Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jaina darzana pratyakSa kI hI taraha pramANa evaM arthasiddhi kA savala sAdhana mAnA hai| yoM to anumAna kA bhAratIya darzanoM meM vistRta vivecana upalabdha hai aura saMkhyAbaddha granthoM kA nirmANa huA hai, kintu yahA~ hama usake mAtra svarUpa para vimarza prastuta kreNge| anumAna paribhASA anumAna zabda kI nirukti anu+mAna ina do zabdoM se anumAna zabda niSpanna huA hai, jisakA artha hai pazcAdvartI jJAna, aura aisA jJAna hI anumAna hai| DaoN. darabArI lAla koThiyA prazna uThatA hai ki pratyakSa ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI (smRti, pratyabhijJA, cintA Adi) jJAna pratyakSa ke pazcAt hI hote haiN| aisI sthiti meM ye sava jJAna bhI anumAna kahe jAyeMge / ataH anumAna se pUrva vaha kaunasA jJAna vivakSita hai, jisake pazcAt hone vAle jJAna ko bhAratIya darzanoM meM pratyakSa kI taraha anumAna ko anumAna kahA hai ? bhI arthasiddhi kA mahatvapUrNa sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| sambaddha aura vartamAna, Asanna aura sthUla padArthoM kA isakA uttara yaha hai ki anumAna se avyavahita jJAna indriya pratyakSa se kiyA jA sakatA hai| para pUrvavartI vaha jJAna vizeSa hai, jisake avyavahita uttaraasambaddha aura avartamAna, atIta-anAgata tathA dUra . kAla meM anumAna utpanna hotA hai / vaha jJAna-vizeSa hai, aura sUkSma arthoM kA jJAna usase sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki vyApti-nirNaya (tarka-UhA-cintA) / usake anantara ukta prakAra ke padArthoM ko jAnane kI kSamatA indriyoM meM niyama se anumAna hotA hai| liMgadarzana, vyAptismaraNa nahIM hai| ataH aise padArthoM kA jJAna anumAna dvArA aura pakSadhamaMtAjJAna inameM se koI bhI anumAna kA kiyA jAtA hai| ise cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara, zeSa avyavahita pUrvavartI nahIM hai / liMgadarzana vyAptismaraNa se, sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai aura use vyAptismaraNa pakSadharmatAjJAna se aura pakSadharmatAjJAna 1. vyApti viziSTapakSadharmatAjJAna janma jJAna manumitiH / tatkaraNamanumAnam / -- gaMgeza upAdhyAya, tattva ci., anu., jAgadIzI, pR. 13 /
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ vyApti - nizcaya se vyavahita haiM / ataH liMgadarzana, vyAptismaraNa aura pakSadharmatAjJAna vyAptinizcaya se vyavahita hone se anumAna ke sAkSAt pUrvavartI nahIM haiN| yadyapi pAramparya se unheM bhI anumAna kA janaka mAnA jA sakatA hai| para anumAna kA avyavahita pUrvavartI jJAna vyApti nizcaya hai, kyoMki usake avyavahita uttarakAla meM niyama se anumAna AtmalAbha karatA hai / ataH vyAptinizcaya hI anumAna kA pUrvavartI jJAna hai| jaina tArkika bArizaja bhI yahI likhate haiM . 