Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jaina AgamoM meM mUlyAtmaka zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha - pro. sAgaramala jaina vartamAna yuga jJAna-vijJAna kA yuga hai| mAtra bIsavIM sadI meM jJAna-vijJAna ke kSetra meM jitanA vikAsa huA hai, utanA vikAsa mAnavajAti ke astitva kI sahasroM zatAbdiyoM meM nahIM huA thaa| Aja jJAna-vijJAna kI zikSA evaM zodhakArya meM saMlagna sahasoM vizvavidyAlaya, mahAvidyAlaya aura zodha-kendra haiN| yaha satya hai ki Aja manuSya ne bhautika jagata ke sambandha meM sUkSmatama jJAna prApta kara liyA hai| Aja usane paramANu ko vikhaNDita kara usameM nihita aparimita zakti ko pahacAna liyA hai, kintu yaha dubhAgya hI hai ki zikSA evaM zodha ke ina vividha upakramoM ke mAdhyama se hama eka sabhya, susaMskRta evaM zAntipriya mAnava samAja kI racanA nahIM kara ske| vastutaH Aja kI zikSA hameM bAhya jagata aura dUsaroM ke sambandha meM bahuta kucha jAnakArI pradAna kara detI hai, kintu una ucca jIvana mUlyoM ke sambandha meM vaha mauna hI hai, jo eka susabhya samAja ke liye Avazyaka hai| Aja zikSA ke mAdhyama se hama vidyArthiyoM ko sUcanAoM se to bhara dete haiM, kintu unheM jIvana ke uddezyoM aura jIvana mUlyoM ke sandarbha meM hama koI jAnakArI nahIM dete haiN| Aja samAja meM jo svArthaparatAjanya, saMgharSa aura hiMsA panapa rahI hai, usakA kAraNa zikSA kI yahI galata dizA hI hai| hama zikSA ke mAdhyama se vyakti ko sUcanAoM se bhara dete haiM, kintu usake vyaktitva kA nirmANa nahIM karate haiN| vastutaH Aja zikSA kA uddezya hI upekSita hai| Aja zikSaka aura zikSArthI, zAsaka aura samAja koI bhI yaha nahIM jAnatA ki hama kyoM par3ha rahe haiM aura kyoM par3hA rahe hai ? yadi vaha jAnatA bhI hai to yA to vaha udAsIna hai yA phira apane ko akarmaNyatA kI sthiti meM pAtA hai| Aja zikSA ke kSetra meM sarvatra ArAjakatA hai| isa arAjakatA yA dizAhInatA kI sthiti ke sambandha meM bhI jo kucha cintana huA hai, usameM zikSA ko AjIvikA se jor3ane ke atirikta kucha nahIM huaa| vartamAna meM rojagAronmukha zikSA kI bAta adhika jora se kahI jAtI hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki zikSA ke rojagAronmukha na hone se hI Aja samAja meM azAnti hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM vartamAna sAmAjika saMgharSa aura tanAva kA kAraNa vyakti kA jIvana ke uddezyoM yA mUlyoM ke sambandha meM ajJAna yA galata dRSTikoNa hI hai| svArthaparaka bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi hI samasta mAnavIya duHkhoM kA mUla hai| sabase pahale hameM yaha nizcaya karanA hogA ki hamArI zikSA kA prayojana kyA hai ? yadi yaha kahA jAya ki zikSA kA prayojana rojI-roTI kamAne yA mAtra udarapUrti ke yogya banA denA hai, to yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hogii| kyoMki rojI-roTI kI vyavasthA to azikSita bhI kara letA hai|
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 163 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha pazu-pakSI bhI to apanA peTa bharate hI haiN| ataH zikSA ko rojI-roTI se jor3anA galata hai ! yaha satya hai ki binA roTI ke manuSya kA kAma nahIM cala sktaa| daihika jIvana mUlyoM meM udarapUrti vyakti kI prAthamika AvazyakatA hai, isase iMkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu ise hI zikSA kA "atha aura iti" nahIM banAyA jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha kArya zikSA ke abhAva meM bhI sambhava hai| yadi udarapUrti/AjIvikA arjana hI jIvana kA eka mAtra lakSya ho to phira manuSya pazu se bhinna nahIM hogaa| kahA bhI hai -- __ "AhAra nidrA bhaya maithunaM ca sAmAnyametada pazubhiH nraannaam| jJAno hi teSAmadhiko vizeSo jJAnenahInA nara pazubhiH smaanaa|" punaH yadi yaha kahA jAya ki zikSA kA uddezya manuSya ko adhika sukha-suvidhA pUrNa jIvana-jIne yogya banAnA hai, to use bhI hama zikSA kA uddezya nahIM kaha skte| kyoMki manuSya ke duHkha aura pIDAe~ bhautika yA daihika stara kI hI nahIM hai, ve mAnasika stara kI bhI haiN| satya to yaha hai ki svArthaparatA, bhogAkAMkSA aura tRSNAjanya mAnasika pIDAe~ hI adhika kaSTakara hai, ve hI mAnavajAti meM bhaya evaM saMtrAsa kA kAraNa hai| yadi bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kA ambAra lagA dene meM hI sukha hotA to Aja amerikA (U.S.A. ) jaise vikasita dezoM kA vyakti adhika sukhI hotA, kintu hama dekhate haiM vaha saMtrAsa aura tanAva se adhika grasta hai| yaha satya hai ki manuSya ke