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________________ 11. dekheM - prabandhakoza, bhadrabAhu kathAnaka. 12. uddhRta - (ka) ratanalAla dozI, AtmasAdhanA saMgraha, pR0 441. (kha) bhagavatIArAdhanA, bhAga 1, pR0 197. 83. Bradle, Ethical, Studies. 14. muni nathamala, naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR0 3-4. 15. umAsvAti, tattvArthasUtra, 5/21. 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 25/19. 17. AcArAMga, 1/2/3/75. 18. sAgaramala jaina, sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI, bhAga 1, pR0 153. 19. jaTAsiMhanandi, varAMgacarita, sarga 25, zloka 33-43. 20. AcArAMganiyukti, 19. 21. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 152. 22. jinasena, AdipurANa, 11/166-167. 23. antakRtadazAMga, 3/1/3. 24. upAsakadazAMga, 1/48. 25. vahI, 1/48. 26. vahI, 1/48. 27. jJAtAdharmakathA, 8 (malliadhyayana), 16 (draupadI adhyayana). 28. antakRddazAMga, 5/1/21. 29. sthAnAMga, 10/760 / vizeSa vivecana ke liye dekheM dharmavyAkhyA, javAhara lAlajI ma. aura dharma-darzana, zuklacandrajI ma. 30. dharmadarzana, pR0 86. 31. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 158. 32. nandIsUtra - pIThikA, 4-17. jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA (varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA ke vizeSa sandarbha meM) mAnava samAja meM strI-puruSa, sundara-asundara, buddhimAn-mUrkha, sAdhanA ke kSetra hoM, hama mAnava samAja ke kisI eka varga vizeSa ko Arya-anArya, kulIna-akulIna, sparzya-asparzA, dhanI-nirdhana Adi ke janmanA AdhAra para usakA ThekedAra nahIM mAna sakate haiM / yaha satya hai ki bheda prAcInakAla se hI pAye jAte haiM / inameM kucha bheda to naisargika haiM aura naisargika yogyatAoM evaM kAryoM ke AdhAra para mAnava samAja meM sadaiva kucha mAnava sRjita / ye mAnava sRjita bheda hI sAmAjika viSamatA ke hI vargabheda yA varNabheda bane rahegeM, phira bhI unakA AdhAra varga yA jAti kAraNa haiM / yaha satya hai ki sabhI manuSya, sabhI bAtoM meM eka dUsare se vizeSa meM janma na hokara vyakti kI apanI svAbhAvika yogyatA ke samAna nahIM hote, unameM rUpa-saundarya, dhana-sampadA, bauddhika-vikAsa, AdhAra para apanAye gaye vyavasAya yA kArya hoMge / vyavasAya yA karma kArya-kSamatA, vyAvasAyika-yogyatA Adi kI dRSTi se viSamatA yA ke sabhI kSetra sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se khule hone cAhie taratamatA hotI hai / kintu ina viSamatAoM yA taratamatAoM ke AdhAra para aura kisI bhI varga vizeSa meM janme vyakti ko bhI kisI bhI kSetra vizeSa athavA mAnava samAja ke kisI vyakti vizeSa ko varga-vizeSa meM janma lene meM praveza pAne ke adhikAra se vaMcita nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhiye - yahI ke AdhAra para nimna, patita, dalita yA asparzya mAna lenA ucita nahIM sAmAjika samatA kA AdhAra hai / yaha satya hai ki mAnava samAja meM hai| yaha satya hai ki manuSyoM meM vividha dRSTiyoM se vibhinnatA yA taratamatA sadaiva hI kucha zAsaka yA adhikArI aura kucha zAsita yA karmacArI pAyI jAtI hai aura vaha sadaiva banI bhI rahegI, kintu ise mAnava samAja meM hogeM, kintu yaha adhikAra bhI mAnya nahIM ho sakatA ki adhikArI kA varga-bheda yA varNa-bheda kA AdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki eka hI ayogya putra zAsaka aura karmacArI yA zAsita kA yogya putra zAsita pitA ke do putroM meM aisI bhinnatA yA taratamatA dekhane meM AtI haiN| hama hI banA rahe / sAmAjika samatA kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki mAnava samAja yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki jo vyakti garIba hotA hai, vahI kAlakrama meM dhanavAn meM koI bhinnatA yA taratamatA hI nahIM ho / usakA tAtparya hai mAnava yA sampattizAlI ho jAtA hai / eka mUrkha pitA kA putra bhI buddhimAn athavA samAja ke sabhI sadasyoM ko vikAsa ke samAna avasara upalabdha hoM tathA prAjJa ho sakatA hai| eka pitA ke do putroM meM eka buddhimAn to dUsarA mUrkha pratyeka vyakti apanI kSamatA aura yogyatA ke AdhAra para apanA kArya athavA eka sundara to dUsarA kurUpa ho sakatA hai / ata: isa prakAra kI kSetra nirdhArita kara sake / isa sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM jahA~ taka taratamatAoM ke AdhAra para manuSyoM ko sadaiva ke lie mAtra janmanA AdhAra jaina AcAryoM ke cintana kA prazna hai, unhoMne mAnava meM svAbhAvika para vibhinna vargoM meM bA~Ta kara nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| cAhe vaha dhanopArjana yogyatA janya athavA pUrva karma-saMskAra janya taratamatA ko svIkArate hetu cayanita vibhinna vyAvasAyika kSetra hoM, cAhe kalA, vidyA athavA hue bhI yaha mAnA hai ki cAhe vidyA kA kSetra ho, cAhe vyavasAya yA
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________________ jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA 541 sAdhanA kA usameM praveza kA dvAra sabhI ke lie binA bheda-bhAva ke khulA hai| jisa prakAra naTa raMgazAlA meM kArya sthiti ke anurUpa vicitra vezabhUSA rahanA cAhie / jaina dharma spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko mAnatA hai ki kisI ko dhAraNa karatA hai usI prakAra yaha jIva bhI saMsAra rUpI raMgamaMca para karmoM jAti yA varNa-vizeSa meM janma lene se koI vyakti zreSTha yA hIna nahIM ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna rUpoM ko prApta hotA hai / tattvata: AtmA na brAhmaNa hotaa| use jo hIna yA zreSTha banAtA hai, vaha hai usakA apanA puruSArtha, hai, na kSatriya, na vaizya aura na zUdra hii| vaha to apane hI pUrva karmoM ke usakI apanI sAdhanA, sadAcAra aura karma / hama jainoM ke isI dRSTikoNa vaza meM hokara saMsAra meM vibhinna rUpoM meM janma grahaNa karatA hai / yadi zarIra ko agrima pRSThoM meM sapramANa prastuta karane kA prayatna kregeN| ke AdhAra para hI kisI ko brAhmaNa, kSatriya kahA jAya, to yaha bhI ucita janmanA varNa-vyavasthA : eka asamIcIna avadhAraNA nahIM hai / vijJa-jana deha ko nahIM jJAna (yogyatA) ko hI brahma kahate jaina AcArya zruti ke isa kathana ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki haiN| ata: nikRSTa kahA jAne vAlA zUdra bhI jJAna yA prajJA-kSamatA ke AdhAra brAhmaNoM kI utpatti brahmA ke mukha se, kSatriya kI bAhu se, vaizyoM kI jaMghA para vedAdhyayana karane kA pAtra ho sakatA hai / vidyA, AcaraNa evaM sadguNa se aura zUdra kI pairoM se huI hai / cU~ki mukha zreSTha aMga hai, ata: ina sabameM se rahita vyakti jAti vizeSa meM janma lene mAtra se brAhmaNa nahIM ho jAtA, brAhmaNa hI zreSTha hai| / brahmA ke zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM se janma ke AdhAra apitu apane jJAna, sadguNa Adi se yukta hokara hI brAhmaNa hotA hai| para brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra aisI varNa-vyavasthA jaina cintakoM ko vyAsa, vaziSTha, kamaTha, kaMTha, droNa, parAzara Adi apane janma ke AdhAra svIkAra nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki sabhI manuSya strI-yoni se hI utpanna para nahIM, apitu apane sadAcaraNa evaM tapasyA se hI brAhmaNatva ko prApta hote haiM / ata: sabhI samAna haiM / punaH ina aMgoM meM se kisI ko zreSTha hue the / ata: brAhmaNatva Adi sadAcAra aura kartavyazIlatA para evaM uttama aura kisI ko nikRSTa yA hIna mAnakara varNa-vyavasthA meM AdhArita hai - janma para nahIM / zreSThatA evaM hInatA kA vidhAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki zarIra ke sabhI aMga samAna mahattva ke haiN| isI prakAra zArIrika varNoM kI bhinnatA saccA brAhmaNa kauna ? ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA brAhmaNa Adi jAtiyoM kA vargIkaraNa bhI jainoM jaina paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA ko mAnya nahIM hai| aura nimnatA kA pratimAna mAnA hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke paccIsaveM AcArya jaTAsiMha nandi ne apane varAMgacarita meM isa bAta kA adhyayana evaM dhammapada ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai ki zArIrika vibhinnatAoM yA vargoM ke kauna hai, isakA vistAra se vivecana upalabdha hai / vistAra bhaya se usakI AdhAra para kiyA jAne vAlA jAti sambandhI vargIkaraNa mAtra pazu-pakSI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala kucha gAthAoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma Adi ke viSaya meM hI satya ho sakatA hai, manuSyoM ke sandarbha meM nhiiN| legeN| usameM kahA gayA hai ki 'jise loka meM kuzala puruSoM ne brAhmaNa vanaspati evaM pazu-pakSI Adi meM jAti kA vicAra sambhava hai, kintu kahA hai, jo agni ke samAna sadA pUjanIya hai aura jo priyajanoM ke Ane manuSya ke viSaya meM yaha vicAra saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki sabhI manuSya samAna para Asakta nahIM hotA aura na unake jAne para zoka karatA hai, jo sadA haiN| manuSyoM kI eka hI jAti hai / na to sabhI brAhmaNa zubhra varNa ke hote Arya-vacana meM ramaNa karatA hai, use brAhmaNa kahate haiN|' haiM, na sabhI kSatriya rakta varNa ke, na sabhI vaizya pIta varNa ke aura na sabhI 'kasauTI para kase hue aura agni ke dvArA dagdhamala hue, zuddha zudra kRSNa varNa ke hote haiN| ata: janma ke AdhAra para jAti va varNa kA kiye gae jAta rUpa sone kI taraha jo vizuddha hai, jo rAga, dveSa aura bhaya nizcaya sambhava nahIM hai| __ se mukta hai tathA jo tapasvI hai, kRza hai, dAnta hai, jisakA mAMsa aura samAja meM U~ca-nIca kA AdhAra kisI varNa vizeSa yA jAti rakta apacita (kama) ho gayA hai, jo suvrata hai, zAMta hai, use hI brAhmaNa vizeSa meM janma lenA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / na kevala jaina paramparA, kahA jAtA hai|' apitu hindU paramparA meM bhI aneka udAharaNa hai jahA~ nimna varSoM se utpanna 'jo trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM ko samyaka prakAra se jAnakara vyakti bhI apanI pratibhA aura AcAra ke AdhAra para zreSTha khlaaye| unakI mana, vacana aura kAyA se hiMsA nahIM karatA hai, jo krodha, hAsya, brAhmaNoM kI zreSThatA para prazna cihna lagAte hue vaMrAgacaritameM jaTAsiMha lobha athavA bhaya se jhUTha nahIM bolatA, jo sacitta yA acitta, thor3A yA nandi kahate haiM ki 'jo brAhmaNa svayaM rAjA kI kRpA ke AkAMkSI haiM aura adhika adatta nahIM letA hai, jo deva, manuSya aura tiryaMca sambandhI maithuna unake dvArA anuzAsita hokara unake anugraha kI apekSA rakhate haiM, aise kA mana, vacana aura zarIra se sevana nahIM karatA hai, jisa prakAra jala meM dIna brAhmaNa nRpoM (kSatriyoM) se kaise zreSTha kahe jA sakate haiM / dvija brahmA utpanna huA kamala jala se lipta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra jo kAmabhogoM ke mukha se nirgata hue ata: zreSTha haiM -- yaha vacana kevala apane svArthoM se alipta rahatA hai, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN|' kI pUrti ke lie kahA gayA hai| brAhmaNa pratidina rAjAoM kI stuti karate isI prakAra jo rasAdi meM lolupa nahIM hai, jo nirdoSa bhikSA se haiM aura unake lie svasti pATha evaM zAnti pATha karate haiM, lekina vaha jIvana kA nirvAha karatA hai, jo gRha tyAgI hai, jo aMkicana hai, saba bhI dhana kI AzA se hI kiyA jAtA hai ata: aise brAhmaNa AptakAma pUrvajJAtijanoM evaM bandhu-bAndhavoM meM Asakta nahIM rahatA hai, use hI brAhmaNa nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM / phalata: inakA apanI zreSThatA kA dAvA mithyA kahate hai /
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________________ 542 dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki 'jaise kamala patra para pAnI hotA hai, jaise Are kI noMka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke kSaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta hai, jo medhAvI hai, sthitaprajJa hai, jo sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jAnane meM kuzala hai aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahu~ca cukA haiuse hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hU~ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne hI sadAcAra ke AdhAra para brAhmaNatva kI zreSThatA ko svIkAra karate hue, brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI jo sadAcAra aura sAmAjika samatA kI pratiSThApaka thI na kevala jaina paramparA evaM bauddha paramparA meM varan mahAbhArata meM bhI brAhmaNatva kI yahI paribhASA hai| jaina paramparA ke uttarAdhyayana sUtra, bauddha paramparA ke dhammapada aura mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika sAmyatA bhI adhika hai jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai? isa viSaya meM 'kumArapAla prabodha prabandha' meM manusmRti evaM mahAbhArata se kucha zloka uddhRta karake yaha batAyA gayA hai ki - 'zIla sampanna zUdra bhI brAhmaNatva ko prApta ho jAtA hai aura sadAcAra rahita brAhmaNa bhI zUdra ke samAna ho jAtA hai| ataH sabhI jAtiyoM meM cANDAla aura sabhI jAtiyoM meM brAhmaNa hote haiN| he arjuna ! jo brAhmaNa kRSi, vANijya, gorakSA evaM rAjya kI sevA karate haiM ve vastuta: brAhmaNa nahIM haiN| jo bhI dvija hiMsaka, asatyavAdI, cauryakarma meM lipta, paradAra sevI haiM ve sabhI patita (zUdra) haiN| isake viparIta brahmacarya aura tapa se yukta lauha va svarNa meM samAna bhAva rakhane vAle, prANiyoM ke prati dayAvAn sabhI jAti ke vyakti brAhmaNa hI haiM jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 -- se brAhmaNa hue haiN| isalie brAhmaNa hone meM jAti vizeSa meM janma kAraNa nahIM haiM, apitu tapa yA sadAcAra hI kAraNa hai| -- apanI svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra para sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA nirvAha karane kA samaMthana DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan aura pAzcAtya vicAraka zrI gairalDa harDa ne bhI kiyA hai" / mAnavIya svabhAva meM jJAnAtmakatA yA jijJAsA - vRtti, sAhasa yA netRtva - vRtti, saMgrahAtmakatA aura zAsita hone kI pravRtti yA sevA bhAvanA pAyI jAtI hai| sAmAnyataH manuSyoM meM ina vRttiyoM kA samAna rUpa se vikAsa nahIM hotA hai| pratyeka manuSya meM inameM se kisI eka kA prAdhAnya hotA hai| dUsarI ora sAmAjika dRSTi se samAja vyavasthA meM cAra pramukha kArya haiN| 1. zikSaNa 2. rakSaNa 3. upArjana aura 4 sevA ataH yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki vyakti, apane svabhAva meM jisa vRtti kA prAdhAnya ho, usake anusAra sAmAjika vyavasthA meM apanA kArya cune| jisameM buddhi nairmalya aura jijJAsAvRtti ho, vaha zikSaNa kA kArya kare; jisameM sAhasa aura netRtva vRtti ho vaha rakSaNa kA kArya kare; jisameM viniyoga tathA saMgraha-vRtti ho vaha upArjana kA kArya kare aura jisameM dainyavRtti yA sevAvRtti ho vaha sevA kArya kre| isa prakAra jijJAsA, netRtva, viniyoga aura dainya kI