'anu vyAptinirNayasya pazcAd bhAvi mAnamanu mAnam / ' vyApti nirNaya ke pazcAt honevAle mAna-pramANa ko anumAna kahate haiN| vAtsyAyana' anumAna zabda kI nirukti isa prakAra batalAte haiM-mitena ligena liMgino'sya pazcAtmAnamanumAnam - pratyakSa pramANa se jJAta liMga se lagI- artha ke anupAt utpanna honevAle jJAna ko anumAna kahate haiN| tAtparya yaha ki vijJAna ke pazcAt jo liMgI -- sAdhya kA jJAna hotA hai vaha anu mAna hai / ve eka dUsare sthala para aura kahate haiM ki' smRtyA liMga darzanena cApratyakSo'numIyate / "liMgaliMgI sambandha smRti aura liMgadarzana ke dvArA apratyakSa ayaM kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra vAtsyAyana kA abhiprAya 'anu' zabda se sambandha smaraNa aura liMga darzana ke pazcAt artha ko grahaNa karane kA pratIta hotA hai / nyAyavArtikakAra udyotakara' kA mata hai ki 'yasmAliga parAmargAdinantaraM zeSApratipattiriti / tasmAliMga parAmarzonyAyya iti / yataH liMga parAmarza ke anantara zeSArtha (anumeyArtha ) kA jJAna hotA hai, ataH 3. 2 syAyavinizcaya vivaraNa, dvi. bhA. 201 115, pR. 45 6. Apta mI. kA. 5 kA. 16, 17, 106 Adi 10. A. mI. kA. 7 sa. pU. 201 liMga parAmarza ko anumAna mAnanA nyAyayukta hai| isa taraha udyotakara ke matAnusAra liMga parAmarza vaha jJAna hai| jisake pazcAt anumiti utpanna hotI hai| kintu tathya yaha hai ki liMgadarzana Adi vyAptinizcaya se vyavahita haiM / ataH vyAptijJAna hI anumAna se avyavahita pUrvavartI hai| anumAna kI paribhASA anumAna zabda kI nirakti ke bAda aba dekhanA hai ki upalabdha jaina tarkagranthoM meM anumAna kI paribhASA kyA kI gayI hai ? svAmI samantamad ne AptamImAMsA meM 'anumeyatva' hetu me sarvajJa kI siddhi kI hai| Age aneka sthaloM para 'svarUpAdicatuSTayAt', 'vizeSamatvAt" Adi aneka hetuoM ko diyA hai| aura unase anekAntAtmaka vastu kI vyavasthA tathA syAdvAda kI sthApanA kI hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki samantabhadra ke kAla meM jaina darzana meM vivAdagrasta evaM apratyakSa padArthoM kI siddhi anumAna se kI jAne lagI thii| jina upAdAnoM se anumAna niSpakSa evaM sampUrNa hotA hai una upAdAnoM kA ullekha bhI unake dvArA AptamImAMsA meM bahulatayA huA hai| udAharaNArtha hetu, sAdhya pratijJA, saparmA, avinarabhAva, sapakSa, sAdharmya, vaidharmya, dRSTAnta jaise anumAnopakaraNoM kA nirdeza isameM kiyA gayA hai| para paribhASA grantha na hone se unakI paribhASAe~ isameM nahIM haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki anumAna kI paribhASA isameM upalabdha nahIM hai / eka sthala para hetu ( naya) kA lakSaNa 10 avazya nibaddha hai, jisameM anyathAnupapatti viziSTa trilakSaNa hetu ko sAdhya kA prakAzaka kahA hai, kevala trilakSaNa ko nhiiN| akalaMka" aura vidyAnanda dvArA prastuta usake nyAyabhASya 1 / 113 ; 4. vahI, 111 / 5 vahI, kA. 15; 8. vahI, kA. 17, 18; 106 ; 11. aSTa za. aSTha sa. pU. 286 ; * 5. nyA. vA. 9. vahI, 12. aSTa
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ vyAkhyAnoM se bhI yahI avagata hotA hai / Azaya yaha ki nizcaya ke AdhAra para hI hotA hai| jaba taka sAdhana AptamImAMsA ke isa sandarbha se itanA hI jJAta hotA ke sAdhyAvinAbhAva kA nizcaya na hogA taba taka usase hai ki samantabhadra ko anyathAnupapannatvaviziSTa vilakSaNa sAdhya kA nirNaya nahIM ho sktaa| hetu se honevAlA sAdhyajJAna anumAna iSTa rahA hai| yahA~ prazna hai15 ki isa anumAna-paribhASA se aisA siddha sena ne spaSTa zabdoM meM anumAna lakSaNa pratIta hotA hai ki jaina paramparA meM sAdhana ko hI anudiyA hai