara nirmAtA ke nAma ke atirikta koI jAnakArI nahIM dete / tamilanADu vAcanAe~ huIM, jinameM aMga, upAMga Adi Agama saMkalita hue| isake pazcAt vIranirvANa 980 arthAt I.sa. kI pA~cavIM zatI meM meM abhilekhayukta jo guphAe~ haiM, ve saMbhavataH nirgranthoM ke vallabhI meM devarddhikSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM antima vAcanA huii| samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane kA sthala rahI hoNgii| saMgamayuga ke tamilasAhitya se itanA avazya jJAta hotA hai ki jaina-zramaNoM ne vartamAna Agama isI vAcanA kA pariNAma haiN| phira bhI devarddhi ina bhI tamila bhASA ke vikAsa aura samRddhi meM apanA yogadAna diyA AgamoM ke sampAdaka hI haiM, racanAkAra nhiiN| unhoMne mAtra granthoM thaa| tirukurala ke jainAcAryakRta hone kI bhI eka mAnyatA hai| ko suvyavasthita kiyaa| ina granthoM kI sAmagrI to unake pahale kI hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jahA~ AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga ke IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM meM tamila deza kA yaha nirgranthasaMgha karNATaka ke rAste uttara kI ora bar3hA, udhara uttara kA nirgranthasaMgha prathama zrutaskaMdha, RSibhASita uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi prAcIna stara ke arthAta I.pU. ke grantha haiM, vahIM samavAyAMga, vartamAna sacela (zvetAmbara) aura acelaka (yApanIya) ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hokara dakSiNa gyaa| sacela zvetAmbara-paramparA rAjasthAna, prazravyAkaraNa Adi paryApta paravartI arthAt lagabhaga I.sa. kI gujarAta evaM pazcimI mahArASTra hotI huI uttara karnATaka pahu~cI, to pA~cavIM zatI ke haiN| sthAnAMga, aMtakRtadazA, jJAtA aura bhagavatI acela yApanIya-paramparA bundelakhaNDa evaM vidizA hokara viMdhya kA kucha aMza prAcIna (arthAt I.pU. kA) hai, to kucha paryApta aura satapur3A ko pAra karatI huI pUrvI mahArASTra se hokara uttarI paravartI hai| upAMga sAhitya meM apekSAkRta rUpa se sUryaprajJapti, karNATaka phuNcii| IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI meM uttarI karNATaka meM rAjaprazrIya, prajJApanA prAcIna haiN| upAMgoM kI apekSA bhI chedasUtroM mRgezavarmA ke jo abhilekha mile haiM, unase usa kAla meM jainoM ke kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| isI prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM pA~ca saMghoM ke astitva kI sUcanA milatI hai--(1) nirgranthasaMgha, aneka grantha aise haiM, jo kucha aMgoM aura upAMgoM kI apekSA bhI indiatriaritadvidiodivoriwarriorivariorodroid Minisandinidiansansamirstboardroidaidoard
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________________ - yatIndrasUri smAraka grantha - itihAsaprAcIna haiN| phira bhI sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ko isI prakAra kI AlocanA Age calakara jinezvara sUri jinacandra antima rUpa lagabhaga I. san kI chaThI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM milA sUri Adi kharataragaccha ke anya AcAryoM ne bhI kI / IsavI san yadyapi isake bAda bhI isameM kucha prakSepa aura parivartana hue haiN| kI dazavIM zatAbdI meM kharataragaccha kA AvirbhAva bhI caityavAsa IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke pazcAt se dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke ke virodha meM huA thA, jisakA prArambhika nAma suvihitamArga yA madhya taka mukhya Agamika vyAkhyAsAhitya ke rUpa meM niyukti, saMvignapakSa thaa| digambara-paramparA meM isa yuga meM draviDa