liye roTI Avazyaka hai, lekina vahI usake jIvana kI iti nahIM hai| IsAmasIha ne ThIka hI kahA thA ki manuSya kevala roTI se nahIM jI sakatA hai| hama manuSya ko bhautika sukhoM kA ambAra khar3A karake bhI sukhI nahIM banA skte| saccI zikSA vahI hai jo manuSya ko mAnasika saMtrAsa aura tanAva se mukta kara ske| usameM sahiSNutA, samatA, anAsakti, kartavyaparAyaNatA ke guNoM ko vikasita kara, usakI svArthaparatA para aMkuza lagA ske| jo zikSA manuSya meM mAnavIya mUlyoM kA vikAsa na kara sake use kyA zikSA kahA jA sakatA hai ? yaha hamArA durbhAgya hI hai ki Aja zikSA kA sambandha "cAritra" se nahIM "roTI" se jor3A jA rahA hai| Aja zikSA kI sArthakatA ko caritra nirmANa meM nahIM, cAlAkI ( DiplomesI) meM khojA jA rahA hai| zAsana bhI isa mithyA dhAraNA se grasta hai| naitika zikSA yA caritra kI zikSA meM zAsana ko dharma kI "bU" AtI hai, use apanI dharmanirapekSatA dUSita hotI dikhAI detI hai, kintu kyA dharma nirapekSatA kA artha dharmahInatA yA nItihInatA hai ? maiM samajhatA hU~ dharma nirapekSatA kA matalaba kevala itanA hI hai ki zAsana kisI dharma vizeSa ke sAtha Abaddha nahIM rhegaa| Aja huA yaha hai ki dharma nirapekSatA ke nAma para isa deza meM zikSA ke kSetra se nIti aura caritra kI zikSA ko bhI bahiSkRta kara diyA gayA hai| cAhe hama apane monogrAmoM meM "sA vidyA yA vimuktaye" kI sUktiyA~ uddhRta karate hoM, kintu hamArI zikSA kA usase dUra kA bhI koI riztA nahIM raha gayA hai| Aja kI zikSA yojanA meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kI zikSA kA koI sthAna nahIM hai, jabaki ucca zikSA evaM mAdhyamika zikSA ke sambandha meM abhI taka biThAye gaye tInoM AyogoM ne apanI anuzaMsAoM meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kI zikSA kI mahatI AvazyakatA pratipAdita kI hai| Aja kA zikSaka aura zikSArthI donoM hI artha ke dAsa haiN| eka ora zikSaka isaliye nahIM par3hAtA hai ki
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 14 use vidyArthI ke caritra nirmANa yA vikAsa meM koI ruci hai, usakI dRSTi kevala vetana divasa para TikI hai| vaha par3hAne ke liye nahIM par3hAtA, apitu paise ke liye par3hAtA hai| dUsarI ora zAsana, seTha aura vidyArthI use garu nahIM "naukara" samajhate haiN| jaba garu naukara hai to phira saMskAra evaM caritra nirmANa kI apekSA karanA hI vyartha hai| Aja to guru ziSya ke bIca bhAva-mola hotA hai, saudA hotA hai| cAhe hamAre prAcIna granthoM meM "vidyAyA'matagaznute" kI bAta kahI gaI ho, kintu Aja to vidyA arthakarI ho gayI hai| zikSA ke mUla-bhUta uddezya ko hI hama bhUla rahe haiN| vartamAna sandarbha meM phirAka kA yaha kathana kitanA saTIka hai, jaba ve kahate haiM -- sabhI kucha ho rahA hai, isa tarakkI ke jamAne meM, magara kyA gajaba hai ki, AdamI inasAM nahIM hotaa| Aja kI zikSA cAhe vidyArthI ko vakIla, DAkTara, iMjIniyara Adi sabhI kucha banA rahI hai, kintu yaha nizcita hai ki vaha insAna nahIM banA pA rahI hai| jaba taka zikSA ko caritra nirmANa ke sAtha, naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke sAtha nahIM jor3A jAtA hai taba taka vaha manuSya kA nirmANa nahIM kara skegii| hamArA prAthamika dAyitva manuSya kA manuSya banAnA hai| bAlaka ko mAnavatA ke saMskAra denA hai| amerikA ke prabuddha vidhAraka TaphTsa zikSA ke uddezya, paddhati aura svarUpa ko spaSTa karate huye likhate haiM -- "zikSA caritra nirmANa ke liye caritra ke dvArA, caritra kI zikSA hai|" isa prakAra unakI dRSTi meM zikSA kA atha aura iti donoM hI bAlakoM meM caritra nirmANa evaM susaMskAroM kA vapana hai| bhArata kI svatantratA ke pazcAt zikSA ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa karane hetu suprasiddha dArzanika DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, suprasiddha vaijJAnika DaoN. daulatasiMha koThArI aura zikSA zAstrI DaoN, mudAliyara kI adhyakSatAoM meM jo vibhinna Ayoga gaThita huye the una sabakA niSkarSa yahI thA ki zikSA ko mAnavIya mUlyoM se jor3A jaay| jaba taka zikSA mAnavIya mUlyoM se nahIM jur3egI, usameM caritranirmANa aura susaMskAroM ke vapana kA prayAsa nahIM hogA, taba taka vidyAlayoM evaM mahAvidyAlayoM rupI zikSA ke ina kArakhAnoM se sAkSara nahIM rAkSasa hI paidA hoNge| bhAratIya cintana prAcInakAla se hI isa sambandha meM sajaga rhaa| aupaniSadika yuga meM hI zikSA ke uddezya ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA thA -- "yA vidyA sA vimuktaye" arthAt vidyA vahI jo vimukti pradAna kreN| prazna ho sakatA hai ki yahA~ vimukti se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai ? vimukti kA tAtparya mAnavIya saMtrAsa aura tanAvoM se mukti hai, apanatva aura mamatva ke zudra gheroM se vimukti hai| mukti kA tAtparya hai -- ahaMkAra, Asakti, rAga-dveSa aura tRSNA se mukti| yahI bAta jaina Agama isibhAsiyAI (RSibhAsita ) meM kahI gaI hai-- imA vijjA mahAvijjA, savvavijjANa uttmaa| jaM vijjaM sAhailANA, savvadukkhANa mudhytii|| jeNa bandhaM ca mokkhaM ca, jIvANaM gtiraagti| AyAbhAvaM ca jANAti, sA vijjayA dukkhmoynnii|| - itibhAsiyAI, 17/1-2