mAna meM kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, sAdhana ke jJAna ko nahIM? isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki16 ukta 'sAdhana' pada se 'nizcayasAdhyAvinAbhuno liMgAt sAdhyanizcaddAyakaM smRtm| patha prApta sAdhana' artha vivakSita hai, kyoMki jisa dhUmAdi anumAna tadabhrAntaM pramANatvAt samakSavat / / ___ sAdhana kA sAdhyAvinAmAvitvarUpa se nizcaya nahIM hai vaha sAdhana nahIM kahalAtA / anyathA ajJAyamAna dhUmAdi sAdhya ke binA na honevAle liMga me jo mAdhya kA liMga se supta tathA agRhIta dhUmAdi liMgavAloM ko bhI nizcAyaka jJAna hotA hai vaha anumAna hai| isa anamAna bahni Adi kA jJAna ho jAegA / ataH 'sAdhana' pada se lakSaNa meM samantabhadra kA hetulakSaNagata 'avirodhataH' pada, 'avinAbhAvarUpa se nirNIta sAdhana' artha abhipreta hai, jo anyathAnupapatti-avinAbhAva kA bodhaka hai, bIja rUpa kevala sAdhana nhiiN| nyAyavinizcaya ke vivaraNakAra meM rahA ho, to Azcarya nahIM hai| . AcArya vAdirAja ne bhI usakA yahI vivaraNa kiyA hai / yathAakalaMka ne nyAyavinizcaya aura ladhIyastraya donoM 'sAdhanaM sAdhyAvinAbhAvaniyamanirNayakalakSaNaM meM anumAna kI paribhASA aMkita kI hai| nyAyavinizcaya kI anumAna-paribhASA nimna prakAra hai-- vakSyamANaM liMgam / sAdhana vaha hai jisake sAdhyAvinAbhAvarUpa niyama sAdhanAtsAdhya vijJAna manumAnaM tadatyaye / / kA nizcaya hai / isI ko liMga (lInamapratyakSamartha gamasAdhana (hetu) se jo sAdhya (anumeya) kA viziSTa yati)--chipe hae apratyakSa artha kA avagama karAne vAlA (niyata) jJAna hotA hai vaha anumAna hai / bhI kahA hai| akalaMkadeva svayaM ukta artha kI prakAzikA eka akalaMka kA yaha anumAna-lakSaNa atyanta sarala aura dUsarI anumAna-paribhASA laghIyastraya meM nimna prakAra sugama hai| paravartI vidyAnanda, mANikyanandi, vAdirAja, prabhAcandra. hemacandra, dharmabhaSaNa prabhati tAkikoM ne isI ko karate haiMapanAyA hai| smaraNIya hai ki jo sAdhana se sAdhya kA liMgAtsAdhyAvinAbhAvAbhinibodhakalakSaNAt / niyata jJAna hotA hai vaha sAdhanagata avinAbhAva ke liMgidhIranumAna tatphalaM dAnAdibuddhayaH / / 13. nyAyAvatAra kA. 5; 14. nyAyavinizcaya. dvi. bhA. 212; 15. 'nanu bhavatAMmate sAdhanamevAnumAne heturnatu sAdhana jJAnaM sAdhanAtsAdhyavijJAnamanumAnamiti |'-dhrm bhUSaNa nyA. dI. pR. 67; 16. 'na, 'sAdhanAt' itya nizcayapatha prAptAddhamAderiti vivkssnnaat'| vahI, pR. 67; 17. vAdirAja, nyA. vi. vi. dvi. bhA. 211, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI; 18. akalaMkadeva ladhIyastraya kA. 12 / na sAdhanAta
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ sAdhya ke binA na hone kA jisameM nizcaya hai, aise vidyAnanda anumAna ke isa lakSaNa kA samarthana karate liMga se jo liMgI (sAdhya artha) kA jJAna hotA hai use hue eka mahatvapUrNa yukti upasthita karate haiM / ve kahate anumAna kahate haiM / hAna, upAdAna aura upekSA kA jJAna haiM ki anumAna ke AtmalAbha ke lie ukta prakAra kA honA usakA phala hai| sAdhana aura ukta prakAra kA sAdhya Avazyaka hI nahIM, anivArya hai| yadi ukta prakAra kA sAdhana na ho to isa anumAnalakSaNa se spaSTa hai ki sAdhya kA kevala