saMgha, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAe~ likhI giiN| yadyapi kucha niyuktiyA~ mAthura saMgha, kASTA saMgha Adi kA udbhava bhI isI kAla meM huA, prAcIna bhI haiN| isa kAla meM ina Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke atirikta jinhe darzana-sAra nAmaka grantha meM jainAbhAsa kahA gyaa| svataMtra grantha bhI likhe ge| isa kAla ke prasiddha AcAryoM meM isa saMbaMdha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI premI ne apane grantha 'jaina siddhasena, jinabhadragaNA, zivAya, baTTakara, kundakunda, akalaka, sAhitya aura itihAsa' meM 'caityavAsa aura vanavAsa' ke zIrSaka samantabhadra, vidyAnaMda, jinasena, svayambhU, haribhadra, siddharSi, zIlAMka, ke antargata vistRta carcA kI hai| phira bhI upalabdha sAkSyoM ke anA abhayadeva Adi pramukha haiN| digambaroM meM tattvArtha kI vividha AdhAra para yaha kahanA kaThina hI hai ki ina virodhoM ke bAvajUda TIkAoM aura purANoM kA racanAkAla bhI yahI yuga hai| bhI jaina-saMgha isa bar3hate hue zithilAcAra se mukti pA sakA hai| caityavAsa aura bhaTTAraka-paraMparA kA udaya : tanya aura bhaktimArga kA jaina dharma para prabhAva : digambara-paramparA meM bhaTTAraka saMpradAya aura zvetAmbara paramparA vastutaH guptakAla se lekara dasavIM aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM caityavAsa kA vikAsa bhI isI yuga arthAt IsA kI pA~cavIM taka kA yuga pUre bhAratIya samAja ke lie caritrabala ke hAsa aura zatI se hotA hai, yadyapi jina-maMdira aura jina-pratimA ke nirmANa lalita kalAoM ke vikAsa kA yuga hai| yahI kAla hai jaba ke purAtAttvika pramANa mauryakAla se to spaSTa rUpa se milane khajurAho aura koNArka ke maMdiroM meM kAmuka aMkana kie ge| lagate haiN| zaka aura kuSANa-yuga meM isameM paryApta vikAsa huA, kAsa huA, jina-maMdira bhI isa prabhAva se achUte nahIM raha ske| yahI vaha yuga phira bhI IsA kI 5 vIM zatI se 12 vIM zatI ke bIca jainazilpa _hai jaba kRSNa ke sAtha rAdhA aura gopiyoM kI kathA ko gar3hakara apane sarvottama rUpa ko prApta hotA hai| yaha vastutaH caityavAsa kI dharma ke nAma para kAmukatA kA pradarzana kiyA gyaa| isI kAla meM dena hai| donoM paramparAoM meM isa yuga meM muni vanavAsa ko chor3akara tantra aura vAma mArga kA pracAra haa| jisakI agni meM bauddha aura vA caityoM jinamaMdiroM meM rahane lage the| kevala itanA hI nahIM, ve ina bhikSasaMgha to parI taraha jala marA kintu jaina bhikSusaMgha bhI usakI caityoM kI vyavasthA bhI karane lage the| abhilekha se to yahA~ taka lapaToM kI jhulasa se baca na skaa| adhyAtmavAdI jainadharma para sUcanA milatI hai ki na kevala caityoM kI vyavasthA ke lie, bhI tantra kA prabhAva aayaa| hindU-paramparA ke aneka devI-devatAoM apitu muniyoM ke AhAra aura telamardana Adi ke lie bhI sambhrAnta ko prakArAMtara se yakSa, yakSiNI athavA zAsana-deviyoM ke rUpa meM varga se dAna prApta kie jAte the| isa prakAra isa kAla meM jaina jaina deva-maNDala kA sadasya svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| unakI sAdhu maThAdhIza bana gayA thaa| phira bhI isa suvidhAbhogI varga ke kRpA yA unase laukika sukha-samRddhi prApta karane ke lie aneka dvArA jaina-darzana, sAhitya evaM zilpa kA jo vikAsa isa yuga meM / tAntrika vidhi-vidhAna bne| jaina tIrthaMkara to vItarAga thA, ataH huA, usakI sarvotkRSTatA se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| __ vaha na to bhaktoM kA kalyANa kara sakatA thA na duSToM kA vinAza, yadyapi caityavAsa meM suvidhAvAda ke nAma para jo zithilAcAra __phalataH donoM ne yakSa-yaNiyoM yA zAsana-devatA