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 165 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha vahI vidyA mahAvidyA hai aura vahI vidyA samasta vidyAoM meM uttama hai, jisakI sAdhanA karane se samasta duHkhoM se mukti milatI hai| vidyA duHkha mocanI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne usI vidyA ko uttama mAnA hai jisake dvArA duHkhoM se mukti ho aura AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra ho / aba prazna yaha upasthita hai ki duHkha kyA hai aura kisa duHkha se mukta honA hai ? yaha satya hai ki duHkha se hamArA tAtparya daihika duHkhoM se bhI hotA hai, kintu ye daihika duHkha prathama to kabhI bhI pUrNatayA samApta nahIM hote, kyoMki unakA kendra hamArI cetanA na hokara hamArA zarIra hotA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra tIrthaMkara apanI vItarAga dazA meM bhI daihika duHkhoM se pUrNataH mukta nahIM ho sktaa| jaba taka deha hai kSudhA, pipAsA Adi duHkha to raheMge hii| ataH jina duHkha se vimukti prApta karanI hai, ve daihika nahIM mAnasika hai| vyakti kI rAgAtmakatA, Asakti yA tRSNA hI eka aisA tattva hai, jisakI upasthiti meM manuSya duHkhoM se mukti prApta nahIM kara pAtA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA kA prayojana mAtra rojI-roTI prApta kara lenA nahIM rahA hai| jo zikSA vyakti meM AdhyAtmika Ananda yA AtmatoSa nahIM de sakatI, vaha zikSA vyartha hai| AtmatoSa hI zikSA kA samyak prayojana hai| zikSA-paddhati spaSTa karate hue "isimAsiyAiM" meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra eka yogya cikitsaka sarvaprathama roga ko jAnatA hai phira usa roga ke kAraNoM kA nizcaya karatA hai, phira roga kI auSadhi kA nirNaya karatA hai aura phira usa auSadhi dvArA roga kI cikitsA karatA hai| 2 usI prakAra hameM sarvaprathama manuSyoM ke duHkha ke svarUpa ko samajhanA hotA hai, tatpazcAt duHkha ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa karake phira una kAraNoM ke nirAkaraNa kA upAya khojanA hotA hai aura anta meM ina upAyoM dvArA una kAraNoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| yahI bAte jainadharma meM zikSA ke prayojana evaM paddhati ko spaSTa karatI hai| samyak zikSA vahI hai jo mAnavIya duHkhoM ke svarUpa ko samajhe, unake kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kareM phira unake nirAkaraNa ke upAya khojeM aura una upAyoM kA prayoga karake duHkhoM se mukta hoN| vastutaH Aja kI hamArI jo zikSA nIti hai, usameM hama isa paddhati ko nahIM apanAte / zikSA se hamArA tAtparya mAtra bAlaka ke mastiSka ko sUcanAoM se bhara denA hai| jaba taka usake sAmane jIvana-mUlyoM spaSTa nahIM karate, taba taka hama zikSA ke prayojana ko na to samyak prakAra se samajha hI pAte haiM na manuSya ke duHkhoM kA nirAkaraNa hI kara pAte haiN| jaina AgamoM meM RSibhASita evaM AcArAMga se lekara prakIrNakoM taka meM zikSA ke uddezya kI vibhinna dRSTiyoM se vivecanA kI gayI hai| yadi usa samagra vivecanA ko eka hI vAkya meM kahanA ho to jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA kA prayojana cittavRttiyoM evaM AcAra kI vizuddhi hai / cittavRttiyoM kA darzana jJAna - yAtrA prArambha hai| AcArAMga meM mai kauna hU~ ? ise hI sAdhanA - yAtrA kA prArambha bindu kahA gayA hai| AcArAMga hI nahIM sampUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya meM Atma jijJAsA se hI jJAna sAdhanA kA prArambha mAnA gayA hai| upaniSad kA RSi kahatA hai "AtmAnaM viddhi", AtmA ko jAno buddha ne "attAnaM kahakara isI tathya kI puSTi kii| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ AtmAjJAna kA tAtparya amUrta Atma tattva kI khoja nahIM, apitu apane hI citta kI vikRtiyoM aura vAsanAoM kA darzana hai| cittavRtti aura AcAra kI vizuddhi kI prakriyA taba hI prArambha ho