sAdhya kA jJAna anumAna pratIta nahIM hotaa| isI gamaka vahI sAdhana athavA liMga ho sakatA hai jisake taraha ukta prakAra kA sAdhya na ho, to kevala ukta avinAbhAva kA nizcaya hai| yadi usameM avinAbhAva kA prakAra kA sAdhanajJAna bhI anumAna jJAta nahIM hotA / nizcaya nahIM hai to vaha sAdhana nahIM hai| bhale hI Azaya yaha hai ki anumAna ke mukhya do upAdAna haiMusameM tIna rUpa aura pA~ca rUpa bhI vidyamAna hoN| jaise sAdhanajJAna aura sAdhyajJAna / isa donoM kI samagratA 'sa zyAma: tatputratvAt, itara putravat', 'vajra lohatekhyaM hone para hI anumAna sampanna hotA hai / pArthivatvAt, kASThavat' ityAdi hetu tIna rUpoM aura pA~ca rUpoM se sampanna hone para bhI abinAbhAva ke abhAva AcArya mANikyanandi akalaMka ke ukta anumAnase saddhata nahIM haiM, apitu hetvAbhAsa haiM aura isI se ve lakSaNa ko stra kA rUpa dete haiM aura use spaSTa karane ke apane sAdhyoM ke gamaka-anumApaka nahIM haiN| isa sambandha lie hetu kA bhI lakSaNa prastuta karate haiN| yathAmeM aura vizeSa vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAdhanAtsAdhya vijJAnamanumAnam / vidyAnanda ne akalaMkadeva kA anumAnalakSaNa AdRta sAdhyAvinAbhAvitvena nizcito hetuH 124 kiyA hai aura vistArapUrvaka usakA samarthana kiyA hai| hemacandrAcArya ne bhI mANikyanandi kI taraha yathA akalaMka kI hI anumAna-paribhASA akSarazaH svIkAra sAdhanAtsAdhya vijJAnamanumAna vidurbumAH / kI hai aura use unhIM kI bhA~ti sUtra rUpa pradAna kiyA hai| sAdhyAbhAvAsambhavaniyamalakSaNAta sAdhanAdeva zakyAbhipretAprasiddhatvalakSaNasya 'sAdhyasyaiva yadvijJAnaM nyAyadIpikAkAra dharmabhUSaNa ne bhI akalaMka kA tadanumAnaM AcAryA viduH / / nyAyavinizcayokta anumAna-lakSaNa prastuta karake usakA vizadIkaraNa kiyA hai / isake atirikta unhoMne tAtparya yaha ki jisakA sAdhya ke abhAva meM na hone / udyotakara dvArA upajJa tathA vAcaspati Adi dvArA kA niyama hai aise sAdhana honevAlA jo zakya (abA- samathita 'liMga parAmarzo'numAnam'28 isa anumAnalakSaNa dhita), abhipreta (iSTa) aura aprasiddha sAdhya kA vijJAna kI samIkSA bhI upasthita kI hai| unakA kahanA hai ki hai use AcArya (akalaGka deva) ne anumAna kahA hai| yadi liMgaparAmarza (liMgajJAna-liMgadarzana) ko anumAna 19. vidyAnanda, ta. zlo. 1 / 13 / 200, pR. 206 ; 20. vahI, 1 / 13 / 120, pR. 167 ; 21, 22. vahI, 1 / 13 / 120, pR. 167; 23. maNikyanandi, parIkSAmukha 3 / 14; 24. vahI, 3 / 15; 25. pramA. mI. 112 / 7 pR. 38 ; 26. dharmabhUSaNa nyAya dI. pR. 65, 67 vIra sevA mandira, dillI ; 27. vahI, pR. 66 ; 28. udyotakara, nyAya vA. 1 / 1 / 5, pR. 45 /
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mAnA jAya to usase sAdhya (anumeya ) kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki liMgaparAmarza kA artha liMgajJAna hai aura liMgajJAna kevala liMga-mAdhana sambandhI ajJAna ko hI dUra karane meM samartha hai, sAdhya ke ajJAna ko nahIM / yathArtha meM liMga meM honevAle vyAptiviziSTa tathA pakSadharmatA ke jJAna ko parAmarza kahA gayA hai 'vyAptiviziSTa pakSadharmatA jJAnaM parAmarza:' / ataH liMgaparAmarza itanA hI jJAna karA sakatA hai ki dhUmAdi liMga agni