ko bhaktoM ke vikasita ho rahA thA usakA virodha zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM kalyANa kI javAbadArI dekara apane ko yuga-vidyA ke sAtha paramparAoM meM huaa| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM sarvaprathama AcArya haribhadra samAyojita kara liyaa| isI prakAra bhakti-mArga kA prabhAva bhI ne isake virodha meM lekhanI claaii| sambodhana prakaraNa meM unhoMne isa yuga meM jainasaMgha para pdd'aa| tantra aura bhaktimArga ke saMyakta ina caityavAsiyoM ke Agama viruddha AcAra kI khulakara AlocanA prabhAva se jinamaMdiroM meM pUjA-yajJa Adi ke rUpa meM vividha prakAra kI, yahA~ taka ki unheM narapizAca taka kaha diyaa| caityavAsa kI
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________________ -yatIndrasari smAraka granya - itihAsake karmakANDa astitva meM aae| vItarAga jinapratimA kI cikitsA ke kSetra meM bhI jaina AcArya Age aae| isa yuga meM hindUparamparA kI SoDazopacAra-pUjA kI taraha satrahabhedI pUjA kI bhaTTArakoM aura jaina-yatiyoM ne sAhitya evaM kalAtmaka maMdiroM kA jAne lgii| na kevala vItarAga jina pratimA ko vastrAbhUSaNAdi se nirmANa to kiyA hI kintu cikitsA ke mAdhyama se janasevA ke susajjita kiyA gayA, apitu use phala-nevaidya Adi bhI arpita kSetra meM bhI ve pIche nahIM rhe| kie jAne lge| yaha viDambanA hI thI ki hindU devI-devatAoM sudhAravAdI Andolana evaM amUrtika sampradAyoM kI pUjA paddhati ke vivekazUnya anukaraNa ke dvArA tIrthaMkara yA / siddha paramAtmA kA AhvAna aura visarjana bhI kiyA jAne lgaa| yadyapi yaha prabhAva zvetAmbaraparamparA meM adhika AyA thA, kintu . jainaparamparA meM eka parivartana kI lahara puna: solahavIM digambara-paramparA bhI isase baca na skii| zatAbdI meM aaii| jaba adhyAtmapradhAna jainadharma kA zuddha karma - vividha prakAra ke kamakANDa aura tantra-mantra kA praveza kANDa dhAra sAvakAza kANDa ghora ADambara ke AvaraNa se dhUmila ho rahA thA aura usameM bhI ho gayA thaa| zramaNaparaMparA kI varNa-mukta sarvodayI f-mana sarvodayI muslima zAsakoM ke mUrtibhaMjaka svarUpa se mUrtipUjA ke prati dharmavyavasthA kA parityAga karake usameM zUdra kI mukti ke niSedha AsthAe~ vicalita ho rahI thIM, tabhI muslimoM kI ADambara aura zUdra jalatyAga para bala diyA gyaa| rahita sahaja dharma-sAdhanA ne hinduoM kI bhA~ti jainoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| hindU-dharma meM aneka nirguNa bhaktimArgI saMtoM yadyapi bArahavIM evaM terahavIM zatI meM hemacandra Adi aneka ke AvirbhAva ke samAna hI jaina-dharma meM bhI aise saMtoM kA AvirbhAva samartha jaina dArzanika aura sAhityakAra hue, phira bhI jaina paraMparA huA, jinhoMne dharma ke nAma para karma kANDa aura ADambarayukta meM sahagAmI anya dharmaparamparAoM se jo prabhAva A gae the, unase pUjApaddhati kA virodha kiyaa| phalataH jainadharma kI zvetAmbara evaM use mukta karane kA koI sazakta aura sArthaka prayAsa huA ho, digambara donoM hI zAkhAoM meM sudhAravAdI Andolana kA prAdurbhAva aisA jJAta nahIM hotaa| yadyapi sudhAra ke kucha prayatnoM evaM matabhedoM huaa| inameM zvetAmbara-paramparA meM lokAzAha aura digambara-paramparA ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara-paramparA tapAgaccha, acalagaccha Adi meM saMta taraNatAraNa tathA banArasIdAsa pramukha the| yadyapi banArasIdAsa astitva meM Ae aura unakI zAkhA prazAkhAe~ bhI banIM, phira bhI janmanA zvetAmbara-paramparA ke the, kintu unakA sudhAravAdI Andolana lagabhaga 15 vIM zatI taka jainasaMgha isI sthiti kA zikAra rhaa| digaMbara-paramparA