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 166 sakatI hai, jaba hama apane vikAroM aura vAsanAoM ko dekheM, kyoMki jaba taka citta meM vikAroM, vAsanAoM aura unake kAraNoM ke prati sajagatA nahIM AtI taba taka caritra zuddhi kI prakriyA prArambha hI nahIM ho sktii| AcArAMga meM hI kahA gayA hai ki jo mana kA jJAtA hotA hai, vahI nirgantha ( vikAra-mukta ) hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM usa zikSA yA jJAna kA koI artha nahIM hai jo cAritra zuddhi yA AcAra zuddhi kI dizA meM gatizIla na karatA ho| isIlie sUtrakRtAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki "vijjAcaraNa pamokkhaM"6 arthAt vidyA aura AcaraNa se hI vimukti kI prApti hotI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zikSA ke prayojana ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki zruta kI arAdhanA se jIva ajJAna kA kSya karatA hai aura saMkleza ko prApta nahIM hotA hai| ise aura spaSTa karate hue isI grantha meM punaH kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra dhAge se yukta suI gira jAne para bhI vinaSTa nahIM hotI hai arthAt khojI jA sakatI hai, usI prakAra zruta sampanna jIva saMsAra meM vinaSTa nahIM hotaa| isI grantha meM anyatra yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jJAna, ajJAna aura moha kA vinAza karake sarva viSayoM ko prakAzita karatA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki jJAna sAdhanA kA prayojana ajJAna ke sAtha-sAtha moha ko bhI samApta karanA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM ajJAna aura moha meM antara hai| moha anAtma viSayoM ke prati Atma buddhi hai, vaha rAga yA Asakti kA udbhAvaka hai usI se krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAroM kaSAyoM kA janma hotA hai| ataH uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra jo vyakti kI krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi kI dUSita citta vRttiyoM para aMkuza lagAye, vahI saccI zikSA hai| kevala vastuoM ke sandarbha meM jAnakArI prApta kara lenA zikSA kA prayojana nahIM hai| usakA prayojana to vyakti ko vAsanAoM aura vikAroM se mukta karAnA hai| zikSA vyaktitva yA caritra kA udAttIkaraNa hai| jaba taka zikSA ko kevala jAnakAriyoM taka sImita rakhA jAyegA taba taka vaha vyaktitva kI nirmAtA nahIM bana skegii| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM zikSA ke cAra uddezyoM ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki -- 1. mujhe zruta jJAna ( Agama jJAna ) prApta hogA, isalie adhyayana karanA caahie| 2. maiM ekAgracitta hoU~gA, isalie adhyayana karanA caahie| 3. maiM apane Apa ko dharma meM sthApita kA~gA, isalie adhyayana karanA caahiye| 4. maiM svayaM dharma meM sthita hokara dUsaroM ko dharma meM sthita karU~gA, isalie adhyayana karanA caahiye| isa prakAra dazavakAlika ke anusAra adhyayana kA prayojana jJAna prApti ke sAtha-sAtha citta kI ekAgratA tathA dharma (sadAcAra ) meM svayaM sthita honA tathA dUsaroM ko sthita karanA mAnA gayA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM jo zikSA caritra zuddhi meM sahAyaka nahIM hotI, usakA koI artha nahIM hai| caMdravedhyaka nAmaka prakIrNaka meM jJAna aura sadAcAra meM tadAtmya sthApita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo vinaya hai, vahI jJAna hai aura jo jJAna hai use hI vinaya kahA jAtA hai|12 zrutajJAna meM kuzala hetu aura kAraNa kA jAnakAra vyakti bhI yadi avinIta aura ahaMkArI hai to vaha jJAniyoM dvArA prazaMsanIya nahIM hai| jo alpazruta hokara bhI vinIta hai vahI karma kA kSaya kara
Page #6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 167 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha mukti prApta karatA hai, jo bahuzruta hokara bhI avinIta, alpazraddhA aura saMvega yukta hai vaha caritra kI ArAdhanA nahIM kara pAtA hai|14 jisa prakAra andhe vyakti ke liye karor3oM dIpaka bhI nirarthaka hai usI prakAra avinIta ( asadAcArI ) vyakti ke bahuta adhika zAstrajJAna kA bhI kyA prayojana ? jo vyakti jinendra dvArA upadRSTa ati vistuta jJAna ko jAnane meM cAhe samartha na hI ho, phira bhI jo sadAcAra se sampanna hai vastutaH vaha dhanya hai, aura vahI jJAnI hai| jaina AcArya yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna AcaraNa kA hetu hai, mAtra vaha jJAna jo vyakti kI AcAra zuddhi kA kAraNa nahIM hotA, nirarthaka hI mAnA gayA hai| jisa prakAra zastra se rahita yoddhA aura yoddhA se rahita zastra nirarthaka hotA hai, usI prakAra jJAna se rahita AcaraNa aura AvaraNa se