Adi sAdhyoM ke sahacArI haiM aura ve parvata Adi (pakSa) meM haiM aura isa taraha liMgaparAmarza mAtra liMga sambandhI ajJAna kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai evaM liMga ke vaiziSThya ko prakaTa karatA hai, anumeya ( sAdhya ) sambandhI ajJAna kA nirAsa kara usakA jJAna karAne meM vaha asamartha hai / ataevaM liMgaparAmarza anumAna kI sAmagrI to ho sakatA hai, para svayaM anumAna nahIM / anumAna kA artha hai anumeya sambandhI ajJAna kI nivRttipUrvaka anumeyArtha kA jJAna / isalie sAdhyasambandhI ajJAna kI nivRttirUpa anu miti meM sAdhakatama karaNa to sAkSAt sAdhyajJAna hI ho sakatA hai / ataH sAdhyajJAna hI anumAna hai, liMgaparAmarza nahIM / yahA~ dharmabhUSaNa itanA aura spaSTa karate haiM ki jisa prakAra dhAraNA nAmaka anubhava smRti meM, tAtkAlika anubhava aura smRti donoM pratyabhijJAna meM tathA sAdhya evaM sAdhana viSayaka smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna aura anubhava tarka meM kAraNa mAne jAte haiM, usI prakAra vyAptismaraNa Adi sahita liMgajJAna ( liMgArAmarza) anumAna kI utpatti meM kAraNa hai| / yahAM jJAtavya hai ki liMgaparAmarza ko anumAna kI paribhASA mAnane meM jo Apatti dharmabhUSaNa ne pradarzita kI hai vaha udyotakara ke bhI dhyAna meM rahI jAna par3atI hai athavA unake samakSa bhI uThAyI gayI hai| ataeva 30 unhoMne 'bhavatu vA'yamaya laiMgikI pratipattiranumAnam, iti / 30 arthAt liMgI kA jJAna anumAna hai' kahakara sAdhyajJAna ko anumAna mAna liyA hai| jaba unase kahA gayA ki sAdhyajJAna ko anumAna mAnane para phala kA abhAva ho jAyegA to ve uttara dete haiM ki nahIM, hAna, upAdAna aura upekSA buddhiyA~ usakA phala hai / udyotakara yahA~ eka mahatvapUrNa bAta aura kahate haiN| vaha yaha ki sabhI pramANa apane viSaya ke prati bhAvasAdhana haiM'pramitiH pramANam, arthAt pramiti hI pramANa hai aura viSayAntara ke prati karaNasAdhana haiM- 'pramIyate'neneti' arthAt jisake dvArA artha (vastu pramita (sujJAta) ho use pramANa kahate haiM / isa prakAra ve anumAna kI ukta sAdhyajJAnarUpa paribhASA bhAvasAdhana meM svIkAra karate haiM / dharmabhUSaNa ne isI tathya kA Upara udghATana kiyA tathA sAdhyajJAna hI anumAna hai, isakA samarthana kiyA hai| isa taraha jaina darzana meM anumAna kI paribhASA kA mUla svAmI samantabhadra kI 'sadharmaNaiva sAdhyasya sAdharmyAdavirodhata:' ( AptamI : 106 ) isa kArikA meM nihita hai aura usakA vikasita rUpa siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra ( kA . 5 ) se Arambha hokara akalaMka deva ke uparyukta ladhIyastraya (kA. 12) aura nyAyavinizcaya (dvi. bhA. 211) gata donoM paribhASAoM meM parisamApta haiM / laghIyastraya kI anumAna paribhASA to itanI vyavasthita, yukta aura pUrNa hai ki usameM kisI bhI prakAra ke sudhAra, saMzodhana, parivarddhana yA pariSkAra kI bhI guMjAyaza nahIM hai / anumAna kA prayojaka tattva kyA hai aura svarUpa kyA hai, ye donoM usameM samAviSTa haiN| 1 akSapAda gautama kI 'tatparvakamanumAnam' " prazastapAda kI 'ligadarzanAt saMjAyamAnaM legikam ' aura 29. dhAraNArUpo'nubhavaH smRtau hetuH / bhityetsusaMgatameva / - nyA dI. pR. 66,67 // pR 26 / 32. nyAya sU. 1115 / 33. praza. bhASya pR. 66 / 7 tallajJAnaM vyApti smaragAdisaha kRtamanumAnotvasa nivandhana30. nyAya vA. 1 / 13, pR. 28 26 / 31. vahI 1 / 1 / 2,