svAbhAvika vRttiyoM ke AdhAra para zikSaNa, rakSaNa, upArjana aura sevA ke sAmAjika kAryoM kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA aura isI AdhAra para kramazaH brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ye varNa bane / ataH varNa vyavasthA janma para nahIM, apitu svabhAva (guNa) evaM tadanusAra karma para AdhArita hai / sacce brAhmaNa ke lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai--'jo vyakti kSamAzIla Adi guNoM se yukta ho, jisane sabhI daNDoM (parapIDana) kA parityAga kara diyA hai, jo nirAmiSa bhojI hai aura kisI bhI prANi kI hiMsA nahIM karatA -- yaha kisI vyakti ke brAhmaNa hone kA prathama lakSaNa hai| isI prakAra jo kabhI asatya nahIM bolatA, mithyAvacanoM se dUra rahatA hai yaha brAhmaNa kA dvitIya lakSaNa hai| punaH jisane paradravya kA tyAga kara diyA hai tathA jo adatta ko grahaNa nahIM karatA, yaha usake brAhmaNa hone kA tRtIya lakSaNa hai jo deva, asura, manuSya tathA pazuoM ke prati maithuna kA sevana nahIM karatA vaha usake brAhmaNa hone kA caturtha lakSaNa vaha usake brAhmaNa hone kA caturtha lakSaNa hai jisane kuTumba kA vAsa arthAt gRhasthAzrama kA tyAga kara diyA ho, jo parigraha aura Asakti se rahita hai, yaha brAhmaNa hone kA paMcama lakSaNa hai| jo ina pA~ca lakSaNoM se yukta hai vahI brAhmaNa hai, dvija hai aura mahAn hai, zeSa to zUdravat haiN| kevaTa kI putrI ke garbha se utpanna vyAsa nAmaka mahAmuni hue haiN| isI prakAra hariNI ke garbha se utpanna zrRMga RSi, zunakI ke garbha se zuka, mANDUkI ke garbha se mAMDavya tathA urvazI ke garbha se utpanna vaziSTha mahAmuni hue na to ina sabhI RSiyoM kI mAtA brAhmaNI 1 - 1 vAstava meM hindU AcAra darzana meM bhI varNa vyavasthA janma para naye saMskAra se brAhmaNa hue the, apitu ye sabhI tapa sAdhanA yA sadAcAra nahIM varan karma para hI AdhArita hai| gItA meM zrI kRSNa spaSTa kahate haiN| karmaNA varNa-vyavasthA jainoM ko bhI svIkArya 1 jaina paramparA meM varNa kA AdhAra janma nahIM apitu karma mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicAraNA janmanA jAtivAda kI virodhI hai kintu karmaNA varNavyavasthA se usakA koI saiddhAntika virodha nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki -- 'manuSya karma se brAhmaNa, karma se kSatriya evaM se vaizya evaM zUdra hotA hai|' mahApurANa meM kahA gayA ki jAtinAma karma ke udaya se to manuSya jAti eka hI hai| phira bhI AjIvikA bheda se vaha cAra prakAra kI kahI gaI hai vratoM ke saMskAra se brAhmaNa, zastroM ko dhAraNa karane se kSatriya, nyAyapUrvaka artha kA upArjana karane se vaizya aura nimna zreNI kI AjIvikA kA Azraya lene se zUdra kahe jAte haiN| dhanadhAnya Adi sampatti evaM makAna mila jAne para guru kI AjJA se, alaga se AjIvikA arjana karane se varNa kI prApti yA varNa lAbha hotA hai (40 / 189,190) / isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki varNa yA jAti sambandhI bheda janma para nahIM, AjIvikA yA vRtti para AdhArita hai / bhAratIya varNa vyavasthA ke pIche eka manovaijJAnika AdhAra rahA hai ki vaiyaktika yogyatA arthAt svabhAva ke AdhAra para hI vyakti ke sAmAjika dAyitvoM (karmoM) kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai jisase iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / .
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________________ jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA 543 ki 'cAturvarNya-vyavasthA kA nirmANa guNa aura karma ke AdhAra para hI isI prakAra AcArya raviSeNa bhI padmacarita meM likhate haiM ki - kiyA gayA hai|9|' DaoN.rAdhAkRSNana isakI vyAkhyA meM likhate haiM, yahA~ koI bhI jAti garhita nahIM hai vastuta: guNa hI kalyANa kAraka hote jora guNa aura karma para diyA gayA hai, jAti (janma) para nahIM / hama kisa haiM / jAti se koI vyakti cAhe cANDAla kula meM hI utpanna kyoM na ho, varNa ke haiM, yaha bAta liMga yA janma para nirbhara nahIM hai apitu svabhAva aura vrata meM sthita hone para aise cANDAla ko bhI tIrthaMkaroM ne brAhmaNa hI kahA vyavasAya dvArA nirdhArita hotI hai12 / ' yudhiSThira kahate haiM 'tattvajJAniyoM kI hai17 / ata: brAhmaNa janma para nahIM, karma/sadAcAra para AdhArita hai| dRSTi meM kevala AcaraNa (sadAcAra) hI jAti kA nirdhAraka tattva hai| jaina muni cauthamala jI nirgranthapravacanabhASya meM likhate haiM ki brAhmaNa na janma se hotA hai, na saMskAra se, na kula se aura na veda ke eka vyakti duHzIla, ajJAnI va prakRti se tamoguNI hone para bhI amuka adhyayana se, brAhmaNa kevala vrata (AcaraNa) se hotA hai13 / ' varNa meM janma ke kAraNa samAja meM U~cA va AdaraNIya samajhA jAya va prAcInakAla meM varNa-vyavasthA kaThora nahIM thI, apitu lacIlI dUsarA vyakti suzIla, jJAnI va satoguNI hone para bhI kevala janma ke thii| varNa parivartana kA adhikAra vyakti ke apane hAtha meM thA kyoMki kAraNa nIca va tiraskRta samajhA jAya, yaha vyavasthA samAja ghAtaka hai AcaraNa yA karma ke cayana dvArA parivartita ho jAtA thA / upaniSadoM meM aura manuSya kI garimA va vivekazIlatA para prazna cihna lagAtI hai| itanA varNita satyakAma jAbAla kI kathA isakA udAharaNa hai / satyakAma hI nahIM aisA mAnane se na kevala samAja ke bahusaMkhyaka bhAga kA apamAna jAbAla kI satyavAditA ke AdhAra para hI use brAhmaNa mAna liyA gayA hotA hai, pratyuta sadAcAra va sadguNa kA bhI apamAna hotA hai| isa thA / manusmRti meM bhI varNa parivartana kA vidhAna hai, usameM likhA hai ki vyavasthA ko aMgIkAra karane se durAcArI, sadAcArI se Upara uTha jAtA sadAcAra ke kAraNa zUdra brAhmaNa ho jAtA hai aura durAcAra ke kAraNa hai / ajJAna-jJAna para vijayI hotA hai tathA tamoguNa satoguNa ke sAmane brAhmaNa zUdra ho jAtA hai / yahI bAta kSatriya aura vaizya ke sambandha meM bhI AdarAspada bana jAtA hai / yaha aisI sthiti hai jo guNa grAhaka vivekIjanoM hai / 15 AdhyAtmika dRSTi se koI eka varNa dUsare varNa se zreSTha nahIM hai, ko sahya nahIM ho sakatI hai18 / vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki kisI jAti kyoMki AdhyAtmika vikAsa varNa para nirbhara nahIM hotA hai / vyakti vizeSa meM janma grahaNa karane kA mahattva nahIM hai, mahattva hai vyakti ke naitika svabhAvAnukUla kisI bhI varNa ke niyata karmoM kA sampAdana karate hue sadAcaraNa aura vAsanAoM para saMyama kA / jaina vicAraNA yaha to svIkAra AdhyAtmika pUrNatA yA siddhi ko prApta kara sakatA hai / karatI hai ki loka vyavahAra yA AjIvikA hetu pratyeka vyakti ko ruci va yogyatA ke AdhAra para kisI na kisI kArya kA cayana to karanA koI bhI karttavya karma-hIna nahIM hai hogA / yaha bhI ThIka hai ki vibhinna prakAra ke vyavasAyoM yA kAryoM ke samAja vyavasthA meM apane kartavya ke nirvAha hetu aura AjIvikA AdhAra para sAmAjika vargIkaraNa bhI hogA / isa vyAvasAyika yA ke upArjana hetu vyakti ko kauna sA vyavasAya yA karma cunanA cAhie yaha sAmAjika vyavasthA ke kSetra meM hone vAle vargIkaraNa meM na kisI ko zreSTha, bAta usakI yogyatA athavA svabhAva para hI nirbhara karatI hai| yadi vyakti na kisI ko hIna kahA jA sakatA hai / jainAcAryoM ke anusAra manuSya apane guNoM yA yogyatAoM ke pratikUla vyavasAya yA sAmAjika karttavya prANIvarga kI sevA kA koI bhI hIna kArya nahIM haiM / yahA~ taka kI malako cunatA hai, to usake isa cayana se jahA~ usake jIvana kI saphalatA mUtra kI saphAI karane vAlA kahIM adhika zreSTha