rahita jJAna nirarthaka hotA hai| jainAgama uttarAdhyayanasatra meM zikSA prApti meM bAdhaka nimna pA~ca kAraNoM kA ullekha huA hai -- (1) abhimAna, (2) krodha, (3) pramAda, (4) Alasya aura (5) rog|6 isake viparIta usameM una ATha kAraNoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai jinheM hama zikSA prApta karane ke sAdhaka tattva kaha sakate haiM -- (1) jo adhika ha~sI-majAka nahIM karatA ho, (2) jo apanI vAsanAoM para niyantraNa rakhatA ho, (3) jo kisI kI gupta bAta ko prakaTa nahIM karatA ho, (4) jo azIla arthAt AcArahIna na ho, (5) jo dUSita AcAra vAlA na ho, (6) jo rasa lolupa na ho, (7) jo krodha na karatA ho aura (8) jo satya meM anurakta ho| usase yahI phalita hotA hai ki jainadharma meM zikSA kA sambandha cAritrika mUlyoM se rahA hai| vastutaH jaina AcAryoM ko jJAna aura AcaraNa kA dvaita mAnya nahI hai ve kahate hai -- jo jJAna hai, vahI AcaraNa hai, jo AcaraNa hai, vahIM Agama-jJAna kA sAra hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki jaina paramparA meM usa zikSA ko nirarthaka hI mAnA gayA hai jo vyakti ke cAritrika-vikAsa yA vyaktitva-vikAsa karane meM samartha nahIM hai| jo zikSA manuSya ko pAzavika vAsanAoM se Upara nahIM uThA sake, vaha vAstavika zikSA nahIM hai| jaina AcArya zikSA kA artha vyakti ko jIvana aura jagata ke sambandha meM jAnakAriyoM se bhara denA nahIM mAnate hai, apitu ve isakA uddezya vyakti ke vyaktitva kA vikAsa yA sadguNoM kA vikAsa mAnate haiM, kintu isakA tAtparya yaha bhI nahIM hai ki ve zikSA ko AjIvikA yA kalAtmaka kuzalatA se alaga kara dete haiN| rAyapasenIyasutta meM tIna prakAra ke AcAryoM kA ullekha hai -- 1. kalAcArya, 2. zilpAcArya evaM 3. dhrmaacaary| usameM ina tInoM AcAryoM ke prati ziSya ke kartavyoM kA bhI nirdeza hai| isase yaha phalita hai ki jaina cintakoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA vyavasthA tIna prakAra kI thii| kalAcArya kA kArya jIvanopayogI kalAoM arthAt jJAna-vijJAna aura lalita kalAoM kI zikSA denA thaa| bhASA, lipi, gaNita ke sAtha-sAtha khagola, bhUgola, jyotiSa Ayurveda saMgIta nRtya Adi kI bhI zikSA kalAcArya dete the| vastutaH Aja hamAre vizvavidyAlayoM meM kalA, sAmAjika vijJAna evaM vijJAna saMkAya jo kArya karate haiM, unhIM se milatA-julatA kArya kalAcArya kA thaa| jainAgamoM meM puruSa kI 64 evaM strI kI 72 kalAoM kA nirdeza upalabdha hai20, isase hama anumAna lagA sakate haiM ki jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM
Page #7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ pro. sA ramala jaina 168 zikSA jIvana ke sabhI pahaluoM kA sparza karatI hai| kalAcArya ke bAda dUsarA sthAna zilpAcArya kA thaa| zilpAcArya vastutaH vaha vyakti hotA thA jo AjIvikA arjana se sambandhita vividha prakAra ke zilpoM kI zikSA detA thaa| Aja jisa prakAra vibhinna audyogika prazikSaNa saMsthAyeM prazikSaNa pradAna karatI haiM, usa kAla meM yahI kArya zilpAcArya krte| inake Upara dharmAcArya kA sthAna thaa| inakA dAyitva vastutaH vyakti ke cAritrika guNoM kA vikAsa karanA thaa| ve zIla aura sadAcAra kI zikSA dete the| isa prakAra-prAcIna kAla meM zikSA ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA thA aura ina tInoM vibhAgoM kA dAyitva tat-tat viSayoM ke AcArya nirvAha karate the| jaina paramparA meM kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya ke jo nirdeza upalabdha hote hai unase aisA lagatA hai ki bhAratIya cintana meM jo dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa cAra puruSArtha yA jIvana-mUlya mAne gaye haiM, unameM mokSa to sAdhya puruSArtha hai, ataH zeSa tIna puruSArthoM kI zikSA kI vyavasthA alaga-alaga tIna AcAryoM ke lie niyata kI gaI thii| zilpAcArya kA kArya artha puruSArtha kI zikSA denA thA, to kalAcArya kA kAma bhASA lipi aura gaNita kI zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha kAma puruSArtha kI zikSA denA thaa| dharmAcArya kA kArya mAtra dharma aura mokSa puruSArtha se hI sambandhita thA isa prakAra vividha jIvana mUlyoM kI zikSA ke lie vividha AcAryoM kI vyavasthA thii| cU~ki jainadharma mUlataH eka nivRtti mUlaka aura saMnyAsaparaka dharma thA isalie dharmAcArya kA kArya dharma aura mokSa kI puruSArtha kI zikSA dene taka hI sImita rakhA gayA thaa| isa prakAra jIvana ke vividha mUlyoM ke AdhAra para zikSA kI vyavasthA bhI alaga-alaga thii| Aja hama sampUrNa jIvana mUlyoM ke lie jo eka hI prakAra kI zikSA vyavasthA kI bAta karate