Page #6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ udyotakara kI 'liMgaparAmarzo'numAnam' paribhASAoM jaina tArkika akalaMkadeva kA liMgAtsAdhyAvinAmeM hameM kevala kAraNa kA nirdeza milatA hai, svarUpa kA bhAvaminibodhaka lakSaNAta / ligidhIramAnunaM tatphala nhiiN| udyotakara kI eka anya paribhASA 'laiMgikI hAnAdibuddhayaH / / ' yaha anumAnalakSaNa ukta doSoM se pratipattiranumAnam' meM svarUpa kA hI ullekha hai, mukta hai| isameM anumAna ke sAkSAtkAraNa kA aura kAraNa kA usameM sUcana nahIM hai| diGnAga kI 'liMgA- usake svarUpa donoM kA pratipAdana hai| sabase mahatvadarthadarzanam'38 anumAna-paribhASA meM yadyapi kAraNa aura pUrNa bAta yaha hai ki isameM unhoMne 'tatphalaM hAnAdi svarUpa donoM kI abhivyakti hai parantu usameM liMga ko baddhayaH' zabdoM dvArA anumAna ke hAna, upAdAna aura kAraNa ke rUpa meM sUcita kiyA hai, liMga ke jJAna ko upekSA buddhirUpa phala kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| sabhavataH nhiiN| kintu tathya yaha hai ki ajJAyamAna dhUmAdi liMga inhIM saba vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa sabhI jaina tAkikoM ne agni Adi ke janaka nahIM haiM / anyathA jo puruSa soyA akalaMka deva kI isa pratiSThita aura pUrNa anumAnahaA hai yA jisane sAdhya aura sAdhana kI vyApti kA paribhASA ko hI apane tarka granthoM meM apanAyA hai| grahaNa nahIM kiyA hai use bhI parvata meM dhUma ke sadbhAva mAtra vidyAnanda jaise tArkika mUrdhanya manISI ne to anumAna se anumAna hojAnA cAhie / kintu aisA nahIM hai / parvata vidurbudhAH' kahakara aura AcAryoM dvArA kathita batalA meM agni kA anumAna usI puruSa ko hotA hai jisane kara usake. sarvAdhika mahatva kA bhI khyApana kiyA hai| pahale mahAnasa (bhojanazAlA) Adi meM dhUma-agni ko eka sAtha aneka bAra dekhA aura unakI vyApti grahaNa yathArtha meM anumAna eka aisA pramANa hai, jisakA kI hai, phira parvata ke samIpa pahuMcakara dhuma ko dekhA, pratyakSa ke bAda sabase adhika vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai| agni aura dhUma kI gRhIta vyApti kA smaraNa kiyA, ata: aise mahatvapUrNa pramANa para bhAratIya tAkikoM ne aura phira parvata meM unakA avinAbhAva jAnA, taba usa adhika UhApoha kiyA hai| jaina tAkika bhI unase pIche puruSa ko 'parvata meM agni hai' aisA anumAna hotA hai, nahIM rhe| unhoMne bhI apane tarka granthoM meM usa para kevala liMga ke sadbhAva se hI nhiiN| ataH diGnAga ke vistRta cintana kiyA hai| yahAM hamane anumAna ke mAtra ukta anumAnalakSaNa meM 'liMgAt' ke sthAna meM 'liMga- svarUpa para yatkicita vimarza prastuta kiyA hai| tarka darzanAt' pada hone para hI vaha pUrNa anumAnalakSaNa ho / granthoM meM usake bhedoM. avayavoM aura aMgoM Adi para sakatA hai| vistRta vicAra kiyA gayA hai, jo una granthoM se jJAtavya hai| 37. nyA. dI. 34. nyAya vA. 1 / 115, pR. 45; 35. nyAya vA. 1313; 36. nyAya phale. pR. 7 ; pR. 67; 38. tarka mA. pR. 78,76; 39. ladhI. kA. 12 /