hai / jaina paramparA meM dhUmila hotI hai vahIM samAja-vyavasthA bhI asta-vyasta hotI hai| nandiSeNamuni ke sevAbhAva kI gaurava gAthA loka-vizruta hai / jaina paramparA AdhyAtmika zreSThatA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai ki vyakti kyA kara rahA meM kisI vyavasAya yA karma ko tabhI hIna mAnA gayA hai, jaba vaha hai yA kina sAmAjika kartavyoM kA pAlana kara rahA hai, varan isa bAta para vyavasAya yA karma hiMsaka yA krUratApUrNa kAryoM se yukta ho / jainAcAryoM nirbhara hai ki vaha unakA pAlana kisa niSThA aura yogyatA ke sAtha kara ne jina jAtiyoM yA vyavasAyoM ko hIna kahA hai ve haiM -- zikArI badhika, rahA hai| yadi eka zUdra apane kartavyoM kA pAlana pUrNa niSThA aura kuzalatA cir3ImAra, macchImAra Adi / kisI vyakti kI zreSThatA kA AdhAra se karatA hai to vaha anaiSThika aura akuzala brAhmaNa kI apekSA AjIvikA hetu cunA gayA vyavasAya na hokara usakA AdhyAtmika AdhyAtmika dRSTi se zreSTha hai / gItA bhI spaSTatayA yaha svIkAra karatI vikAsa yA sadguNoM kA vikAsa hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki hai ki vyakti sAmAjika dRSTi se svasthAna ke nimnastarIya karmoM kA sAkSAt tapa (sAdhanA) kA hI mahattva dikhAyI detA hai jAti kA kucha bhI sampAdana karate hue bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se u~cAiyoM para nahIM / cANDAla-putra harakezI muni ko dekho jinakI prabhAvazAlI Rddhi pahu~ca sakatA hai / viziSTa sAmAjika kartavyoM ke paripAlana se vyakti hai| mAnavIya samatA jainadharma kA mukhya AdhAra hai / usameM harakezIbala zreSTha yA hIna nahIM bana jAtA hai, usakI zreSThatA aura hInatA kA sambandha jaise cANDAla, arjunamAlI jaise mAlAkAra, pUniyA jaise dhUniyA aura to usake sadAcaraNa evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa se hai / digambara jaina zakaDAla putra jaise kumbhakAra kA bhI vahI sthAna hai, jo sthAna usameM AcArya samantabhadra ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra meM likhate haiM-- samyak-darzana indrabhUti jaise vedapAThI brAhmaNa putra, dazArNabhadra evaM zreNika jaise kSatriya se yukta cANDAla zarIra meM utpanna vyakti bhI tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA brAhmaNa hI nareza, dhannA va zAlibhadra jaise samRddha zreSThI ratnoM kA hai| kahA gayA hai| AtmadarzI sAdhaka jaise puNyavAn vyakti ko dharma upadeza
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________________ 544 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 karatA hai, vaise hI tuccha (vipanna, daridra) ko bhI dharma upadeza karatA aayii| hai20 / sanmArga kI sAdhanA meM sabhI mAnavoM ko samAna adhikAra prApta uparyukta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma ke AcAryoM hai| dhanI-nirdhana, rAjA-prajA aura brAhmaNa-zUdra kA bheda jaina dharma ko mAnya ne bhI kAla-krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU paramparA nahIM hai| kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| lagabhaga sAtavIM sadI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne jainadharma meM varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jaina dharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika mUlata: jainadharma varNavyavasthA evaM jAtivyavasthA ke viruddha sammAna banAye rakhane ke lie hindU varNa evaM jAtivyavasthA ko isa prakAra khar3A huA thA kintu kAlakrama meM bRhat hindU-samAja ke prabhAva se usameM AtmasAt kara liyA ki isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha bhI varNa evaM jAti sambandhI avadhAraNAeM praviSTa ho giiN| jaina paramparA prAya: samApta ho gayA / jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki Adi brahmA meM jAti aura varNa vyavasthA ke udbhava evaM aitihAsika vikAsa kA RSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAt tIna varNoM (kSatriya, vaizya vivaraNa sarvaprathama AcArAMganiyukti (lagabhaga IsvI san tIsarI zatI) meM aura zUdra) kI sRSTi kI / isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki prApta hotA hai / usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thI / RSabha jo kSatriya aura vaizya varNa kI sevA karate haiM ve zUdra haiM / inake do bheda ke dvArA rAjya-vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho gaye - haiM -- kArU aura akAru / punaH kAru ke bhI do bheda haiM -- spRzya aura 1.zAsaka (svAmI) aura 2.zAsita (sevk)| usake pazcAt zilpa aura aspRzya hai / dhobI, nApita Adi spRzya zUdra haiM aura cANDAla Adi jo vANijya ke vikAsa ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga hue --1. kSatriya nagara ke bAhara rahate hai ve aspRzya zUdra haiM (AdipurANa 16/184(zAsaka), 2. vaizya (kRSaka evaM vyavasAyI) aura 3. zUdra (sevk)| 186) / zUdroM ke kAru aura akAru tathA spRzya evaM aspRzya- ye bheda usake pazcAt zrAvaka dharma kI sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura sarvaprathama purANakAra jinasena ne kiye haiM22 | unake pUrvavartI anya kisI dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa (mAhaNa) kahA gayA / isaprakAra kramazaH jaina AcArya ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai / kintu hindU cAra varNa astitva meM Aye / ina cAra vargoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya samAja vyavasthA se prabhAvita bAda ke jaina AcAryoM ne ise prAya: mAnya tathA antarvarNIya anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyogoM se solahavarNa bane, kiyaa| SaTprAbhRta ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI jinameM sAtavarNa aura nau antaravarNa kahalAe / sAta varNa meM samavarNIya carcA kI haiM / 22 yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavrata arthAt strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya strI kSullakadIkSA kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA, kintu bAda ke digambara jaina ke saMyoga se utpanna, kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna AcAryoM ne usameM bhI kamI kara dI / zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMgasUtra (3/ aura vaizya puruSa aura zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aise anuloma saMyoga 202) ke mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArtta aura napuMsaka kI muni se utpanna tInavarNa / AcArAMgacUrNi (IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise spaSTa dIkSA kA niSedha thA, kintu paravartI TIkAkAroM ne cANDAlAdi jAti karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki 'brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga se juMgita aura vyAdhAdi karmajuMgita logoM ko dIkSA dene kA niSedha kara jo santAna hotI hai vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara kSatriya kahI diyA | phira bhI yaha saba jaina dharma kI mUla paramparA ke to viruddha hI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA varNa hai / isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI thaa| se utpanna santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI jAtI hai, yaha chaThA varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra-strI ke saMyoga se utpanna jAtIya ahaMkAra mithyA hai santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkarazUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa hai / punaH jainadharma meM jAtIya mada aura kula mada ko nindita mAnA gayA anuloma aura pratiloma sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimna nau antara-varNa hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva-jIvanoM kI kathA meM yaha carcA AtI hai ki bane / brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ varNa mArIci ke bhava meM unhoMne apane kula kA ahaMkAra kiyA thA, phalata: unheM utpanna huA / kSatriya puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa nimna bhikSuka kula arthAt brAhmaNI mAtA ke garbha meM AnA par3A hai| huA / brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUdrA strI se 'niSAda' nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna AcArAMga meM ve svayaM kahate haiM ki yaha AtmA aneka bAra uccagotra ko huA / zUdra puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpanna aura aneka bAra nIca gotra ko prApta ho cukA hai| isalie vastuta: na huA / kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huA / zUdra to koI hIna/nIca hai, aura na koI atirikta/vizeSa/ucca hai / sAdhaka puruSa aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' (khattA) nAmaka caudahavA~ varNa utpanna isa tathya ko jAnakara uccagotra kI spRhA na kare / ukta tathya ko jAna huA / vaizya puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vaideha' nAmaka pandrahavA~ lene para bhalA kauna gotravAdI hogA ? kauna uccagotra kA ahaMkAra varNa utpanna huA aura zUdra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se karegA? aura kauna kisa gotra/jAti vizeSa meM Asakta citta hogA25 ? 'cANDAla' nAmaka solahavA~ varNa huaa| isake pazcAt ina solaha varNoM isaliye vivekazIla manuSya uccagotra prApta hone para harSita na meM paraspara anuloma evaM pratiloga saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM hoM ora na nIcagotra prApta hone para kupita/duHkhI hoM / yadyapi jainadharma meM
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________________ jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA 545 uccagotra evaM nimnagotra kI carcA upalabdha hai kintu gotra kA sambandha para sundara mahala va jhopar3I para samAna rUpa se barasatA hai / jisa prakAra pariveza ke acche yA bure hone se hai / gotra kA sambandha jAti athavA bAdala binA bheda-bhAva ke sarvatra jala kI vRSTi karate haiM usI prakAra muni spRzyatA-aspRzyatA ke sAtha jor3anA bhrAnti hai / jaina karma siddhAnta ke ko bhI U~ca-nIca, dhanI-nirdhana kA vicAra kiye vagaira sarvatra sanmArga kA anusAra devagati meM ucca gotra kA udaya hotA hai aura tiryaMca mAtra meM nIca upadeza karanA cAhie28 / yaha bAta bhinna hai ki usameM se kauna kitanA gotra kA udaya hotA hai kintu devayoni meM bhI kilviSika deva nIca evaM grahaNa karatA hai / jaina dharma meM janma ke AdhAra para kisI ko nimna yA aspRzyavat hote haiM / isake viparIta aneka nimna gotra meM utpanna pazu ucca nahIM kahA jA sakatA hA~ vaha itanA avazya mAnatA hai ki anaitika jaise-- gAya, ghor3A, hAthI bahuta hI sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhe jAte haiN| AcaraNa karanA athavA krUra karma dvArA apanI AjIvikA arjana karanA ve aspRzya nahIM mAne jAte / ata: uccagotra meM utpanna vyakti bhI hIna yogya nahIM hai, aise vyakti avazya hIna karmA kahe gaye haiM kintu ve apane aura nIcagotra meM utpanna vyakti bhI ucca ho sakatA hai / ata: gotravAda krUra evaM anaitika karmoM kA parityAga karake zreSTha bana sakate haiN| kI dhAraNA ko pracalita jAtivAda tathA spRzyAspRzya kI dhAraNA ke sAtha jJAtavya hai ki Aja bhI jaina dharma meM aura jaina zramaNoM meM vibhinna nahIM jor3anA cAhie / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne prastuta sUtra meM jAti-mada, gotra- jAtiyoM ke vyakti praveza pAte haiM / mAtra yahI nahIM zramaNa jIvana ko mada Adi ko nirasta karate hue yaha spaSTa kaha diyA hai ki 'jaba AtmA aMgIkAra karane ke sAtha hI nimna vyakti bhI sabhI kA usI prakAra aneka bAra ucca-nIca gotra kA sparza kara cukA hai, kara rahA hai taba phira AdaraNIya bana jAtA hai, jisa prakAra uccakula yA jAti kA vyakti / kauna U~cA hai? kauna nIcA ? U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA mAtra eka ahaMkAra jainasaMgha meM unakA sthAna samAna hotA hai / yadyapi madhyakAla meM hindU hai aura ahaMkAra 'mada' hai / mada nIcagotra ke bandhana kA mukhya kAraNa paramparA ke prabhAva se vizeSa rUpa se dakSiNa bhArata meM jAtivAda kA prabhAva hai| ata: isa gotravAda va mAnavAda kI bhAvanA se mukta hokara jo unameM jaina samAja para bhI AyA aura madhyakAla meM mAtaMga Adi jAti-juMgita taTastha rahatA hai, vahI samatvazIla hai, vahI paNDita hai| (nimnajAti) evaM machuAre, naTa Adi karma juMgita vyaktiyoM kA zramaNa mathurA se prApta abhilekhoM kA jaba hama adhyayana karate haiM to saMsthA meM praveza ayogya mAnA gyaa| jaina AcAryoM ne isakA koI hameM jJAta hotA hai ki na kevala prAcIna AgamoM se apitu ina abhilekhoM Agamika pramANa na dekara mAtra lokApavAda kA pramANa diyA, jo spaSTa se bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki jaina dharma ne sadaiva hI sAmAjika samatA rUpa se isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki jaina paramparA ko jAtivAda bRhad hindU para bala diyA hai aura jainadharma meM praveza kA dvAra sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyaktiyoM prabhAva ke kAraNa lokApavAda ke bhaya se svIkAranA pdd'aa| ke liye samAna rUpa se khulA rahA hai| mathurA ke jaina abhilekha isa tathya isI ke pariNAmasvarUpa dakSiNa bhArata meM vikasita jaina dharma ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki jaina mandiroM ke nirmANa aura jina pratimAoM kI kI digambara paramparA meM jo zUdra kI dIkSA evaM mukti ke niSedha kI pratiSThA meM dhanI-nirdhana, brAhmaNa-zUdra sabhI vargoM, jAtiyoM evaM vargoM ke avadhAraNA AI, vaha saba brAhmaNa paramparA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI thaa| loga samAna rUpa se bhAga lete the| mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM hama yaha pAte yadyapi hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki dakSiNa meM jo nimna jAti haiM ki lohAra, sunAra, gandhI, kevaTa, lauhavaNika, nartaka aura yahA~ taka ke loga jainadharma kA pAlana karate the, ve isa sabake bAvajUda jainadharma se ki gaNikAyeM bhI jina mandiroM kA nirmANa va jina pratimAoM kI pratiSThA jur3e rahe aura ve Aja bhI paMcama varNa ke nAma se jAne jAte haiM / yadyapi karavAtI thIM26 / jJAtavya hai ki mathurA ke ina abhilekhoM meM lagabhaga 60% bRhada hindU samAja ke prabhAva ke kAraNa jainoM ne apane prAcIna mAnavIya dAnadAtA una jAtiyoM se haiM, jinheM sAmAnyatayA nimna mAnA jAtA hai| samatA ke siddhAnta kA jo ullaMghana kiyA, usakA pariNAma bhI unheM sthUlibhadra kI preyasI kozA vezyA dvArA jainadharma aMgIkAra karane kI kathA bhugatanA par3A aura jainoM kI janasaMkhyA sImita ho gyii| to loka-vizruta hai hI27 / mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM bhI gaNikA nAdA dvArA vigata varSoM meM sadbhAgya se jainoM meM vizeSa rUpa se zvetAmbara deva kulikA kI sthApanA bhI isI tathya ko sUcita karatI hai ki eka paramparA meM yaha samatAvAdI dRSTi punaH vikasita huI hai| kucha jaina AcAryoM gaNikA bhI zrAvikA ke vratoM ko aMgIkAra karake utanI hI AdaraNIya ke isa dizA meM prayatna ke phalasvarUpa kucha aisI jAtiyA~ jo nimna evaM bana jAtI thI, jitanI koI rAja-mahiSI / AvazyakacUrNi aura titthogAlI krUrakarmA samajhI jAtI thIM, na kevala jaina dharma meM dIkSita huIM apitu prarkINaka meM varNita kozA vezyA kA kathAnaka aura mathurA meM nAdA nAmaka unhoMne apane hiMsaka vyavasAya ko tyAga kara sadAcArI javIna ko gaNikA dvArA sthApita deva kulikA, AyagapaTTa Adi isa tathya ke spaSTa apanAyA hai| vizeSa rUpa se khaTika aura balAI jAtiyA~ jaina dharma se pramANa haiM / jaina dharma yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki koI duSkarmA va durAcArI vyakti jur3I haiM / khaTikoM (hindU-kasAiyoM ) ke lagabhaga pA~ca hajAra parivAra bhI apane duSkarma kA parityAga karake sadAcAra pUrNa naitika-jIvana va samIra munijI kI vizeSa preraNA se apane hiMsaka vyavasAya aura madirA vyavasAya ko apanA kara samAja meM pratiSThita bana sakatA hai / jaina sAdhanA kA sevana Adi vyasanoM kA parityAga karake jaina dharma se jur3e aura ye kA rAjamArga to usakA hai jo usa para calatA hai, varNa, jAti yA varga parivAra Aja na kevala samRddha va sampanna hai, apitu jaina samAja meM bhI vizeSa kA usa para ekAdhikAra nahIM hai / jaina dharma sAdhanA kA upadeza to barAbarI kA sthAna pA cuke haiM / isI prakAra balAIyoM (harijanoM) kA bhI varSA Rtu ke jala ke samAna hai, jo U~ce parvatoM, nIce kheta-khalihAnoM eka bar3A tabakA mAlavA meM AcArya nAnAlAla jI kI preraNA se madirA
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________________ 546 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 sevana, mAMsAhAra Adi tyAgakara jainadharma se jur3A aura eka sadAcAra pUrNa banAye rakhane hetu mAnya kiyA, kyoMki AgamoM meM harakezIbala, maitArya, jIvana vyatIta karane ko prerita huA hai, ye isa dizA meM acchI upalabdhi mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANDAloM ke muni hone aura mokSa prApta karane ke hai / kucha anya zvetAmbara evaM digambara jaina AcAryoM evaM muniyoM ne bhI ullekha haiM / bihAra prAnta meM sarAka jAti evaM paramAra kSatriyoM ko jaina dharma se punaH 8.prAcIna jainAgamoM meM muni ke lie uttama, madhyama aura nimna jor3ane ke saphala prayatna kiye haiN| Aja bhI aneka jainamuni sAmAnyatayA tInoM hI kuloM se bhikSA grahaNa karane kA nirdeza milatA hai / isase yahI nimna kahI jAne vAlI jAtiyoM se dIkSita haiM aura jaina saMgha meM samAna rUpa phalita hotA hai ki jainadharma meM varNa yA jAti kA koI bhI mahattva nahIM se AdaraNIya haiM / isase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki jainadharma sadaiva hI thaa| sAmAjika samatA kA samarthaka rahA hai / 9.jainadharma yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki manuSyoM meM kucha svabhAvagata jainadharma meM varNavyavasthA ke sandarbha meM jo cintana huA usake bhinnatAeM sambhava haiM, jinake AdhAra para unake sAmAjika dAyitva evaM niSkarSa nimna haiM - jIvikArjana ke sAdhana bhinna hote haiM / phira bhI vaha isa bAta kA samarthaka 1. sampUrNa mAnava jAti eka hI hai kyoMki usameM jAti bheda hai ki sabhI manuSyoM ko apane sAmAjika dAyitvoM evaM AjIvikA arjana karane vAlA aisA koI bhI svAbhAvaki lakSaNa nahIM pAyA jAtA hai jaisA ke sAdhanoM ko cayana karane kI pUrNa svatantratA aura sAmAjika, naitika ki eka jAti ke pazu se dUsare jAti ke pazu meM antara hotA hai| evaM AdhyAtmika kSetra meM vikAsa ke samAna avasara upalabdha hone cAhiye 2. prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thii| varNa evaM jAtivyavasthA kyoMki ye hI sAmAjika samatA ke mUla AdhAra haiN| svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra para sAmAjika kartavyoM ke kAraNa aura AjIvikA hetu vyavasAya ko apanAne ke kAraNa utpanna huI / jaise-jaise sandarbha AjIvikA arjana ke vividha srota vikasita hote gaye vaise-vaise mAnava . brAhmaNo'sya mukhamAsIdvAhU rAjanyaH kRtaH / samAja meM vividha jAtiyAM astitva meM AtI gaI, kintu ye jAtiyA~ Uru tadasya yadvaizyaH padabhyAM zUdro ajAyat / / maulika nahIM hai mAtra mAnava sRjita haiN| -Rgveda, 10/10/12, saM.dAmodara sAtavalekara, bAlasADa, 3. jAti aura varNa kA nirdhAraNa janma ke AdhAra para na hokara 1988 vyakti ke zubhAzubha AcaraNa evaM usake dvArA apanAye gaye vyavasAya dvArA 2. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4,pR. 1441 hotA hai ata: varNa aura jAti vyavasthA janmanA nahIM, apitu karmaNA hai| 3. catvAra ekasya pituH sutAzcetteSAM sutAnAM khalu jAtirekA / 4. yadi jAti aura varNavyavasthA vyavasAya athavA sAmAjika evaM prajAnAM ca pitaika evaM pitraikabhAvAdya na jAtibhedaH / / dAyitva para sthita hai to aisI sthiti meM sAmAjika kartavya aura vyavasAya phalAnyathodumbara vRkSajAteryathAgramadhyAnta bhavAni yAni / ke parivartana ke AdhAra para jAti evaM varNa meM parivartana sambhava hai| rUpAkSatisparzasamAni tAni tathaikato jAtirapi pracintyA / 5.koI bhI vyakti kisI jAti yA parivAra meM utpanna hone ke na brAhmaNAzcandramarIcizubhrA na kSatriyAH kiMzukapuSpagaurAH / kAraNa hIna yA zreSTha nahIM hotA, apitu vaha apane satkarmoM ke AdhAra para na ceha vaizyA haritAlatulyA: zUdrA na cADgAra samAnavarNAH / zreSTha hotA hai| - varAMgacarita, sarga 25, zloka 3,4,7-- jaTAsiMhanandi, 6.jAti evaM kula kI zreSThatA kA ahaMkAra mithyA hai / usake saMpA. e. ena. upAdhye, bambaI 1938 kAraNa sAmAjika samatA evaM zAnti bhaMga hotI hai| 4. ye nigrahAnugrahayorazaktA dvijA varAkA: parapoSyajIvAH / 7.jainadharma ke dvAra sabhI varNa aura jAtiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa mAyAvino dInatamA nRpebhyaH kathaM bhavantyuttamajAtayaste / / se khule rahe haiN| prAcIna stara ke jaina granthoM se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki teSAM dvijAnAM mukha nirgatAni vacAMsyamoghAnyaghanAzakAni / usameM cAroM hI vargoM aura sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina-pUjA karane, ihApi kAmAnsvamanaH praklRptAna labhanta ityeva mRSAvacastat / / zrAvaka dharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana karane aura sAdhana ke sarvocca lakSya yathAnaTo raGgamupetya citraM nRttAnurUpAnupayAti veSAn / / nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI mAne gaye the| sAtavIM-AThavIM sadI jIvastathA saMsRtiraGgamadhye karmAnurUpAnupayAti bhAvAn / / meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko muni dIkSA aura mokSa prApti ke ayogya na brahmajAtistviha kAcidasti na kSatriyo nApi ca vaizyazUdre / mAnA / zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, tatastu karmAnuvazA hitAtmA saMsAra cakre parivaMbhramIti / / sthAnAMga meM mAtra rogI, bhayArtta aura napuMsaka kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai kintu ApAtakatvAcca zarIradAhe dehaM na hi brahma vadanti tajjJAH / Age calakara unameM bhI jAti-juMgita jaise-cANDAla Adi aura karma jJAnaM ca na brahma yato nikRSTa zUdro'pi vedAdhyayanaM karoti / / jaMgita jaise -kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kara diyA gayA / kintu vidyAkriyA cAru guNaiH prahINo na jAtimAtreNa bhavetsa vipraH / yaha bRhattara hindU 'paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA jo ki jainadharma ke mUla jJAnena zIlena guNena yukta taM brAhmaNaM brahmavido vadanti / / siddhAnta ke viruddha thA, jainoM ne ise kevala apanI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko - vahI, sarga 25, zloka 33, 34, 40-43 .
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________________ jaina dharma aura sAmAjika samatA 547 . 5. je loe bambhaNo vutto, aggI vA mahio jahA / na hanti sarvabhUtAni prathamaM brahmalakSaNam / / sayA kusalasaMdiTuM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / sadA sarvAnRtaM tyaktavA mithyAvAdAd viracyate / jo na sajjai AgantuM, pavvayanto na soyaI / nAnRtaM ca vaded vAkyaM dvitIyaM brahmalakSaNam / / ramai ajjavayaNaMmi, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / sadA sarva paradravyaM bahirvA yadi vA gRhe / jAyarUvaM jahAmaDhe, niddhantamalapAvagaM / adattaM naiva gRhAti tRtIyaM brahmalakSaNam / / rAgaddosabhayAIyaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / devAsuramanuSyeSu tiryagyonigateSu c| tavassyiM kisaM dantaM avaciyamaMsasoNiyaM / na sevate maithunaM yazcacaturthaM brahmalakSaNam / suvvayaM pattanivvANaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / tyaktavA kuTumbavAsaM tu nirmamo niH parigrahaH / tasapANe viyANettA, saMgaheNa ya thAvare / yuktazcarati niH saGga: paMcamaM brahmalakSaNam / / jo na hiMsai tiviheNaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM // paMcalakSaNasaMpUrNa Izo yo bhaved dvijaH / kohA vA jai vA hAsA, lohA vA jai vA bhayA / mahAntaM brAhmaNaM manye zeSAH zUdrA yudhiSThira ! / / musaM na vayaI jo u,taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / kaivartIgarbhasambhUto vyAso nAma mahAmuniH / cittamantamacittaM vA, appaM vA jai vA bahuM / tapasA brAhmaNo jAtastasmAjjAtirakAraNam / / na geNhAi adattaM je,taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / hariNIgarbhasambhUto RSizRMGgo mahAmuniH / tapa / / divvamANusatericchaM, jo na sevai mehuNaM / zunakIgarbhasambhUtaH zuko nAma munistathA / tapa / / maNasA kAyavakkeNaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / maNDUkIgarbhasambhUto mANDavyazca mahAmuniH / tapa / jahA pomaM jale jAyaM, novalippai vAriNA / urvazIgarbhasambhUto vaziSThastu mahAmuniH / tapa / / evaM alitaM kAmehiM taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / na teSAM brAhmaNI mAtA saMskArazca na vidyate / tapa / / aloluyaM muhAjIvI, aNagAraM akiMcaNaM / yadvatkASThamayo hastI yadvaccarmamayo mRgaH / asaMsattaM gihatthesu taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM // brAhmaNastu kiyAhInatraste nAmadhArakAH / / jahittA puvvasaMjogaM, nAisaMge ya bandhave / - kumArapAlacaritrasaMgraha ke arntagata kumArapAla prabodha, pR. jo na sajjai bhogesuM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / 606, zloka 119-136, saMpAdaka - jinavijayamuni, prakAzaka - -uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpAdaka- sAdhvI caMdanA, 25/19-29 siMghI jaina zAstra zikSApITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, vikrama saMvat 6. vAripokkharapatte va Araggeriva sAsapo / 2013 / yo na lippati kAmesu tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / 8. kammuNA bambhaNo hoi kammuNA hoi khattio / yo dukkhassa pajAnAti idheva khayamattano / vaisse kammaNAhoi suddo havai kammaNA / / pannabhAraM visaJattaM tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 25/33 gambhIra paJbaM medhAviM maggAmaggassa kovidaM / 9. manuSyajAtirekaiva jaatinaamodyodbhvaa| uttamatthaM anuppattaM tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / vRttibhedAhitAdbhedAccAturvidhyamihAznute // 38-45 -dhammapada, brAhmaNavarga, 401-403, saMpAdaka-bhikSudharmarakSita, brAhmaNA vratasaMskArAt kSatriyAH zastradhAraNAt / / 1983 vaNijo'rthArjanAtrayAyyAta zUdrA nygvRttisNshryaat||38-46 / / 7. zUdro'pi zIlasaMpanno guNavAn brAhmaNo bhavet / guroranujJayA labdhadhanadhAnyAdisampadaH / brAhmaNo'pi kriyAhIna: zUdrApatyasamo bhavet / / pRthakkRtAlayasyAsyai vRttirvarNAptirisyate // 38-137 / / ata:- sarvajAtiSu cANDAlA: sarvajAtiSu brAhmaNAH / sRSTayantaramato dUraM apAsya nayatattvavit / brAhmaNeSvapi cANDAlA: cANDAleSvapi brAhmaNAH / / anAdikSatriyaiH sRSTAM dharmasRSTi prabhAvayet / / 40-189 / / kRSi-vANijya-gorakSAM rAjasevAmakiMcanAH / tIrthakRdbhirayaM sRSTA dharmasRSTiH snaatnii| ye ca viprAH prakurvanti na te kaunteya ! brAhmaNA: / / 3 / / tAM saMzritAnnRpAneva sRSTihetUn prakAzayet / / 40-190 // hiMsako'nRtavAdI ca cauryayAbhiratazca yaH / -mahApurANa, jinasena, 38/45-46, 137, 189,190 paradAropasevI ca sarve te patitA dvijAH / / 10.bhagavadgItA, DaoN.rAdhAkRSNana, pR. 353 brahmacaryatapoyuktAH samAnaloSTakAMcanAH / 11.cAturvayaM mayA sRSTaM guNakarmavibhAgazaH / sarvabhUtadayAvanto brAhmaNAH sarvajAtiSu / / -gItA, 4/13 kSAntyAdikaguNairyukto vyastadaNDo nirAmiSaH / 12. bhagavadgItA- rAdhAkRSNana, pR.163
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________________ 548 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 13.rAjan kulena vRttena svAdhyAyena zrutena vA / puvvabhavajammaNaahiseyacakkavaTTirAyAbhisegAti, tattha je rAyaassitA te brAhmaNyaM kena bhavati prabrahyetat sunizcitam // 3/3/107 // ya khattiyA jAyA aNassitA gihavaiNo jAyA, jayA aggI uppaNNo tato zruNu yakSa kulaM tAta na svAdhyAyo na ca zrutam / ya bhagava'ssitA sippiyA vANigayA jAyA, tehiM tehiM sippavANijjehiM kAraNaM hi dvijatve ca vRttameva na saMzayaH / / vittiM visaMtItI vaissA uppannA, bhagavae pavvaie bharahe abhisitte sAvagadhamme -mahAbhArata, vanaparva, 313/107,108 gItA presa, gorakhapura uppaNNe baMbhaNA jAyA, aNassitA baMbhaNA jAyA mAhaNatti, ujjugasabhAvA 14.dekheM -- chAndogyopaniSad (gItA presa, gorakhapura) 4/4 dhammapiyAM jaM ca kiMci haNaMtaM picchaMti taM nivAraMti mA haNa bho mA haNa, 15.zUdro brAhmaNatAmeti brAhmamaNazcaiti zUdratAm / evaM te jaNeNaM sukammanivattitasannA baMbhaNA (mAhaNA) jAyA, je puNa kSatriyAjjAtamevaM tu vidyAdvaizcAttathaiva ca / / aNassiyA asippiNo te vayakha (ka) lAsuibahikaA tesu tesu paoyaNesu - manusmRti 10/65, saM. satyabhUSaNa yogI, 1966 soyamANA hiMsAcoriyAdisu sajjamANA sogadrohaNasIlA suddA saMvuttA, 16. samyagdarzanasampannamapi mAtaGgadehajam / evaM tAvaM cattArivi vaNNA ThAvitA, sesAo saMjoeNaM tattha saMjoe devA devaM vidurbhasmagUr3hAGgArAntaraujasam / / solasayaM gAhA (20-8) etesiM ceva ca uNhaM vaNNANaM puvvANupuvIe -ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra, 28 aNaMtarasaMjoeNaM aNNe tiNNi vaNNA bhavaMti, tattha 'payatI caukkayANaMtare' 17. na jAtirgarhitA kAcit guNA: kalyANakAraNam / gAhA (21-8) pagatI NAma baMbhakhattiyavaisasuddA cauro vaNNA / idANiM vratasthamapi cANDAlaM taM devA brAhmaNaM viduH / / aMtareNa-baMbhaNeNaM khattiyANIe jAo so uttamakhattio vA suddhakhattio -padmacarita, parva , 11/203 vA ahavA saMkarakhattio paMcamo vaNNo, jo puNa khattieNaM vaissIe 18.nirganthapravacanabhASya -- muni zrI cauthamala jI, pR. 289 jAo eso uttamavaisso vA suddhavaisso vA saMkaravaisso vA chaTTho 19.sakkhaM khu dIsai tavo viseso, na dIsaI jAi visesa koi| vaNNo, jo vaisseNa suddIe jAto so uttamasuddo vA (suddhasuddo) vA sovAgaputte hariesa sAhU, jasse iDDi mahANubhAgA / / saMkarasuddo vA sattamo vaNNo / idANiM vaNNeNaM vaNNehiM vA aMtarito uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 12/37 aNulomao paDilomato ya aMtarA satta vaNNaMtarayA bhavaMti, je aMtariyA 20. jahA puNNassa katthati tahA tucchassa katthati / te egaMtariyA duariyA bhavaMti / cattAri gAhAo paDhiyavvAo jahA tucchassa katthati tahA puNNassa katthati / (22,23,24,25-8) tattha tAva baMbhaNeNaM vaissIe jAo aMbaTThotti -AcArAMga-- saM. madhukara muMni, 1/2/6/102 vuccai eso aTThamo vaNNo, khattieNaM suMdIe jAto uggotti vuccai eso 21 a. ekkA maNussajAI rajjuppattIi do kayA usame / navamo vaNNo, baMbhaNeNa suddIe nisAtotti vuccai, kittipArAsavotti, tiNNeva sippavaNie sAvagadhammammi cattAri / / tiNNi gayA, dasamo vnnnno| idANiM paDilomA bhaNNaMti-suddeNa vaissIe saMjoge solasagaM satta ya vaNNA u nava ya aMtariNo jAo augavutti bhaNNai, ekkArasamo vaNNo, vaisseNaM khattiyANIe ee dovi vigappA ThavaNA baMbhassa NAyavvA / / jAo mAgahotti bhaNNai, duvAlasamo, khattieNaM baMbhaNIe jAo saotti pagaI caukkagANaMtare ya te haMti satta vaNNA u / bhaNNati, teraso vaNNo suddeNa khattiyANIe jAo khattiotti bhaNNai ANaMtaresu caramo eNNe khalu hoi NAyavvo / / coddasamo, vaisseNa baMbhaNIe jAo vaidehotti bhaNNati, pannarasamo vaNNo, aMbaTThagganisAyA ya ajogavaM mAgahA ya sUyA ya / suddeNa baMbhaNIe jAo caMDAletti pavuccai, solasamo vaNNo, etavUtirittAjete khattA (ya) videhAviya caMDAlA navamagA huti / / bijAte te vuccaMti - uggeNa khattiyANie sovAgetti vuccai, vaideheNaM egaMtarie iNamo aMbaTTho ceva hoi uggo ya / khattIe jAo veNavutti vuccai, nisAeNaM aMbaTTIe jAo bokkasotti biiyaMtayaria nisAo parAsaraM taM ca puNa vege / / vuccai, nisAeNa suddIe jAto sovi bokkaso, suddeNa nisAdIe kukkuDao, paDilome suddAI ajogavaM mAgaho ya sUo a / evaM sacchaMdamativigappitaM / egaMtarie khattA vedehA ceva nAyavvA / / 22.kSatriyAH zastrajIvitvaM anubhUya tadAbhavan / bitiyaMtare niyamA caNDAlo so'vi hoi NAyavvo / vaizyAzca kRSivANijyapazupAlyopajIvitAH // aNulome paDilome evaM ee bhave bheyA / teSAM zuzrUSaNAcchUdrAste dvidhA kArvakAravaH / uggeNaM khattAe sovAgo veNavo videheNaM / kAravo rajakAdyA: syustato'nye sthurakAravaH / / aMbaTThIe suddIya bukkaso jo nisAeNaM / / kAravo'pi matA dvedhA spRzyAspRzyavikalpataH / sUeNa nisAIe kukkarao sovi hoi nnaayvvo| tatrAspRzyAH prajAvAsyA: spRzyAH syu karttakAdayaH / / eso bIo bheo caubviho hoi NAyabvo // -AdipurANa, 16/184-186 -AcArAMganiyukti, 19-27 23. tato No kappaMti pavvAvettae, taM-paMDae vItte (cAhiye) 21ba. 'egA maNussajAI gAhA (19-8) ettha usabhasAmissa kIve?
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________________ 24. yadAha--'3 bAle buDThe napuMse ya, jaDDe kIve ya vaahie| teNe rAyAvagArIya, ummatte ya aMdasaNe // 1 / / dAse duDhe (ya) aNatta juMgie iya / / obaddhae ya bhayae, sehanippheDiyA iya // 2 // sthAnAMgasUtram, abhayadevasUrivRtti, (prakAzaka-- seTha mANekalAla, cunnIlAla, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat 1994) sUtra 3/ 202, vRtti pR. 154 25.se asaiM uccAgoe asaMi nniiyaagoe| No hINe No airite No pIhae / / itisaMkhAya ke gotAvAdI, ke mANAvAdI, kaMsi vA ege gijjhe? tamhApaMDite No harise No kujjhe -AcArAMga,(saM.madhukaramuni), 1/2/3/75 26.jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, saMgrahakartA-vijayamUrti, lekha kramAMka 8,31,41,54,62,67,69, 27a. AvazyakacUrNi, jinadAsagaNi, RSabhadeva kesarImala saMsthA, ratalAma, bhAga 1,pR. 554 ba. bhaktaparijJA, 128 sa.titthogAlia, 777 28.AcArAMga, saM. madhukaramuni, 1/2/6/102 jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA bhAratIya sAMskRtika paramparAoM meM zramaNa paramparA viveka kAlAvadhi IsA kI 5vIM zatI se bArahavIM zatI taka hai| usameM bhI apane pradhAna evaM krAntidharmI rahI hai / usane sadaiva hI viSamatAvAdI aura yuga ke sandarbho ke sAtha Agama yuga ke sandarbha bhI mila gaye haiM / isake vargavAdI avadhAraNAoM ke sthAna para samatAvAdI jIvana mUlyoM ko atirikta ina Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM kucha aise ullekha bhI milate haiM, sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / jaina dharma bhI zramaNa paramparA kA hI jinakA mUla srota, na to AgamoM meM aura na vyAkhyAkAroM ke samakAlIna eka aMga hai ata: usameM bhI nara evaM nArI kI samatA para bala diyA gayA samAja meM khojA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi ve Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI aura strI ke dAsI yA bhogyA svarUpa ko nakAra kara use puruSa ke samakakSa manaHprasUta kalpanA bhI nahIM kahe jA sakate haiM / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hI mAnA gayA hai / phira bhI yaha satya hai ki jaina dharma aura saMskRti kA marudevI, brAhmI, sundarI tathA pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kI aneka sAdhviyoM vikAsa bhI bhAratIya saMskRti ke puruSa pradhAna pariveza meM hI huA hai, se sambandhita vistRta vivaraNa, jo Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM upalabdha phalataH krAntidharmI hote hue bhI vaha apanI sahagAmI brAhmaNa paramparA ke haiM, ve yA to AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM yA mAtra saMketa rUpa meM upalabdha vyApaka prabhAva se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sakI aura usameM bhI vibhinna kAloM haiM, kintu hama yaha nahIM mAna sakate haiM ki ye Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI meM nArI kI sthiti meM parivartana hote rhe| manaHprasUta kalpanA hai| vastuta: ve vilupta pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM se yA yahA~ hama AgamoM aura vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra para jainAcAryoM anuzruti se ina vyAkhyAkAroM ko prApta hue haiM / ataH AgamoM aura kI dRSTi meM nArI kI kyA sthiti rahI hai isakA mUlyAMkana kareMge, kintu Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke AdhAra para nArI kA citraNa karate hue hama yaha isake pUrva hameM isa sAhitya meM upalabdha sandarbho kI prakRti ko samajha nahIM kaha sakate ki ve kevala Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga ke sandarbha lenA Avazyaka hai / jaina Agama sAhitya eka kAla kI racanA nahIM hai| haiM, apitu unameM eka hI sAtha vibhinna kAloM ke sandarbha upalabdha haiM / vaha IsA pUrva pA~cavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavI zatI taka arthAt adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se unheM nimna kAla khaNDoM meM vibhAjita eka hajAra varSa kI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM nirmita, pariSkArita aura kiyA jA sakatA hai - parivartita hotA rahA hai ata: usake samagra sandarbha eka hI kAla ke nahIM 1. pUrva yuga - IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI taka / haiM / punaH unameM bhI jo kathA bhAga hai, vaha mUlata: anuzrutiparaka aura 2. Agama yuga - IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se lekara I0 san kI prAgaitihAsika kAla se sambandha rakhatA hai / ata: unameM apane kAla se pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka / bhI pUrva ke aneka tathya upasthita haiM jo anuzruti se prApta hue haiN| unameM 3. prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyA yuga - IsA kI pA~cavI zatAbdI se kucha aise bhI tathya haiM jinakI aitihAsikatA vivAdAspada ho sakatI hai AThavIM zatAbdI taka / aura unheM mAtra paurANika kahA jA sakatA hai / jahA~ taka Agamika 4. saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyA evaM paurANika kathA sAhitya vyAkhyA sAhitya kA sambandha hai, vaha mukhyataH Agama granthoM para prAkRta yuga - AThavIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI taka / evaM saMskRta meM likhI gayI TIkAoM para AdhArita hai ata: isakI isI sandarbha meM eka kaThinAI yaha bhI hai ki ina paravartI AgamoM