haiM, vaha mUla meM bhrAMti hai, jahA~ zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya vRttimUlaka zikSA pradAna karate the vahA~ dharmAcArya nivRtti mUlaka zilA pradAna karate the| punaH yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki jo AcArya jisa prakAra kI jIvana zailI jItA hai| vaha vaisI hI zikSA pradAna kara sakatA hai| ataH dharmAcArya se artha aura kAma kI zikSA aura zilpAcArya evaM kalAcArya se dharma evaM mokSa puruSArtha kI zikSA kI apekSA karanA ucita nahIM hai| vartamAna sandarbha meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama zikSA ke vividha kSetroM kA dAyitva vividha AcAryoM ko sauMpe aura isa bAta kA vizeSa dhyAna rakheM ki jo vyakti jisa prakAra kI zikSA ke dene ke lie yogya ho, vahI usakA dAyitva smbhaaleN| jaba taka aisA nahIM hogA taba taka zikSA ke kSetra meM mAnava ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa kI kalpanA sArthaka nahIM hogii| "rAyaphsenIyasutta" meM jo kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya kI vyavasthA dI gayI hai isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zikSA ke ye tInoM kSetra mAnava jIvana ke tIna mUlyoM se sambandhita the tathA eka-dUsare se pRthak the aura sAmAnya vyakti tInoM hI prakAra kI zikSAyeM prApta karatA thaa| phira bhI prAcInakAla meM yaha zikSA paddhati vyakti ke liye bhAra svarUpa nahIM thii| jahA~ taka AdhyAtmika aura naitika zikSA kA prazna thA yaha dharmAcArya ke sAnnidhya meM upadezoM ke zravaNa ke mAdhyama se prApta kI jAtI thii| isake liye vyakti ko kucha vyaya nahIM karanA hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA zramaNa paramparA meM dharmAcArya bhikSAcaryA se hI apanI udarapUrti karate
Page #8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 169 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha the aura unake koI sthAyI Azrama Adi bhI nahIM hote the, ataH ve vyakti aura samAja para bhAra svarUpa nahIM hote the| isake viparIta vaidika paramparA meM dharmAcArya saparivAra apane AzramoM meM rahate the tathA dharmAcArya aura kalAcArya kA kArya eka hI vyakti karatA thA kucha kalAcArya sampanna vyaktiyoM yA rAjAoM yA sAmantoM ke ghara jAkara bhI zikSA pradAna karate the, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA, ve zikSA apane AzramoM meM hI pradAna karate the| Azrama paddhati kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki vidyArthI aura zikSaka apanI AjIvikA yA to apane zrama se upArjita karate athavA bhikSAcaryA ke mAdhyama se usakI pUrti krte| isalie usa yuga meM zikSA na to vyakti para bhAra svarUpa thI aura na rAjya pr| samRddha vyakti athavA rAjA samaya-samaya para dAnAdi dekara zikSakoM ko sammAnita avazya karate the| vidyArthI bhI apanI zikSApUrNa karane ke pazcAt jaba svayaM AjIvikA arjana karane lagatA, to vaha bhI guru-dakSiNA dekara apane guru ko sammAnita karatA thaa| phira bhI yaha samagra vyavasthA mUlataH aicchika thii| zilpAcArya AjIvikA arjana se sambandhita vibhinna zilpoM kI zikSA dete the| vidyArthI zilpAcArya ke sAnnidhya meM rahakara hI zilpa sikhate the| isameM zikSaNa aura AjIvikA arjana kI prakriyA sAtha-sAtha hI calatI thii| sAmAnyatayA yaha zikSA pitA-putra kI paramparA se calatI thii| kintu kabhI-kabhI vyakti dUsaroM ke sAnnidhya meM bhI aisI zikSA prApta karatA thaa| "rAyapasenIya" ye spaSTa rUpa meM yaha ullikhita hai ki kisa prakAra ke zikSaka ko kisa prakAra se sammAnita karanA caahie|21 zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya ke sammAna kI paddhati dharmAcArya ke sammAna kI paddhati se bhinna thii| kalAcArya aura zilpAcArya kI ziSyagaNa telamAliza, snAna Adi ke dvArA na kevala zArIrika sevA karate the, apitu unheM vastra, AbhUSaNa Adi se alaMkRta kara sarasa bhojana karavAte the tathA unakI AjIvikA evaM unake putrAdi ke bharaNa-poSaNa kI yogya vyavasthA bhI karate the| dUsarI ora dharmAcArya ko vandana namaskAra karanA, usake upadezoM ko zraddhApUrvaka sunanA, bhikSArtha Ane para AhArAdi se usakA sammAna karanA -- yahI zikSArthI kA kartavya mAnA gayA thaa|22 jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya apane ziSyoM se bhUmi, mudrA Adi ke dAna kI apekSA karate the. vahA~ dharmAcArya aparigrahI hone ke kAraNa apane prati zraddhAbhAva ko choDakara anya koI apekSA nahIM rakhate the| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya sAmAnyatayA gRhastha hote the aura isalie unheM apane pArivArika dAyitvoM ko sampanna karane ke lie ziSyoM se mudrA Adi kI apekSA hotI, kintu dharmAcArya kI sthiti isase bhinna thI, ve sAmAnya rUpa se saMnyAsI aura paparigrahI hote the, ataH unakI koI apekSA nahI hotI thI / vastutaH naitikatA aura sadAcAra kI zikSA dene kA adhikArI vahI vyakti ho sakatA thA jo svayaM apane jIvana meM naitikatA kA AcaraNa karatA ho aura yahI kAraNa thA ki usake upadezoM evaM AdezoM kA prabhAva hotA thaa| Aja hama naitika evaM AdhyAtmika zikSA dene kA prathama to koI prayatna hI nahIM karate dUsare usakI apekSA hama una zikSakoM se karate haiM jo svayaM usa prakAra kA jIvana nahIM jI rahe hote haiM, phalataH unakI zikSA ko koI prabhAva bhI nahIM hotaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja vidyArthiyoM meM caritra niSThA kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai kyoMki yadi zikSaka svayaM caritravAna nahIM hogA to vaha apane vidyArthiyoM ko vaisI zikSA nahIM de pAyegA, kama se kama dharmAcArya ke sandarbha meM to yaha bAta
Page #9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 170 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha Avazyaka hai| jaba taka usake jIvana meM cAritrika aura naitika mUlya sAkAra nahIM hoMge, vaha apane ziSyoM para unakA prabhAva DAlane meM samartha nahIM hogaa| candravedhyaka prakIrNaka kahatA hai ki samyak zikSA ke pradAtA AcArya nizcaya hI sulabha nahIM hote| jaina AgamoM meM isa prazna para bhI gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki zikSA prApta karane kA adhikArI kauna hai ? candravedhyaka prakIrNaka meM una vyaktiyoM ko zikSA ke ayogya mAnA gayA hai, jo avinIta hoM, jo AcArya kA aura vidyA kA tiraskAra karate hoM, mithyA dRSTikoNa se yukta hoM tathA mAtra sAMsArika bhogoM ke lie vidyA prApta karane kI AkAMkSA rakhate hoN|24 isI prakAra yogya AcArya kauna ho sakatA hai isakI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo deza aura kAla kA jJAtA, avasara ko samajhane vAlA abhrAnta, dhairyavAna, anuvartaka aura abhAyAvI hotA hai, sAtha hI laukika, AdhyAtmika aura vaidika zAstroM kA jJAtA hotA hai vahI zikSA dene kA adhikArI hai| isa grantha meM AcArya kI upamA dIpaka se dI gayI hai| dIpaka ke samAna AcArya svayaM bhI prakAzita hote haiM aura dUsaroM ko bhI prakAzita karate hai|6|| zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM AcArya ke guNoM kI saMkhyA 36 svIkAra kI gayI haiM kintu ye 36 guNa kauna-kauna hai isa sambandha meM vibhinna granthakAroM ke vibhinna dRSTikoNa haiN| bhagavatIArAdhanA meM AcAratva Adi 8 guNoM ke sAtha-sAtha, 10 sthita kalpa, 12 tapa aura 6 Avazyaka, aise 36 guNa mAne gaye hai|27 isI ke TIkAkAra aparAjitasUri ne 8 jJAnAcAra, 8 darzanAcAra, 12 tapa, 5 samiti aura 3 gupti -- ye 36 guNa mAneM haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga meM AcArya ko ATha prakAra kI nimna gaNi sampadAoM se yukta batalAyA gayA hai -- 1. AcAra sampadA, 2. zruta sampadA, 3. zarIra sampadA, 4. vacana sampadA, 5. vAcanA sampadA, 6. matisampadA, 7. prayoga sampadA (vAdakauzala) aura 8. saMgraha parijJA (saMgha vyavasthA meM nipunntaa)|26 pravacanasAroddhAra meM AcArya ke 36 guNoM kA tIna prakAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama uparokta 8 gaNi-sampadA ke dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se 32 bheda hote hai, inameM AcArya, zruta, vikSepaNA aura nirghATana -- ye vinaya meM cAra bheda sammalita karane para kula 36 bheda hote hai| prakArAntara se jJAnAcAra, darzanAcAra Ara caritrAcAra ke ATha-ATha bheda karane para 24 bheda hote haiM, inameM 12 prakAra kA tapa milAne para 36 bheda hote haiN| kahIM-kahIM ATha gaNi sampadA, 10 sthitikalpa, 12 tapa aura 6 Avazyaka milAkara AcArya meM 36 guNa mAne gaye haiM pravacanasAroddhAra ke TIkAkAra ne AcArya ke nimna 36 guNoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai -- 1. dezayuta, 2. kulayuta, 3. jAtiyuta, 4. rUpayuta, 5. saMhananayuta, 6. ghRtiyuta, 7. anAzaMsI, 8. avikatthana, 9. ayAcI, 10. sthira paripATI, 11. gRhItavAkya, 12. jitaparSata, 13. jitanidrA, 14. madhyastha, 15. dezajJa, 16. kAlajJa, 17. bhAvajJa, 18. Asannalabdhapratima, 19. nAnAvidha deza bhASajJa, 20. jJAnAcAra, 21. darzanAcAra, 22. cAritrAcAra, 23. tapAcAra, 24. vIryAcAra, 25. sUtrapAta, 26. AharalanipuNa, 27. hetunipuNa, 28. upanayanipuNa, 29. nayanipuNa, 30. grAhaNAkuzala, 31. svasamayajJa, 32. parasamayajJa, 33. gambhIra, 34. dIptImAna, 35. kalyANa karane vAlA aura 36. saumy|20
Page #10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 171 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha ina guNoM kI carcA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina AgamoM meM AcArya kaisA honA cAhie isa prazna para gambhIratA pUrvaka vicAra kiyA gayA thA aura mAtra caritravAna evaM ucca mUlyoM ke prati niSThAvAna vyakti ko hI AcAryatva ke yogya pAnA gayA thA / isase yaha phalita bhI hotA hai ki jo sAdhaka ahiMsAdi mahAvratoM kA svayaM pAlana karatA hai tathA AjIvikA arjana hetu mAtra bhikSA para nirbhara rahatA hai jo svArtha se pare hai vahI vyakti AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kA zikSaka hone kA adhikArI hai| vidyArthI kaisA honA cAhiye, isakI carcA karate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo bhikSAjIvI, vinIta, sajjana vyaktiyoM ke guNoM ko jAnane vAlA, AcArya kI manobhAvoM ke anurUpa AcaraNa karane vAlA, sardI-garmI, bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko sahana karane vAlA, lAbha-alAbha meM vicalita nahIM hone vAlA, sevA tathA svAdhyAya hetu tatpara, ahaMkAra rahita aura AcArya ke kaThora vacanoM ko sahana karane meM samartha ziSya hI zikSA kA adhikArI hai / 31 granthakAra yaha bhI kahatA hai ki zAstroM meM ziSya kI jo parIkSA vidhi kahI gayI hai usake mAdhyama se ziSya kI parIkSA karake hI use mokSa mArga meM pravRtta karanA cAhiye / 32 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ziSya ke AcAra vyavahAra ke sandarbha meM nirdeza karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo ziSya guru ke sAnnidhya meM rahatA hai, guru ke saMketa va mAnobhAvoM ko samajhatA hai vahI vinIta kahalAtA hai isake viparIta AcaraNa vAlA avinIta | yogya ziSya sadaiva guru ke nikaTa rahe unase artha pUrNa bAta sIkhe aura nirarthaka bAtoM ko cher3a de, guru dvArA anuzAsita hone para krodha na kare, zUdra vyaktiyoM ke saMsarga se dUra rahe, yadi koI galatI ho gayI ho to use chipAye nahIM apitu yarthAtha rUpa meM prakaTa kara de| binA pUche guru kI bAtoM meM bIca meM na bole, adhyayana kAla meM sadaiva adhyayana kre| AcArya ke samakSa barAbarI se na baiThe, na unake Age, na pIche saTakara baitthe| guru ke samIpa unase apane zarIra ko saTAkara bhI nahIM baiThe, baiThe-baiThe hI na to kucha pUche aura na uttara de| guru ke samIpa ukuDU Asana se baiThakara hAtha jor3akara jo pUchanA ho use vinayapUrvaka puuche| ,33 ye sabhI tathya yaha sUcita karate haiM ki jaina zikSA vyavasthA meM ziSya ke lie anuzAsita jIvana jInA avazyaka thA / yaha kaThora anuzAsana vastutaH bAhara se thopA huA nahIM thA, apitu mUlyAtmaka zikSA ke mAdhyama se isakA vikAsa andara se hI hotA thA, kyoMki jaina zikSA vyavasthA meM sAmAnyatayA ziSya meM tAina- varjana kI koI vyavasthA nahIM thii| AcArya aura ziSya donoM ke lie hI Agama meM ullekhita anuzAsana kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka thaa| jaina zikSA vidhi meM anuzAsana AtmAnuzAsana thA / vyakti ko dUsare ko anuzAsita karane kA adhikAra tabhI mAnA gayA thA, jaba vaha svayaM anuzAsita jIvana jItA ho / AcArya tulasI ne nija para zAsana phira anuzAsana kA jo sUtra diyA hai vaha vastutaH jaina zikSA vidhi kA sAra hai| zikSA ke sAtha jaba taka jIvana meM svasphUrta anuzAsana nahIM AyegA taba taka vaha sArthaka nahIM hogii|
Page #11
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ sandarbha 1. bAibila, uddhRta naye saMketa, AcAryarajanIza, pR. 57 2. isibhAsiyAI, 17/3 3. AcArAMga, 1/1/1 4. kaThopaniSada, 3/3 AcArAMga, 2/3/15/1 sUtrakRtAMga, 1/12/11 uttarAdhyayana, 32/2 8. vahI, 26/60 6. vahI, 32/2 10. vahI, 32/102-106 11. dazavakAlika, 6/4 12. candravedhyaka, 62 13. vahI, 56 14, vahI, 64 15. vahI, 68 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 11/3 17. vahI, 11/4-5 18. candravedhyaka, 77 16. rAyapasenIyasutta (ghAsIlAla jI ma.) sUtra 656, pR. 338-341 20. samavAyAMga-samavAya 72 (dekheM -- TIkA) 21. rAyasenIyasutta (ghAsIlAlajI ma. ) sUtra 656, pR. 338-341 22. vahI, pR. 338-341 23. candravedhyaka, 20 24. vahI, 51-53 25. vahI, 25,26 26. vahI, 30 27. bhagavatIArAdhanA, 528 28. vahI, TIkA 26. sthAnAMga-sthAna, 8/15 30. pravacana sAroddhAra, dara 64 31. dekheM -- uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 1 evaM 11 32. candravedhyaka, 53 33. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 1/2-22