se sambandhita thaa| lokAzAha ne zvetAMbara paramparA madhyayuga meM kalA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM jainoM kA meM mUrtipUjA tathA dhArmika karmakANDa aura ADambaroM kA virodha mahattvapUrNa avadAna : kiyaa| inakI paramparA Age calakara lokAgaccha ke nAma se prasiddha huii| isI se Age calakara satrahavIM zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara meM yadyapi madhyakAla jainAcAra kI dRSTi se zithilAcAra evaM sthAnakavAsI paramparA vikasita huii| jisakA punaH eka vibhAjana suvidhAvAda kA yuga thA phira bhI kalA aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM 18 vIM zatI meM zuddha nivRttimArgI jIvanadRSTi evaM ahiMsA kI niSedhAtmaka jainoM ne mahanIya avadAna pradAna kiyaa| khajurAho, zravaNabelagola, vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara-terApaMtha ke rUpa meM huaa| AbU (delavAr3A), tAraMgA, rANakapura, devagar3ha Adi kA bhavya zilpa aura sthApatyakalA, jo 9 vIM zatI se 14 vIM zatI ke digambara-paramparAoM meM banArasIdAsa ne bhaTTAraka-paramparA bIca meM nirmita huI, Aja bhI jaina-samAja kA mastaka gaurava se mAja bhI jaina samAja kA vo ke viruddha apanI AvAja bulaMda kI ka viruddha apanA AvAja bulada ka ora sacitta dravyoM se U~cA kara detI hai| aneka praur3ha dArzanika evaM sAhityika granthoM sikAyoM jinapratimA ke pUjana kA niSedha kiyA, kintu tAraNasvAmI to kI racanAe~ bhI inhIM zatAbdiyoM meM huiiN| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM banArasIdAsa se bhI eka kadama Age the| unhoMne digambara-paramparA banArasAda haribhadra, abhayadeva, vAdidevasUri, hemacandra, maNibhadra, mallisena, meM mUrti-pUjA kA hI niSedha kara diyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne ma jinaprabha tathA digambaraparamparA meM vidyAnaMdI, zAkaTAyana, prabhAcandra dharma ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kI punaH pratiSThA kii| banArasIdAsa jaise samartha vicAraka bhI isI kAla ke haiN| maMtra-taMtra ke sAtha / kI paramparA jahA~ digambara-terApaMtha ke nAma se vikasita haI to tAraNa-svAmI kA vaha Andolana tAraNapaMtha yA samaiyA ke nAma iridromedianhviandvantibodieberroristination Horonavordinatoridriomarawdiriomdomindianbidasiation
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________________ - yatIndrasUri smAraka grantha - itihAsase pahacAnA jAne lgaa| tAraNapaMtha ke caityAlayoM meM mUrti ke adhyAtmaniSThA Aja isakI eka alaga pahacAna banAtI hai| isI sthAna para zAstra kI pratiSThA kI gii| isa prakAra solahavIM evaM prakAra zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI-paramparA meM dIkSita kAnajI svAmI satrahavIM zatAbdI meM jaina-paramparA meM islAma dharma ke prabhAva ke ne mahAn adhyAtmavAdI digambara-saMta kundakunda ke samayasAra phalasvarUpa eka nayA parivartana AyA aura amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM jaise adhyAtma aura nizcaya naye pradhAnagrantha ke adhyayana se digambarakA janma huA phira bhI purAnI paramparAe~ yathAvat calatI rhiiN| paramparA meM isa zatAbdI meM eka naye Andolana ko janma diyaa| punaH bIsavIM zatI meM gAMdhIjI ke gurutulya zrImadarAjacandra ke isa prakAra jaina-dharma meM bhI yuga-yuga meM deza aura kAla ke kAraNa adhyAtma-premiyoM kA eka nayA saMgha bnaa| yadyapi sadasya prabhAva se aneka parivartana hote rahe haiM, jinakI saMkSipta jhA~kI saMkhyA kI dRSTi se cAhe yaha saMgha prabhAvazAlI na ho kintu unakI isa Alekha meM prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai|