Jain Agamo ki Mul Bhasha Arddhamagadhi ya Shaurseni

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Z_Sagar_Jain_Vidya_Bharti_Part_5_001688.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/229168/1

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jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI? vartamAna meM prAkRta vidyA' nAmaka zodha-patrikA ke mAdhyama se jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM kA eka varga AgrahapUrvaka yaha pratipAdana kara rahA hai ki "jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta thI, jise kAlAntara meM parivartita karake ardhamAgadhI banA dI gii'| isa varga kA yaha bhI dAvA hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta hI prAcInatama prAkRta hai aura anya sabhI prAkRte yathA-- mAgadhI, paizAcI, mahArASTrI Adi isI se vikasita huI haiM, ataH ye sabhI zaurasenI prAkRta se parivartI bhI haiN| isI krama meM digambara-paramparA meM AgamoM ke rUpa meM mAnya AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM meM nihita ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI zabda rUpoM ko parivartita kara unheM zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita karane kA eka suniyojita prayatna bhI kiyA jA rahA hai| isa samasta pracAra-prasAra ke pIche mUlabhUta uddezya yaha hai ki zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM ko digambara-paramparA meM mAnya Agama tulya granthoM se arvAcIna aura apane zaurasenI meM nibaddha Agamatulya granthoM ko prAcIna siddha kiyA jaaye| isa pArasparika vivAda kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI ho rahA hai ki zvetAmbara-digambara paramparA ke bIca kaTutA kI khAI gaharI hotI jA rahI hai aura ina saba meM eka niSpakSa bhASAzAstrIya adhyayana ko pIche chor3a diyA jA rahA hai| prastuta nibandha meM maiM ina sabhI praznoM para zvetAmbara evaM digambara-paramparA meM Agama rUpa meM mAnya granthoM ke Aloka meM carcA karane kA prayatna kruuNgaa| kyA Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thA? yahA~ sarvaprathama maiM isa prazna kI carcA karanA cAha~gA ki kyA jaina Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thA aura use bAda meM parivartita karake ardhamAgadhI rUpa diyA gayA? jaina vidyA ke kucha vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki jaina Agama sAhitya mUlata: zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha huA thA aura use bAda meM ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita kiyA gyaa| apane isa kathana ke pakSa meM ve zvetAmbara-digambara kinhIM bhI AgamoM kA pramANa na dekara pro0 TA~TiyA ke vyAkhyAna ke kucha aMza uddhRta karate haiN| DaoN0 sudIpa jaina ne 'prAkRtavidyA' janavarI-mArca, 1996 ke sampAdakIya meM unake kathana ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai--

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11 hAla hI meM zrI lAlabahAdura zAstrI saMskRta vidyApITha meM sampanna dvitIya AcArya kundakundasmRti vyAkhyAnamAlA meM vizvavizruta bhASAzAstrI evaM dArzanika vicAraka pro0 nathamalajI TA~TiyA ne spaSTa rUpa se ghoSita kiyA ki " zramaNa- sAhitya kA prAcIna rUpa, cAhe ve bauddhoM ke tripiTaka Adi hoM, zvetAmbaroM ke 'AcArAGgasUtra', 'dazavaikAlikasUtra' Adi hoM athavA digambaroM ke 'SaTkhaNDAgamasUtra', 'samayasAra' Adi hoM, sabhI zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI nibaddha the| unhoMne Age sapramANa spaSTa kiyA ki bauddhoM ne bAda meM zrIlaMkA meM eka bRhatsaMgIti meM yojanApUrvaka zaurasenI meM nibaddha bauddha sAhitya kA mAgadhIkaraNa kiyA aura prAcIna zaurasenI meM nibaddha bauddha sAhitya ke granthoM ko agnisAta kara diyaa| isI prakAra zvetAmbara jaina sAhitya kA bhI prAcIna rUpa zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI thA, jisakA rUpa kramazaH ardhamAgadhI meM badala gyaa| yadi hama vartamAna ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko hI mUla zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya mAnane para jora deMge, to isa ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA Aja se pandraha sau varSa ke pahale astitva hI nahIM hone se ina sthiti meM hameM apane Agama sAhitya ko bhI 500 I0 se paravartI mAnanA pdd'egaa|" "unhoMne spaSTa kiyA ki Aja bhI 'AcArAGgasUtra' Adi kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM . zaurasenI ke zabdoM kI pracuratA milatI hai, jabaki naye prakAzita saMskaraNoM meM una zabdoM kA ardhamAgadhIkaraNa ho gayA hai| unhoMne kahA ki pakSavyAmoha ke kAraNa aise parivartanoM se hama apane sAhitya kA prAcIna mUla rUpa kho rahe haiN| unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA ki digambara jaina sAhitya meM hI zaurasenI bhASA ke prAcInarUpa surakSita evaM upalabdha haiN|" nissandeha pro0 TaoNTiyA jaina aura bauddha vidyAoM ke variSThatama vidvAnoM meM eka rahe haiM aura unake kathana kA koI artha aura AdhAra bhI hogA; kintu ye kathana unake apane haiM yA unheM apane pakSa kI puSTi hetu tor3a-maror3a kara prastuta kiyA gayA hai, yaha eka vivAdAspada prazna hai ? kyoMki eka ora tulasIprajJA ke sampAdaka kA kahanA hai ki TaoNTiyAjI ne isakA khaNDana kiyA hai| ve tulasIprajJA (apraila-jUna, 1993, khaNDa 19, aMka 1) meM likhate haiM ki "DaoN0 nathamala TaoNTiyA ne dillI kI eka patrikA meM chape aura unake nAma se pracArita isa kathana kA khaNDana kiyA hai ki mahAvIravANI zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha huii| unhoMne spaSTa mata prakaTa kiyA ki AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana sUtrakRtAGga aura dazavaikAlika meM ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA utkRSTa rUpa hai|" dUsarI ora prAkRtavidyA ke sampAdaka DaoN0 sudIpajI kA kathana hai ki unake vyAkhyAna kI Tepa hamAre pAsa upalabdha hai aura hamane unake vicAroM kI avikala rUpa se yathAvat prastutI kI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM DaoN0 sudIpajI kA to yaha bhI kathana hai ki tulasIprajJA ke khaNDana ke bAda bhI ve TaoNTiyAjI se mile haiM aura TaoNTiyAjI ne unheM kahA hai ki ve apane kathana para Aja bhI dRr3ha haiN| TaoNTiyAjI ke isa kathana ko

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12 unhoMne prAkRtavidyA julAI-sitambara 1996 ke aMka meM nimna zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA hai---- "maiM saMskRta vidyApITha kI vyAkhyAnamAlA meM prastuta tathyoM para pUrNatayA dRr3ha hU~ tathA yaha merI tathyAdhArita spaSTa avadhAraNA hai jisase vicalita hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai|" (pR0 9) yaha samasta vivAda do patrikAoM ke mAdhyama se donoM sampAdakoM ke madhya hai; kintu isa vivAda meM satyatA kyA hai aura DaoN0 TA~TiyA kA mUla mantavya kyA hai, isakA nirNaya to tabhI sambhava thA jaba DaoN0 TaoNTiyA svayaM isa sambandha meM likhita vaktavya dete; kintu ve isa sambandha meM mauna rhe| maiMne svayaM unheM patra likhA thA; kintu unakA koI pratyuttara nahIM aayaa| maiM DaoN0 TA~TiyA kI ulajhana samajhatA hU~ eka ora kundakunda bhAratI ne unheM kundakunda vyAkhyAna hetu Amantrita kiyA thA, to dUsarI ora ve 'jaina vizvabhAratI' kI sevA meM the. jaba jisa maMca se bole hoMge bhAvAveza meM unake anukUla kucha kaha diye hoMge aura aba spaSTa khaNDana bhI kaise kareM? phira bhI merI antarAtmA yaha svIkAra nahIM karatI hai ki DaoN0 TA~TiyA jaise gambhIra vidvAn binA pramANa ke aise vaktavya de deN| kahIM na kahIM zabdoM kI koI jor3a-tor3a avazya ho rahI hai| DaoN0 sudIpajI prAkRtavidyA julAI-sitambara, 1996 meM DaoN0 TA~TiyAjI ke ukta vyAkhyAnoM ke vicAra binduoM ko avikala rUpa se prastuta karate hue likhate haiM ki "haribhadra kA sArA yogazataka dhavalA se (ke AdhAra para banA) hai|" isakA tAtparya hai ki haribhadra ne 'yogazataka' ko dhavalA ke AdhAra para banAyA hai| kyA TA~TiyAjI jaise vidvAna ko itanA bhI itihAsa-bodha nahIM rahA hogA ki 'yogazataka' ke kartA haribhadrasUri aura 'dhavalA' ke kartA meM kauna pahale huA hai? yaha aitihAsika satya hai ki haribhadrasUri kA 'yogazataka' (AThavIM zatI) 'dhavalA' (10vIM zatI) se pUrvavartI hai| mujhe vizvAsa bhI nahIM hotA hai ki TaoNTiyAjI jaise vidvAn isa aitihAsika satya ko anadekhA kara deN| kahIM na kahIM unake nAma para koI bhrama khar3A kiyA gayA hai| vastuta: yadi koI bhI carcA pramANoM ke AdhAra para nahIM hotI hai to use mAnya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, phira cAhe use kitane hI bar3e vidvAn ne kyoM na kahA ho? yadi vyakti kA hI mahattva mAnya hai, to abhI saMyoga se TA~TiyAjI se bhI variSTha, antarrASTrIya khyAti ke jaina-bauddha vidyAoM ke mahAmanISI aura svayaM TaoNTiyAjI ke guru padmavibhUSaNa paM0 dalasukhabhAI hamAre bIca haiM, phira to unake kathana ko adhika prAmANika *. jJAtavya hai ki vigata 20 pharavarI 1999 I0 AdaraNIya TA~TiyAjI kA svargavAsa ho gayA hai| ata: unake nAma para prasArita bhramoM se bacanA Avazyaka hai| *. paM0 mAlavaNiyA jI bhI aba nahIM rhe|

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mAnakara 'prAkRtavidyA' ke sampAdaka ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| khaira yaha saba prAstAvika bAteM thIM, jisase yaha samajhA jA sake ki samasyA kyA hai, kaise utpanna huI aura prastuta saMgoSThI kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? hameM to vyaktiyoM ke kathanoM yA vaktavyoM para na jAkara tathyoM ke prakAza meM isakI samIkSA karanI hai ki jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA kyA thI aura ardhamAgadhI tathA zaurasenI meM kauna prAcIna hai? AgamoM kI mUla bhASA-ardhamAgadhI (ka) yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki mahAvIra kA janmakSetra aura kAryakSetra donoM hI mukhya rUpa se magadha aura usakA samIpavartI kSetra hI rahA hai, ata: yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unhoMne jisa bhASA meM bolA hogA vaha samIpavartI kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI rahI hogii| vyakti kI bhASA kabhI bhI apanI mAtRbhASA se aprabhAvita nahIM hotI haiN| punaH zvetAmbara-paramparA meM mAnya jo bhI 'Agama sAhitya' Aja upalabdha hai, unameM aneka aise sandarbha haiM, jinameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ne apane upadeza ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM diye the| isa sambandha meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya se kucha pramANa prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM yathA--- 1. bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhmmmaaikkhi| -samavAyAMga, samavAya 34, sUtra 22. 2. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre kuNiassa bhabhasAraputtassa addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsitA arihA dhamma prikhei| -aupapAtikasUtra 3. goyamA! devA NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsaMti sa vi ya NaM addhamAgahA bhAsA bhAsijjamANI visjjti| -bhagavaI, lADanUM, zataka 5, uddezaka 4, sUtra 93. 4. tae NaM samaye bhagavaM mahAvIre usabhadattamAhaNassa devANaMdAmAhaNIe tIse ya mahati mahaliyAe isiparisAe muNiparisAe jaiparisAe... savva bhASANugAmiNiya sarassaIe joyaNaNIhAriNAsareNaM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsae dhamma prikhei| -bhagavaI, lADanUM,zataka 9, uddezaka 33, sUtra 149. tae NaM samaye bhagavaM mahAvIre jAmAlissa khattiyakumArassa ... addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsai dhamma prikhei| -bhagavaI, lADanUM, zataka 9, uddezaka 33, sUtra 163. savvasattasamadarisIhiM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe suttaM uvdittheN| -AcArAGgacUrNi, jinadAsagaNi, pR0 255. mAtra itanA hI nahIM, digambara-paramparA meM mAnya AcArya kundakunda ke grantha 6.

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14 'bodhapAhuDa', jo svayaM zaurasenI meM nibaddha hai, usakI TIkA meM digambara AcArya zrutasAgarajI likhate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM apanA upadeza diyA thaa| pramANa ke liye usa TIkA ke hindI anuvAda kA yaha aMza prastuta hai| 'artha magadhadeza bhASAtmaka aura ardha sarvabhASAtmaka bhagavAn kI dhvani khiratI hai| zaMkA--- ardhamAgadhI bhASA devakRta atizaya kaise ho sakatI hai, kyoMki bhagavAn kI bhASA hI ardhamAgadhI hai? uttara- magadha deva ke sAnnidhya meM hone se|' AcArya prabhAcandra ne 'nandIzvara bhakti' ke artha meM likhA hai--- "eka yojana taka bhagavAn kI vANI svayaMmeva sunAyI detI hai| usake Age saMkhyAta yojanoM taka usa divya dhvani kA vistAra magadha jAti ke deva karate haiN| ata: ardhamAgadhI bhASA devakRta hai|" (SaTprAbhRtam , caturtha bodhapAhuDa-TIkA, gAthA 32, pR0 119) mAtra yahI nahIM, vartamAna meM bhI digambara-paramparA ke mahAn santa evaM AcArya vidyAsAgarajI ke pramukha ziSya munizrI pramANasAgarajI apanI pustaka jainadharma-darzana, (prathama saMskaraNa) pR040 para likhate haiM ki 'una bhagavAn mahAvIra kA upadeza sarvagrAhya ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM huaa|' - jaba zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAe~ yaha mAnakara cala rahI haiM ki bhagavAn kA upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM haA thA aura isI bhASA meM unake upadezoM ke AdhAra para AgamoM kA praNayana huA to phira zaurasenI ke nAma se nayA vivAda khar3A karake isa khAI ko caur3A kyoM kiyA jA rahA hai? (kha) uparokta Agamika pramANoM kI carcA ke alAvA vyAvahArika evaM aitihAsika tathya bhI isI kI puSTi karate haiM1. yadi bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM diye to yaha svAbhAvika hai ki gaNadharoM ne usI bhASA meM AgamoM kA praNayana kiyA hogaa| ataH AgamoM kI mUlabhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI rahI hai, yaha mAnanA hogaa| isa grantha kA mUla saMskRta isa prakAra haisarvArdhamAgadhIyA bhASA bhavati, ko'rthaH ardhaM bhagavadbhASAyA magadhadezabhASAtmakaM, ardhaM ca sarvabhASAtmakaM, kathamevaM devopanItatvaM tadatizayasyeti cet? magadhadeza sannidhAne tathApariNatayA bhASayA saMskRta bhASayA prvrtte| sarvajanetA viSayA maitrI bhavati sarve hi janasamUhA mAgadhaprItiMkaradevAtizayavazAnmAgadhabhASayA bhASante'nyonyaM mitratayA ca vartante iti dvaatishyo| -SaTprAbhRtAdi-saMgraha: zrI mA0di0 jaina granthamAlA samiti, vi0saM0 1977, pR0 99, gAthA, 32.

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15 2. isake viparIta 'zaurasenI Agama tulya' mAnya granthoM meM kisI eka bhI grantha meM eka bhI sandarbha aisA nahIM haiM, jisase yaha pratidhvanita bhI hotA ho ki AgamoM kI mUla bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta thii| unameM mAtra yaha ullekha hai ki tIrthaGkaroM kI jo vANI khiratI hai, vaha sarvabhASArUpa pariNata hotI hai| isakA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai ki unakI vANI janasAdhAraNa ko AsAnI se samajha meM AtI thii| yaha lokavANI thii| usameM magadha ke nikaTavartI kSetroM kI kSetrIya boliyoM ke zabda rUpa bhI hote the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki use mAgadhI na kahakara ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai| jo grantha jisa kSetra meM racita yA sampAdita hotA hai, usakA vahA~ kI bolI se prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika hai| prAcIna stara ke 'jaina Agama' yathA-- 'AcArAGga', 'sUtrakRtAGga', 'RSibhASita', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika' Adi magadha aura usake samIpavartI kSetra meM racita haiM aura unameM isI kSetra ke nagaroM Adi kI sUcanAe~ haiN| mUla AgamoM meM eka bhI aisI sUcanA nahIM hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bihAra, baMgAla aura pUrvI uttara pradeza se Age vihAra kiyA ho| ata: unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI hogii| punaH AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA pATaliputra meM aura dUsarI vAcanA khaNDagiri (ur3IsA) meM huI, ye donoM kSetra mathurA se paryApta dUrI para sthita haiM, ata: kama se kama prathama aura dvitIya vAcanA ke samaya taka arthAt I0pU0 dUsarI yA prathama zatI taka unake zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita hone kA yA usase prabhAvita hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| yaha satya hai ki usake pazcAt jaba jainadharma evaM vidyA kA kendra pATaliputra se haTakara lagabhaga I0pU0 dUsarI zatI yA I0pU0 prathama zatI meM mathurA banA to usa para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AnA prArambha huA ho| yadyapi mathurA se prApta dUsarI zatI taka ke abhilekhoM kA zaurasenI ke prabhAva se mukta honA yahI siddha karatA hai ki jainAgamoM para zaurasenI kA prabhAva dUsarI zatI ke pazcAt hI prArambha huA hogaa| sambhavata: phalgumitra (dUsarI zatI) ke samaya yA usake bhI pazcAt skandila (caturtha zatI) kI 'mAthurI vAcanA' ke samaya una para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA thA, yahI kAraNa hai ki 'yApanIya-paramparA' meM mAnya 'AcArAGga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika', 'nizItha', 'kalpa' Adi jo Agama rahe haiM, ve zaurasenI se prabhAvita rahe haiN| yadi DaoN0 TA~TiyA ne yaha kahA hai ki 'AcArAGga' Adi zvetAmbara AgamoM kA zaurasenI se prabhAvita saMskaraNa bhI thA, jo mathurA kSetra meM vikasita 'yApanIya-paramparA' ko mAnya thA, to unakA kathana satya hai kyoMki 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' kI TIkA meM 'AcArAGga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'nizItha' Adi ke jo sandarbha diye gaye haiM ve sabhI zaurasenI se prabhAvita haiM; kintu isakA yaha artha kadApi

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16 nahIM ki AgamoM kI racanA zaurasenI meM huI thI aura ve bAda meM ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita kiye gye| jJAtavya hai ki 'mAthurI vAcanA' skandila ke samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga ATha sau varSa pazcAt huI thI aura usameM jina AgamoM kI vAcanA huI, ve sabhI usake pUrva astitva meM the hii| yApanIyoM ne AgamoM ke isI zaurasenI - prabhAvita saMskaraNa ko mAnya kiyA thA; kintu digambaroM ke liye to ve Agama bhI mAnya nahIM the, kyoMki unake anusAra to isa 'mAthurI vAcanA' ke lagabhaga do sau varSa pUrva hI 'Agama sAhitya' vilupta ho cukA thaa| zvetAmbara - paramparA meM mAnya 'AcArAGga', 'sUtrakRtAGga', 'RSibhASita', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika', 'kalpa', 'vyavahAra', 'nizItha' Adi to I0pU0 cauthI zatI se dUsarI zatI taka kI racanAe~ haiM, jise pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mathurA kA jaina vidyA ke kendra ke rUpa meM vikAsa I0pU0 dvitIya yA prathama zatI se hI huA hai aura usake pazcAt hI ina AgamoM para zaurasenI prabhAva AyA hogaa| AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kaba aura kaise? yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki skandilAcArya kI isa 'mAthurI vAcanA' ke samaya hI samAnAntara rUpa se eka vAcanA valabhI (gujarAta) meM nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM huI thI, ataH isI kAla meM usa para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva bhI AyA, kyoMki usa kSetra kI prAkRta mahArASTrI prAkRta thii| isI mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita 'Agama' Aja taka zvetAmbara - paramparA meM mAnya haiN| ataH isa tathya ko bhI spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA cAhie ki AgamoM ke mahArASTrI- prabhAvita aura zaurasenI - prabhAvita saMskaraNa, jo lagabhaga IsA kI caturtha - paJcama zatI meM astitva meM Aye, unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI rahe / yahA~ bhI jJAtavya hai ki na to skandilAcArya kI 'mAthurI vAcanA' meM aura na nAgArjuna kI 'valabhI vAcanA' meM AgamoM kI bhASA meM soca-samajhapUrvaka koI parivartana kiyA gayA thaa| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki usa yuga taka 'Agama' kaNThastha cale A rahe the aura koI bhI kaNThastha grantha svAbhAvika rUpa se kaNThastha karanevAle vyakti kI kSetrIya bolI se arthAt uccAraNa zailI se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sakatA hai, yahI kAraNa thA ki jo uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita huA usake 'Agama pATha' usa kSetra kI bolIzaurasenI se prabhAvita hue aura jo pazcimI bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha valabhI meM ekatrita huA, usake 'Agama pATha' isa kSetra kI bolI mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita hue| punaH yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ina donoM vAcanAoM meM sampAdita AgamoM kA mUla AdhAra to 'ardhamAgadhI Agama' hI the, yahI kAraNa hai ki 'zaurasenI Agama' na to zuddha zaurasenI meM haiM aura na valabhI vAcanA ke Agama zuddha mahArASTrI meM, una donoM meM ardhamAgadhI ke zabda-rUpa to upalabdha ho hI rahe haiN| zaurasenI AgamoM meM to ardhamAgadhI ke sAtha-sAtha mahArASTrI prAkRta ke zabda-rUpa bhI bahulatA se milate haiM, yahI kAraNa hai ki bhASAvid

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17 unakI bhASA ko jaina zaurasenI aura jaina mahArASTrI kahate haiN| durbhAgya to yaha hai ki jina zaurasenI AgamoM kI duhAI dI jA rahI hai, unameM se aneka Agama 50 pratizata se adhika ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita haiN| zvetAmbara aura digambara mAnya AgamoM meM prAkRta ke rUpoM kA jo vaividhya hai, usake kAraNoM kI vistRta carcA maiMne apane lekha 'jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza', sAgara jaina vidyAbhAratI (bhAga 1, pR0 239-243) meM kI haiN| prastuta prasaMga meM usakA nimna aMza draSTavya hai _ "jaina Agamika evaM Agama rUpa meM mAnya ardhamAgadhI tathA zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kyoM huA? isa prazna kA uttara aneka rUpoM meM diyA jA sakatA hai| vastuta: ina granthoM meM hue bhASika parivartanoM kA koI eka hI kAraNa nahIM haiM, apitu aneka kAraNa haiM, jina para hama kramaza: vicAra kareMge bhArata meM, vaidika-paramparA meM veda vacanoM ko mantra rUpa meM mAnakara unake svara-vyaJjana kI uccAraNa yojanA ko aparivartanIya banAye rakhane para adhika bala diyA gyaa| unake liye zabda aura dhvani hI mahattvapUrNa rahI aura artha gauNa rhaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja bhI aneka vedapAThI brAhmaNa aise haiM, jo vedamantroM kI uccAraNa zailI, laya Adi ke prati to atyanta satarka rahate haiM; kintu ve unake arthoM ko nahIM jAnate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki veda zabda rUpa meM yathAvat bane rhe| isake viparIta jaina-paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA ki tIrthaGkara artha ke upadeSTA hote haiM unake vacanoM ko zabda rUpa to gaNadhara Adi ke dvArA diyA jAtA hai| ata: jainAcAryoM ke liye artha yA kathana kA tAtparya hI pramukha thA, unhoMne kabhI bhI zabdoM para bala nahIM diyaa| zabdoM meM cAhe parivartana ho jAe, lekina arthoM meM parivartana nahIM honA cAhie, yahI jaina AcAryoM kA pramukha lakSya rhaa| zabda rUpoM kI unakI isa upekSA ke phalasvarUpa AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana hote gye| isI krama meM IsA kI caturtha zatI meM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke zaurasenI- prabhAvita aura mahArASTrI-prabhAvita saMskaraNa astitva meM aaye| 2. Agama sAhitya meM jo bhASika parivartana hue usakA dUsarA kAraNa yaha thA ki jaina bhikSu saMgha meM vibhinna pradezoM ke bhikSugaNa sammilita the| apanI-apanI prAdezika boliyoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa unakI uccAraNa zailI meM bhI svAbhAvika bhinnatA rahatI thI, phalata: unake dvArA kaNThastha Agama sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatAe~ A gyiiN| 3. jaina bhikSu sAmAnyatayA bhramaNazIla hote haiM, bhramaNazIlatA ke kAraNa unakI boliyoM, bhASAoM para bhI anya pradezoM kI boliyoM kA prabhAva par3atA hI thA, phalataH AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana huA aura unameM tat-tat kSetrIya

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boliyoM kA mizraNa hotA gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaba pUrva kA bhikSu pazcimI pradezoM meM adhika vihAra karatA hai, to usakI bhASA meM pUrva evaM pazcima donoM kI hI boliyoM kA prabhAva A jAtA hai| phalata: unake dvArA kaNThastha Agama ke bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI hai| sAmAnyatayA buddha ke vacana buddha ke nirvANa ke 200-300 varSa ke andara hI andara likhita rUpa meM A gye| ata: unake bhASika svarUpa meM racanA-kAla ke bAda bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM AyA hai, tathApi unakI uccAraNa zailI vibhinna dezoM meM bhinna-bhinna rahI hai| Aja bhI zrIlaMkA, barmA, thAIlaiNDa Adi dezoM ke bhikSuoM kA tripiTaka kA uccAraNa bhinna-bhinna hotA hai, phira bhI unake likhita svarUpa meM bahuta kucha ekarUpatA hai| isake viparIta jaina Agamika evaM Agamatulya sAhitya eka sudIrghakAla taka likhita rUpa meM nahIM A sakA, vaha guru-ziSya-paramparA se maukhika hI calatA rahA, phalataH dezakAlagata uccAraNa bheda se unako lipibaddha karate samaya unake bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana hotA gyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, likhita pratilipiyoM ke pATha bhI pratilipikAroM kI asAvadhAnI yA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita hue| zvetAmbara AgamoM kI pratilipiyA~ mukhyata: gujarAta evaM rAjasthAna meM huI, ata: una para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva A gyaa| bhArata meM kAgaja kA pracalana na hone se bhojapatroM yA tAr3apatroM para granthoM ko likhavAnA aura unheM surakSita rakhanA jaina muniyoM kI ahiMsA evaM aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke pratikUla thaa| lagabhaga I0 san kI 5vIM zatI taka isa kArya ko pApa-pravRtti mAnA jAtA thA tathA isake liye daNDa kI vyavasthA bhI thii| phalata: mahAvIra ke pazcAt lagabhaga 1000 varSa taka jaina sAhitya zruta-paramparA para hI AdhArita rhaa| zruta-paramparA para AdhArita hone se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM vaividhya A gyaa| Agamika evaM Agama-tulya sAhitya meM Aja bhASika rUpoM kA jo vaividhya dekhA jAtA hai, usakA eka kAraNa lahiyoM (pratilipikAroM) kI asAvadhAnI bhI rahI hai| pratilipikAra jisa kSetra kA hotA thA, usa para bhI usa kSetra kI bolI/bhASA kA prabhAva rahatA thA aura asAvadhAnI se apanI prAdezika bolI ke zabda-rUpoM ko likha detA thaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM cAhe mUlapATha meM "gacchati' likhA ho lekina yadi usa kSetra meM pracalana meM "gacchai" kA vyavahAra hai, to pratilipikAra "gacchai" rUpa hI likha degaa| jaina Agama evaM Agama-tulya granthoM meM Aye bhASika parivartanoM kA eka kAraNa 7.

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yaha bhI hai ki ve vibhinna kAloM evaM pradezoM meM sampAdita hote rahe haiN| sampAdakoM ne unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira rakhane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA, apitu unheM sampAdita karate samaya apane yuga evaM kSetra kI pracalita bhASA aura vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para unameM parivartana bhI kara diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki ardhamAgadhI meM likhita Agama bhI jaba mathurA meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita hue, to unakA bhASika svarUpa ardhamAgadhI kI apekSA zaurasenI ke nikaTa ho gayA, aura jaba valabhI meM likhe gaye to vaha mahArASTrI ke prabhAvita ho gyaa| yaha alaga bAta hai ki aisA parivartana sampUrNa rUpa meM na ho sakA aura usameM ardhamAgadhI ke tattva bhI bane rhe| ataH ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI AgamoM meM bhASika svarUpa kA jo vaividhya hai, vaha eka yathArthatA hai, jise hameM svIkAra karanA hogaa|" kyA zaurasenI AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM ekarUpatA hai? DaoN0 sadIpa jaina kA dAvA hai ki "Aja bhI zaurasenI Agama sAhitya meM bhASika tatva kI ekarUpatA hai, jabaki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM bhASA ke vividha rUpa pAye jAte haiN| udAharaNasvarUpa zaurasenI meM sarvatra "Na" kA prayoga milatA hai, kahIM bhI "na" kA prayoga nahIM hai jabaki ardhamAgadhI meM nakAra ke sAtha-sAtha NakAra kA prayoga bhI vikalpata: milatA hai| yadi zaurasenI yuga meM nakAra kA prayoga Agama bhASA meM pracalita hotA, to digambara-sAhitya meM kahIM to vikalpa se nakAra prApta hotaa|" - prAkRtavidyA, julAI-sitambara, 1996, pR0 7. ___ yahA~ DaoN0 sudIpa jaina ne do bAteM uThAyo haiM, prathama zaurasenI Agama-sAhitya kI bhASika ekarUpatA kI aura dUsarI 'Na'kAra aura 'na'kAra kii| kyA sudIpajI, Apane zaurasenI Agama sAhitya ke upalabdha saMskaraNoM kA bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se koI prAmANika adhyayana kiyA hai? yadi Apane kiyA hotA to Apa aisA khokhalA dAvA prastuta nahIM karate? Apa kevala NakAra kA hI udAharaNa kyoM dete haiM, vaha to mahArASTrI aura zaurasenI donoM meM sAmAnya haiN| dUsare zabda-rUpoM kI carcA kyoM nahIM karate haiM? nIce maiM digambara zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM se hI kucha udAharaNa de rahA hU~, jinase unake bhASikatattva kI ekarUpatA kA dAvA kitanA khokhalA hai, yaha siddha ho jAtA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki zaurasenI Agamatulya grantha na kevala ardhamAgadhI se prabhAvita hai, apitu usase paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta se bhI prabhAvita haiM1. AtmA ke liye ardhamAgadhI meM AtA, attA, appA Adi zabda rUpoM ke prayoga upalabdha haiM, jabaki zaurasenI meM ghoSIkaraNa ke kAraNa "AtA" kA "AdA" rUpa banAtA hai| 'samayasAra' meM "AdA' ke sAtha-sAtha "appA" zabda-rUpa, jo ki ardhamAgadhI kA hai, aneka bAra prayoga meM AyA hai, kevala 'samayasAra' meM hI

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20 2. zruta kA zaurasenI rUpa "suda" banatA hai| zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM meM aneka sthAnoM para "sudakevalI" zabda ke prayoga bhI hue haiM, jabaki 'samayasAra' (varNI granthamAlA) gAthA 9 evaM 10 meM spaSTa rUpa se "suyakevalI", "suyaNANa" zabdarUpoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai jabaki ye donoM mahArASTrI zabda rUpa haiM aura paravartI bhI haiN| ardhamAgadhI meM to sadaiva 'suta' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai / zaurasenI meM madhyavartI asaMyukta "t" kA " d" hotA hai sAtha hI usameM "lopa" kI pravRtti atyalpa hai, ataH usake kriyA rUpa "havadi, hodi, kuNadi, gimhadi kuNvadi, pariNamadi, bhaNNadi, passadi Adi banate haiM, ina kriyA- rUpoM kA prayoga una granthoM meM huA bhI hai; kintu unhIM granthoM ke kriyA-rUpoM para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA kitanA vyApaka prabhAva hai, ise nimna udAharaNoM se jAnA jA sakatA hai 'samayasAra' varNI pranthamAlA (vArANasI) - jANai (10), havaI (11, 315, 384, 386), muNai (32), vuccai (45), kuvvai (81, 286, 319, 321, 325, 340), pariNamai (76, 79, 80), (jJAtavya hai ki 'samayasAra' ke isI saMskaraNa kI gAthA kramAMka 77, 78, 79 meM pariNamadi rUpa bhI milatA hai) isI prakAra ke anya mahArASTrI prAkRta ke rUpa jaise veyaI (84), kuNaI (71, 96, 289, 293, 322, 326), hoi (94, 197, 306, 349, 358), kareI (94, 237, 238, 328, 348), havaI (141, 326, 329), jANaI (185, 316, 319, 320, 361), bahai (189), sevai (197), marai (257, 290 ), ( jabaki gAthA 258 meM maradi hai), pAvai (291, 292), ghippai (296), uppajjai (308), viNassai (312, 345), dIsai (323) Adi bhI milate haiN| ye to kucha hI udAharaNa haiN| aise aneko mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kriyA-rUpa samayasAra meM upalabdha haiN| na kevala 'samayasAra' apitu 'niyamasAra', 'paJcAstikAyasAra', 'pravacanasAra' Adi kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| nahIM apitu 'niyamasAra' (120, 121, 183) Adi meMbhI "appA" zabda kA prayoga hai! 3. bArahavIM zatI meM racita vasunandIkRta 'zrAvakAcAra' (bhAratIya jJAnapITha saMskaraNa) kI sthiti to kundakunda ke ina granthoM se bhI badatara hai, usakI prArambha kI sau gAthAoM ke 40 pratizata kriyA rUpa mahArASTrI prAkRta ke haiN| isase phalita yaha hotA hai ki tathAkathita zaurasenI AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa meM to ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI apekSA bhI na kevala vaividhya hai, apitu usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA bhI vyApaka prabhAva hai, jise sudIpajI zaurasenI se paravartI mAna rahe haiN| yadi ye grantha prAcIna hote to, ina para ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI kA prabhAva kahA~ se AtA ?

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21 pro0 e0ema0 upAdhye ne pravacanasAra kI bhUmikA meM spaSTata: yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki usakI bhASA para ardhamAgadhI kA prabhAva hai| pro0 khar3abar3I ne to 'SaTkhaNDAgama' kI bhASA ko bhI zuddha zaurasenI nahIM mAnA hai| 'na'kAra aura 'Na'kAra meM kauna prAcIna? aba hama NakAra aura nakAra ke prazna para Ate haiN| bhAI sudIpajI, ApakA yaha kathana satya hai ki ardhamAgadhI meM nakAra aura NakAra donoM pAye jAte haiM; kintu digambara zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM meM sarvatra NakAra kA pAyA jAnA yahI siddha karatA hai ki jisa zaurasenI ko Apa ariSTanemI ke kAla se pracalita prAcInatama prAkRta kahanA cAhate haiM, usa NakAra pradhAna zaurasenI kA janma to IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka huA bhI nahIM thaa| 'Na' kI apekSA 'na' kA prayoga prAcIna hai| I0pU0 tRtIya zatI ke azoka ke abhilekha evaM I0pU0 dvitIya zatI ke khAravela ke zilAlekha se lekara mathurA ke zilAlekha (I0pU0 dUsarI zatI se IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka)- ina lagabhaga 80 jaina zilAlekhoM meM dantya nakAra ke sthAna para eka bhI NakAra kA prayoga nahIM hai| inameM zaurasenI prAkRta ke rUpoM yathA "Namo", "arihaMtANaM" aura "Namo vaDDamANaM' kA sarvathA abhAva hai| yahA~ hama kevala unhIM prAcIna zilAlekhoM ko uddhata kara rahe haiM, jinameM ina zabdoM kA prayoga haA hai--- jJAtavya hai ki ye sabhI abhilekhIya sAkSya jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga-2 se prastuta haiM, jo digambara jaina samAja dvArA hI prakAzita hai1. hAthIgumphA ur3IsA kA zilAlekha- prAkRta, jaina samrAT khAravela, mauryakAla 165vAM varSa, pR0-4, lekha-kramAMka 2, 'namo arahaMtAnaM, namo savasidhAna" 2. vaikuNTha svargapurI guphA, udayagiri, ur3IsA-prAkRta, mauryakAla 165vAM varSa lagabhaga I0pU0 dUsarI zatI, pR0 - 11, le0kra0 -3, 'arahantapasAdana' mathurA, prAkRta, mahAkSatrapa zoDAzake, 81 varSa kA pR0-12, kramAMka-5, 'nama aharato vadhamAnasa' mathurA, prAkRta, kAla nirdeza nahIM diyA hai; kintu je0epha0 phlITa ke anusAra lagabhaga 13-14 I0 pUrva prathama zatI kA honA caahie| pR0-15, kramAMka-9, 'namoarahato vadhamAnasya' 5. mathurA, prAkRta, sambhavataH 13-14 I0pU0 prathama zatI pR0-15 lekha kramAMka 10, 'mA arahatapUjA (ye)' mathurA, prAkRta, pR0-17, kramAMka-14, 'mA aharatAnaM (arahaMtAna) zramaNa zrAvikA (ya) 7. mathurA, prAkRta, pR0-17, kramAMka-15, 'namo arahaMtAnaM'

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22 8. 9. mathurA, prAkRta, pR0 18, kramAMka- 16, 'namo arahato mahAvirasa' mathurA, prAkRta, huviSka saMvat 39- hastistambha pR0 34, kramAMka 43, rudradAsena' arahaMtanaM pujAye / - 10. mathurA, prAkRta, bhagna, varSa 93, pR0 46, kramAMka 67, 'namo arhato mahAvirasya ' 'ayryena 11. mathurA, prAkRta, vAsudeva saM0-98, pR0 47, kramAMka 60, 'namo arahato mahAvIrasya ' 12. mathurA, prAkRta, pR0 48 9 (binA kAla nirdeza) kramAMka 71, 'namo arahaMtAnaM sihakasa' 13. mathurA, prAkRta, bhagna (binA kAla nirdeza) pR0 48, kramAMka - 72, 'namo arahaMtAnA' 14. mathurA, prAkRta, bhagna (binA kAla nirdeza) pR0 48, kramAMka 73 'namo arahaMtAna' 15. mathurA, prAkRta, bhagna (binA kAla nirdeza ), pR0 49, kramAMka- 75, 'arahaMtAna vadhamAnasya' 16. mathurA, prAkRta, bhagna, pR0 51, kramAMka 80, 'namo arahaMtANa...' zUrasena pradeza, jahA~ se zaurasenI prAkRta kA janma huA, vahA~ ke zilAlekhoM meM dUsarI, tIsarI zatI taka 'nakAra' ke sthAna para 'NakAra' evaM madhyavartI asaMyukta 'ta' ke sthAna para 'da' ke prayoga kA abhAva yahI siddha karatA hai ki digambara AgamoM evaM nATakoM kI zaurasenI kA janma IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai, jabaki 'nakAra' pradhAna ardhamAgadhI kA calana to azoka ke abhilekhoM se arthAt I0pU0 tIsarI zatI se siddha hotA hai| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama prAcIna haiM, AgamoM kA zabda-rUpAntaraNa ardhamAgadhI se zaurasenI meM huA hai na ki zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meM huA hai| digambara mAnya AgamoM kI vaha zaurasenI jisakI prAcInatA kA bar3ha-car3ha kara dAvA kiyA jAtA hai, vaha ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI donoM se hI prabhAvita hai aura na kevala bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para parantu apanI viSayavastu ke AdhAra para bhI IsA kI cauthI - pAMcavI zatI ke pUrva kI nahIM hai| yadi zaurasenI prAcInatama prAkRta hai, to phira sampUrNa deza meM IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI taka kA eka bhI abhilekha zaurasenI prAkRta meM kyoM nahIM milatA hai ? azoka ke abhilekha, khAravela ke abhilekha, baDalI kA abhilekha aura mathurA ke zatAdhika

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23 abhilekha koI bhI to zaurasenI prAkRta meM nahIM hai| ina sabhI abhilekhoM kI bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI hI hai| ata: use ardhamAgadhI to kahA jA sakatA hai; kintu zaurasenI kadApi nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| ataH prAkRtoM meM ardhamAgadhI hI prAcIna hai, kyoMki mathurA ke prAcIna abhilekhoM meM bhI namo arahaMtAnaM, namo vadhamAnasa Adi ardhamAgadhI zabda-rUpa milate haiN| zvetAmbara AgamoM evaM abhilekhoM meM Aye "arahaMtAnaM " pATha ko to 'prAkRtavidyA' meM khoTe sikke kI taraha batAyA gayA hai, isakA artha hai ki yaha pATha zaurasenI kA nahIM hai ( prAkRtavidyA, akTUbara-disambara, 1994, pR0 10-11) ataH zaurasenI usake bAda hI vikasita huI hai| zaurasenI Agama aura unakI prAcInatA jaba hama Agama kI bAta karate haiM to hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA cAhie ki 'AcArAGga' Adi dvAdazAGgI jinheM zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya paramparA Agama kahakara ullekhita karatI haiM, ve sabhI mUlataH ardhamAgadhI meM nibaddha hue haiN| cAhe zvetAmbara - paramparA meM 'nandIsUtra' meM ullekhita Agama hoM, cAhe 'mUlAcAra', 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' aura unakI TIkAoM meM yA 'tattvArtha' aura usakI digambara TIkAoM meM ullekhita Agama hoM, athavA 'aMgapaNNati' evaM 'dhavalA' ke aMga aura aMga bAhya ke rUpa meM ullekhita Agama hoM, unameM se eka bhI aisA nahIM hai, jo zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thaa| hA~! itanA avazya hai ki inameM se kucha ke zaurasenI prAkRta se prabhAvita saMskaraNa mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya lagabhaga caturtha zatI meM astitva meM avazya Aye the; kintu inheM zaurasenI Agama kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| vastutaH ye 'AcArAGga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika', 'RSibhASita' Adi zvetAmbara - paramparA meM mAnya AgamoM kehI zaurasenI saMskaraNa the, jo yApanIya-paramparA meM mAnya the aura jinake bhASika svarUpa aura kucha pATha-bhedoM ko chor3akara zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM se samarUpatA thii| inake svarUpa Adi ke sambandha meM vistRta carcA maiMne "jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya" nAmaka grantha ke tIsare adhyAya ke prArambha meM kI hai| icchuka pAThaka use vahA~ dekha sakate haiN| vastutaH Aja jinheM hama zaurasenI Agama ke nAma se jAnate haiM unameM mukhyataH nimna grantha Ate haiM a. yApanIya Agama 1. 2. 3. 4. kasAyapAhuDa, lagabhaga IsA kI cauthI zatI, guNadharAcArya - racita / SaTkhaNDAgama, IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI kA uttarArddha, puSpadanta aura bhUtabali / bhagavatI ArAdhanA, IsA kI chaThI zatI, zivArya rcit| mUlAcAra, IsA kI chaThI zatI, vaTTakera rcit|

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24 jJAtavya hai ki ye sabhI grantha mUlata: yApanIya-paramparA ke rahe haiM aura inameM anekoM gAthAe~ zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM, vizeSarUpa se niyuktiyoM aura prakIrNakoM ke samarUpa haiN| ba. kundakunda, IsA kI pAMcavIM-chaThI zatI ke lagabhaga ke antha5. samayasAra niyamasAra pravacanasAra paJcAstikAyasAra aSTapAhuDa (isakA kundakunda dvArA racita honA sandigdha hai, kyoMki isakI bhASA __ meM apabhraMza ke zatAdhika prayoga milate haiM aura isakA bhASA svarUpa bhI kundakunda kI bhASA se paravartI hai)| sa. anya grantha (IsA kI pA~cavI-chaThI zatI ke pazcAt)10. tiloyapaNNatti-yativRSabha 11. lokavibhAga 12. jambUdIpapaNNatti 13. aMgapaNNatti 14. kSapaNasAra 15. gommaTasAra (dasavIM zatI) inameM se 'kasAyapAhuDa' ko chor3akara koI bhI grantha aisA nahIM hai, jo pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kA ho| ye sabhI grantha guNasthAna siddhAnta evaM saptabhaMgI kI carcA avazya karate haiM aura guNasthAna kI carcA jaina darzana meM pA~cavIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM anupasthita hai| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM 'samavAyAMga' aura 'Avazyakaniyukti' kI do prakSipta gAthAoM ko chor3akara guNasthAna kI carcA pUrNataH anupasthita hai, jabaki 'SaTkhaNDAgama', 'mUlAcAra', 'bhagavatIArAdhanA' Adi granthoM meM aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM isakI carcA pAyI jAtI hai, ataH ye sabhI grantha unase paravartI haiN| isI prakAra umAsvAti ke 'tattvArthasUtra'-mUla aura usake svopajJa bhASya meM bhI guNasthAna kI carcA anupasthita hai, jabaki isakI paravartI TIkAe~ guNasthAna kI vistRta carcAe~ prastuta karatI haiN| umAsvAti kA kAla tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke lagabhaga hai| ata: yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna kA siddhAnta pA~cavIM zatI meM astitva meM AyA hai| ataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha koI bhI grantha, jo guNasthAna kA ullekha kara rahA hai, IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM ho sktaa| prAcIna zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM meM mAtra 'kasAyapAhuDa' hI aisA hai, jo spaSTata:

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25 guNasthAnoM kA ullekha nahIM karatA hai; kintu usameM bhI prakArAntara se 12 guNasthAnoM kI carcA upalabdha hai, ataH vaha bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI una dasa avasthAoM, jinakA ullekha 'AcArAGganiryukti' aura 'tattvArthasUtra' meM hai, se paravartI aura guNasthAna siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke saMkramaNakAla kI racanA hai, ataH usakA kAla bhI cauthI se pA~cavIM zatI ke bIca siddha hotA hai| zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA dAvA, kitanA khokhalA zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kI guNagAna isa AdhAra para bhI kiyA jAtA hai ki yaha nArAyaNa kRSNa aura tIrthaGkara ariSTanemi kI mAtRbhASA rahI hai, kyoMki ina donoM mahApuruSoM kA janma zUrasena meM huA thA aura ye zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI apanA vAk-vyavahAra karate the| DaoN0 sudIpajI ke zabdoM meM "ina donoM mahApuruSoM ke prabhAvaka vyaktitva ke mahAprabhAva se zUrasena janapada meM janmI zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA ko sampUrNa AryAvarta meM prasArita hone kA suavasara milA thaa|" (prAkRtavidyA, julAI-sitambara 1996, pR0 - 6) | yadi hama eka bAra unake isa kathana ko mAna bhI le, to prazna yaha uThatA hai ki ariSTanemi ke pUrva nami mithilA meM janme the, vAsupUjya campA meM janme the, supArzva, candraprabha aura zreyAMsa kAzI janapada meM janme the, yahI nahIM prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva aura maryAdA puruSottama rAma ayodhyA meM janme the| yaha sabhI kSetra to magadha kA hI nikaTavartI kSetra hai, ataH inakI mAtRbhASA to ardhamAgadhI rahI hogI yA aura koI dUsarI bhASA / bhAI sudIpajI ke anusAra yadi zaurasenI, ariSTanemi jitanI prAcIna hai, to phira ardhamAgadhI to RSabha jitanI prAcIna siddha hotI hai, ataH zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI prAcIna hI sAbita hotI hai| yadi zaurasenI prAcIna hotI to sabhI prAcIna abhilekha aura prAcIna Agamika grantha zaurasenI meM milate; kintu IsA kI cauthI - pA~cavIM zatI se pUrva kA koI bhI jaina grantha aura abhilekha zaurasenI meM upalabdha kyoM nahIM hotA hai ? punaH nATakoM meM bhI bhAsa ke samaya se arthAt IsA kI dUsarI zatI se hI zaurasenI ke prayoga (vAkyAMza) upalabdha hote haiN| jaba nATakoM meM zaurasenI prAkRta kI upalabdhatA ke AdhAra para usakI prAcInatA kA guNagAna kiyA jAtA hai taba maiM vinamratApUrvaka pUchanA cAhU~gA ki kyA ina upalabdha nATakoM meM koI bhI nATaka IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se pUrva kA hai? yadi nahIM to phira unheM zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA AdhAra kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? mAtra nATaka hI nahIM, ve zaurasenI prAkRta kA eka bhI aisA grantha yA abhilekha dikhA deM, jo ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura mAgadhI pradhAna azoka, khAravela Adi ke abhilekhoM se prAcIna ho / ardhamAgadhI ke atirikta jisa mahArASTrI prAkRta ko ve zaurasenI se paravartI batA rahe haiM,

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26 usameM hAla kI 'gAthAsaptazatI' I0 san kI lagabhaga prArambhika zatiyoM meM racita hai aura zaurasenI ke kisI bhI grantha se vaha lagabhaga prAcIna hai| punaH maiM DaoN0 sudIpajI ke nimna kathana kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna dilAnA cAhU~gA- ve prAkRtavidyA, julAI-sitambara 1996 meM likhate haiM ki digambaroM ke grantha usa zaurasenI prAkRta meM haiM, jisase 'mAgadhI' Adi prAkRtoM kA janma huaa| isa sambandha meM merA unase nivedana hai ki mAgadhI ke sambandha meM 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' (prAkRta prakAza, 11/2) isa kathana kI ve jo vyAkhyA kara rahe haiM, vaha bhrAntipUrNa hai aura ve svayaM bhI zaurasenI ke sambandha meM 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' ( prAkRta prakAza 12 / 2 ) isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM 'prakRtiH' kA 'janmadAtrI' aisA artha asvIkAra kara cuke haiN| isakI vistRta samIkSA hamane agrima pRSThoM meM kI hai| isake pratyuttara meM merA dUsarA tarka yaha hai ki yadi zaurasenI ke granthoM ke AdhAra para hI mAgadhI ke prAkRta AgamoM kI racanA huI ho to unameM kisI bhI zaurasenI prAkRta ke grantha kA ullekha kyoM nahIM hai ? zvetAmbara AgamoM meM ve eka bhI sandarbha dikhA deM jinameM 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', 'mUlAcAra', 'SaTkhaNDAgama', 'tiloyapaNNatti', 'pravacanasAra', 'samayasAra', 'niyamasAra' Adi kA ullekha huA ho| TIkAoM meM bhI malayagiri (terahavIM zatI) ne mAtra 'samayapAhuDa' kA ullekha kiyA hai, isake viparIta 'mUlAcAra', 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' aura 'SaTkhaNDAgama' kI TIkAoM meM evaM 'tattvArthasUtra' kI 'sarvArthasiddhi', 'rAjavArtika', 'zlokavArtika' Adi sabhI digambara TIkAoM meM (zvetAmbara ardhamAgadhI) AgamoM evaM niyuktiyoM ke ullekha milate haiN| 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' kI TIkA meM to 'AcArAGga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'kalpasUtra' tathA 'nizIthasUtra' se aneka avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| 'mUlAcAra' meM na kevala ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA ullekha hai, apitu unakI saikar3oM gAthAe~ bhI haiN| 'mUlAcAra' meM 'Avazyakaniryukti', 'AturapratyAkhyAna', 'mahApratyAkhyAna', 'candravedhyaka', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika' Adi kI aneka gAthAe~ apane zaurasenI zabda-rUpoM meM yathAvat pAyI jAtI haiN| * digambara- paramparA meM jo pratikamaNasUtra upalabdha hai, usameM 'jJAtAsUtra' ke unhIM 19 adhyayanoM ke nAma milate haiM, jo vartamAna meM zvetAmbara - paramparA ke 'jJAtAdharmakathA' meM upalabdha haiN| tArkika dRSTi se yaha spaSTa hai ki jo grantha jina-jina granthoM kA ullekha karatA hai, vaha unase paravartI hI hotA hai, pUrvavartI kadApi nhiiN| zaurasenI - Agama yA *. - isa sambandha meM maiMne jo adhyayana kiyA hai usake AdhAra para yaha bhI pUrNataH sambhAvita hai ki aise zvetAmbara aura digambara racanAoM kI gAthAoM ke mUla meM eka hI prAcIna samAna AdhAra rahA hogA aura donoM paramparAoM meM unakA bhASika svarUpa apane-apane DhaMga se badala gayA hogaa| pro0 DaoN0 e0ena0 upAdhye kA bhI yahI abhiprAya hai| - ke0 Ara0 candra

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27 Agamatulya granthoM meM yadi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke nAma milate haiM to phira zaurasenI aura usa bhASA meM racita sAhitya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM se prAcIna kaise ho sakatA hai? AdaraNIya TA~TiyAjI ke mAdhyama se yaha bAta bhI uThAyI gayI ki mUlataH Agama zaurasenI meM racita the aura kAlAntara meM unakA ardhamAgadhIkaraNa (mahArASTrIkaraNa) kiyA gyaa| yaha eka aitihAsika satya hai ki mahAvIra ke saMgha kA udbhava magadhadeza meM huA aura vahIM se vaha dakSiNI evaM uttara-pazcimI bhArata meM phailaa| ata: AvazyakatA huI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI rUpAntaraNa kI, na ki zaurasenI AgamoM ke ardhamAgadhI rUpAntara kii| satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama hI zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI meM rUpAntarita hue, na ki zaurasenI Agama ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue, ata: aitihAsika tathyoM kI avahelanA dvArA mAtra tathyahIna tarka karanA kahA~ taka ucita hogA? buddha-vacanoM kI mUla bhASA mAgadhI thI, na ki zaurasenI zaurasenI ko mUla bhASA evaM mAgadhI se prAcIna siddha karane hetu AdaraNIya pro0 nathamala TA~TiyAjI ke nAma se yaha bhI pracArita kiyA jA rahA hai ki "zaurasenI pAli bhASA kI jananI hai, yaha merA spaSTa cintana hai| pahale bauddhoM ke grantha zaurasenI meM the jinako jalA diyA gayA aura phira pAli meM likhA gyaa|" ---prAkRtavidyA, julAI-sitambara 1996, pR0 10 / ___TA~TiyAjI jaisA bauddhavidyA kA prakANDa vidvAn aisI kapola-kalpita bAta kaise kaha sakatA hai? yaha vicAraNIya hai| kyA aisA koI bhI abhilekhIya yA sAhityika pramANa upalabdha hai? jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUla buddha-vacana zaurasenI meM the| yadi aisA ho to AdaraNIya TA~TiyAjI yA bhAI sudIpajI use prastuta kareM anyathA aisI AdhArahIna bAteM karanA vidvAnoM ke liye zobhanIya nahIM hai| yaha bAta to bauddha vidvAn svIkAra karate haiM ki mUla buddha-vacana "mAgadhI' meM the aura kAlAntara meM unakI bhASA ko saMskArita karake pAli meM likhA gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jisa prakAra mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI meM kiJcit antara hai, usI prakAra 'mAgadhI' aura 'pAli' meM bhI kiJcita antara hai, vastutaH to pAli bhagavAna buddha kI mUla bhASA 'mAgadhI' kA eka saMskArita rUpa hI hai, yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha vidvAn pAli ko mAgadhI kA hI eka prakAra mAnate haiM, donoM meM bahuta antara nahIM hai| pAli bhASA saMskRta aura mAgadhI kI madhyavartI bhASA hai yA mAgadhI kA hI eka sAhityika rUpa hai| yaha to pramANa siddha hai ki bhagavAn buddha ne mAgadhI meM hI apane upadeza diye the, kyoMki unakI janmasthalI aura kAryasthalI donoM magadha aura usakA nikaTavartI pradeza hI thaa| bauddha vidvAnoM kA spaSTa mantavya hai ki mAgadhI hI buddha-vacana kI mUla bhASA hai| isa sambandha

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28 meM buddhaghoSa kA nimna kathana sabase bar3A pramANa hai sA mAgadhI mUlabhASA narAyAya aadikppikaa| brahmaNI ca assutAlApA saMbuddhA cApi bhaasre|| arthAt mAgadhI hI mUla bhASA hai, jo sRSTi ke prArambha meM utpanna huI thI aura na kevala brahmA (devatA) apitu bAlaka aura buddha (saMbuddha mahApuruSa) bhI isI bhASA meM bolate haiM (See- The preface to the Childer's Pali Dictionary) / ___ isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki mUla buddha-vacana mAgadhI prAkRta bhASA meM the| pAli usI mAgadhI kA saMskArita sAhityika rUpa hai, jisameM kAlAntara meM buddha-vacana likhe gye| vastuta: pAli ke rUpa meM mAgadhI kA eka aisA saMskaraNa taiyAra kiyA gayA, jise saMskRta ke vidvAn aura bhinna-bhinna prAntoM ke loga bhI AsAnI se samajha skeN| ata: buddha-vacana mUlata: mAgadhI meM the, na ki zaurasenI meN| bauddha tripiTaka kI pAli aura jaina AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI meM kitanA sAmya hai, yaha to 'suttanipAta' aura 'isibhAsiyAI' ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| prAcIna pAli granthoM kI evaM prAcIna ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA meM adhika dUrI nahIM hai| jisa samaya ardhamAgadhI aura pAli meM grantha racanA ho rahI thI, usa samaya taka zaurasenI eka bolI thI, na ki eka sAhityika bhASA, sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM usakA janma to IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke bAda hI huA hai| saMskRta ke pazcAt sarvaprathama sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM yadi koI bhASA vikasita huI hai to ve ardhamAgadhI evaM pAli hI haiM, na ki shaursenii| zaurasenI kA koI bhI grantha yA nATakoM ke aMza IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se pUrva kA nahIM hai jabaki pAli tripiTaka aura ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke aneka grantha I0pU0 tIsarI-cauthI zatI meM nirmita ho cuke the| 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' kA samyak artha jo vidvAn mAgadhI yA ardhamAgadhI ko zaurasenI se paravartI evaM usI se vikasita mAnate haiM ve apane kathana kA AdhAra vararuci (lagabhaga 7vIM zatI) ke prAkRta-prakAza aura hemacandra (lagabhaga 12vIM zatAbdI) ke prAkRta-vyAkaraNa ke nimna sUtroM ko banAte haiMa. 1. prakRti: zaurasenI (10/2) asyA: paizAcyAH prakRti: shaursenii| sthitAyAM zaurasenyAM paizAcI-lakSaNaM prvrtttitvym| prakRtiH zaurasenI (11/2) asyAH mAgadhyAH prakRtiH zaurasenIti vediitvym| -vararucikRta 'prAkRtaprakAza'

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zeSaM zaurasenIvat (8/4/302) mAgadhyAM yaduktaM, tatoanyacchaurasenIvad drssttvym| zeSaM zaurasenIvat (8/4/323) paizAcyAM yaduktaM, tato anyaccheSaM paizAcyAM zaurasenIvad bhvti| zaurasenIvat (8/4/446) apabhraMze prAyaH zaurasenIvat kAryaM bhvti| apabhraMzabhASAyAM prAya: zaurasenIbhASAtulyaM kArya jAyate; zaurasenIbhASAyAH ye niyamAH santi teSAM pravRttirapabhraMzabhASAyAmapi jaayte| -hemacandrakRta 'prAkRta vyAkaraNa' ata: isa prasaMga meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama sarvaprathama ina sUtroM meM 'prakRti' zabda kA vAstavika tAtparya kyA hai, ise smjheN| yadi hama yahA~ prakRti kA artha udbhava kA kAraNa mAnate haiM, to nizcita hI ina sUtroM se yaha phalita hotA hai ki mAgadhI yA paizAcI kA udbhava zaurasenI se huA; kintu zaurasenI ko ekamAtra prAcIna bhASA mAnane vAle tathA mAgadhI aura paizAcI ko usase udbhUta mAnane vAle ye vidvAn vararuci ke usa sUtra ko bhI uddhRta kyoM nahIM karate, jisameM zaurasenI kI prakRti saMskRta batAyI gayI hai, yathA- "zaurasenI- 12/1, TIkA- zUrasenAnAM bhASA zaurasenI sA ca lakSya-lakSaNAbhyAM sphuTIkriyate ityvgntvym| adhikArasUtrametadApariccheda samApteH 12/1 prakRti: saMskRtam- 12/2; TIkA- zaurasenyAM ye zabdAsteSAM prakRti: sNskRtm| -prAkRtaprakAza (12/2)" ataH ukta sUtra ke AdhAra para hameM yaha bhI svIkAra karanA hogA ki zaurasenI prAkRta saMskRta bhASA se utpanna huI hai| isa prakAra 'prakRti' kA artha udgama sthala karane para usI 'prAkRta-prakAza' ke AdhAra para yahabhI mAnanA hogA ki mUla bhASA saMskRta thI aura usI meM se zaurasenI utpanna huii| kyA zaurasenI ke pakSadhara isa satya ko svIkAra karane ko taiyAra haiM? bhAI sadIpajI, jo zaurasenI ke pakSadhara haiM aura prakRtiH zaurasenI' ke AdhAra para mAgadhI ko zaurasenI se utpanna batAte haiM, ve svayaM bhI 'prakRti: saMskRtam -prAkRta-prakAza, 12/2' ke AdhAra para yaha mAnane ko taiyAra kyoM nahIM ki 'prakRti' kA artha usase utpanna huI, aisA hai| ve svayaM likhate haiM "Aja jitane bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra upalabdha hai, ve sabhI saMskRta bhASA meM haiM evaM saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke maoNDala para nirmita haiN| ataeva unameM 'prakRti: saMskRtam' jaise prayoga dekhakara katipaya jana aisA bhrama karane lagate haiM ki prAkRta bhASA saMskRta bhASA se utpanna huI ho- aisA artha kadApi nahIM hai- prAkRtavidhA, julAI-sitambara 1996, pR0 14 / bhAI sudIpajI jaba zaurasenI kI bArI AtI hai, taba Apa 'prakRti' kA artha 'AdhAra/maoNDala' kareM aura jaba mAgadhI kA prazna Aye taba Apa 'prakRti: zaurasenI' kA artha mAgadhI zaurasenI se utpanna huI, aisA kareM- yaha doharA mApadaNDa kyoM? kyA kevala zaurasenI ko prAcIna aura

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mAgadhI ko arvAcIna batAne ke liye| vastuta: prAkRta aura saMskRta zabda svayaM hI isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki unameM mUlabhASA kauna-sI hai?" saMskRta zabda svayaM hI isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki saMskRta svAbhAvika yA mUla bhASA na hokara eka saMskArita kRtrima bhASA hai| prAkRta zabdoM evaM zabda-rUpoM kA vyAkaraNa dvArA saMskAra karake jo bhASA nirmita hotI hai use hI saMskRta kahA jA sakatA hai aura jise saMskArita na kiyA gayA ho vaha saMskRta kaise hogI? vastutaH prAkRta svAbhAvika yA sahaja bolI hai aura usI ko saMskArita karake saMskRta bhASA nirmita huI hai| isa dRSTi se prAkRta mUla bhASA hai aura saMskRta usase udbhUta huI hai| hemacandrAcArya ke pUrva namisAdhu ne rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra' kI TIkA meM prAkRta aura saMskRta zabda kA artha spaSTa kara diyA hai| ve likhate haiM sakalajagajjantunAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitasaMskAraH sahajo vacanavyApAra: prakRtiH tatra bhavaM saiva vA praakRtm| ArisavayaNe siddhaM, devANaM addhamAgahA vANI ityAdi, vacanAdvA prAk pUrvakRtaM prAkRtam, baalmhilaadisubodh-sklbhaassaa-nindhnbhuut-vcnmucyte| meghanirmuktajalamivaikasvarUpaM tadeva ca dezavizeSAt saMskAra-karaNAt ca samAsAdita-vizeSa sat sNskRtaaduttrbhedonaamnoti| - kAvyAlaGkAra TIkA, namisAdhu 2/12 ___arthAt jo saMsAra ke prANiyoM kA vyAkaraNa Adi ke saMskAra se rahita sahaja vacana vyApAra hai, usase niHsRta bhASA prAkRta hai, jo bAlaka, mahilA Adi ke liye bhI sabodha hai aura pUrva meM nirmita hone se (prAk kRta) sabhI bhASAoM kI racanA kA AdhAra hai vaha to megha se nirmukta jala kI taraha sahaja hai,usI kA deza-pradeza ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA saMskArita rUpa saMskRta aura usake vibhinna bheda arthAt vibhinna sAhityika prAkRteM haiN| satya yaha hai ki bolI ke rUpa meM to prAkRteM hI prAcIna haiM aura saMskRta unakA saMskArita rUpa hai, vastuta: saMskRta vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM ke bIca setu kA kAma karane vAlI eka sAmAnya sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM astitva meM aayii| yadi hama bhASA-vikAsa kI dRSTi se isa prazna para carcA kareM to bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki saMskRta suparimArjita, suvyavasthita aura vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para sunibaddha bhASA hai| yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki saMskRta se prAkRteM nirmita huI haiM, to hameM yahabhI mAnanA hogA ki mAnavajAti apane AdikAla meM vyAkaraNazAstra ke niyamoM se saMskArita saMskRta bhASA bolatI thI aura usI se vaha apabhraSTa hokara zaurasenI aura zaurasenI se apabhraSTa hokara mAgadhI, paizAcI, apabhraMza Adi bhASAe~ nirmita huiiN| isakA artha yaha bhI hogA ki mAnava jAti kI mUla bhASA arthAt saMskRta se apabhraSTa hote-hote hI vibhinna bhASAoM kA janma huA; kintu mAnava jAti aura mAnavIya saMskRti ke vikAsa kA vaijJAnika itihAsa isa bAta ko kabhI bhI svIkAra nahIM kregaa|

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vaha to yahI mAnatA hai ki mAnavIya boliyoM ke saMskAra dvArA hI vibhinna sAhityika bhASAe~ astitva meM AIM arthAt vibhinna boliyoM se hI vibhinna bhASAoM kA janma huA hai| vastutaH isa vivAda ke mUla meM sAhityika bhASA aura lokabhASA arthAt bolI ke antara ko nahIM samajha pAnA hai| vastuta: prAkRteM apane mUla svarUpa meM bhASAe~ na ho kara boliyA~ rahI haiM yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki prAkRta koI eka bolI nahIM, apitu bolI-samUha kA nAma hai| jisa prakAra prArambha meM vibhinna prAkRtoM arthAt boliyoM ko saMskArita karake eka sAmAnya vaidika bhASA kA nirmANa huA,usI prakAra kAlakrama meM vibhinna boliyoM ko alaga-alaga rUpa meM saMskArita karake unase vibhinna sAhityika prAkRtoM kA nirmANa huaa| ata: yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki bolI ke rUpa meM prAkRteM mUla evaM prAcIna haiM aura unhIM se saMskRta kA vikAsa eka sarvasAdhAraNa (Common) bhASA ke rUpa meM huaa| prAkRteM boliyA~ haiM aura saMskRta bhASA hai| bolI ko vyAkaraNa se saMskArita karake ekarUpatA dene se bhASA kA vikAsa hotA hai| bhASA se bolI kA vikAsa nahIM hotA hai| vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM ko Age calakara vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se saMskArita kiyA gayA to unase vibhinna sAmAnyataH sAhityika prAkRtoM (bhASAoM kA) kA janma huaa| jaise mAgadhI bolI se mAgadhI prAkRta kA, zaurasenI bolI se zaurasenI prAkRta kA aura mahArASTra kI bolI se mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vikAsa huaa| prAkRta ke mAgadhI, paizAcI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi bheda tat-tat pradezoM kI boliyoM se utpanna hue haiM, na ki kisI prAkRta vizeSa se| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki koI bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa sAtavIM zatI se pUrva kA upalabdha nahIM hai| sAtha hI sAtha unameM pratyeka prAkRta ke liye alaga-alaga maoNDala apanAye gaye haiN| vararuci ke liye zaurasenI kI prakRti saMskRta hai, jabaki hemacandra ke liye zaurasenI kI prakRti (mahArASTrI) prAkRta hai, ata: 'prakRti' kA artha Adarza yA maoNDala hai| anyathA hemacandra ke zaurasenI ke sambandha meM "zeSa prAkRtavat' (8/4/286) kA artha hogA zaurasenI mahArASTrI se utpanna huI, jo zaurasenI ke pakSadharoM ko kadApi mAnya nahIM hogaa| kyA ardhamAgadhI Agama mUlataH zaurasenI meM the? prAkRtavidyA, janavarI-mArca 1996 ke sampAdakIya meM DaoN0 sudIpajI jaina ne pro0 TA~TiyA ko yaha kahate hue prastuta kiyA hai ki "zvetAmbara jaina sAhitya kA bhI prAcIna rUpa zaurasenI prAkRtamaya hI thA, jisakA svarUpa kramaza: ardhamAgadhI ke rUpa meM badala gyaa|" isa sandarbha meM hamArA prazna yaha hai ki yadi prAcIna zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya zaurasenI prAkRta meM thA to phira vartamAna upalabdha pAThoM meM kahIM bhI zaurasenI kI mukhya vizeSatA madhyavartI asaMyukta 't' ke sthAna para 'd' kA prabhAva to dikhAyI detaa| isake viparIta hama yaha pAte haiM ki digambara-paramparA meM mAnya zaurasenI Agama sAhitya para ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vyApaka prabhAva haiM aura isa tathya kI sapramANa carcA

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32 hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| isa sambandha meM digambara- paramparA ke zIrSastha vidvAn pro0 e0ena0 upAdhye kA yaha spaSTa mantavya hai ki 'pravacanasAra' kI bhASA para zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA paryApta prabhAva hai aura ardhamAgadhI bhASA kI aneka vizeSatAe~ uttarAdhikAra ke rUpa meM isa grantha ko prApta huI haiN| isameM svara-parivartana, madhyavartI vyaJjanoM ke parivartana 'y' zruti ityAdi ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke samAna hI milate haiN| dUsare variSTha digambara- paramparA ke vidvAn pro0 khaDabaDI kA kahanA hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA zuddha zaurasenI nahIM hai| isa prakAra yahA~ eka ora digambara vidvAn isa tathya ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kara rahe haiM ki digambara AgamoM para zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA prabhAva hai vahA~ para yaha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ki zvetAmbara Agama zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue, apitu isase to yahI phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama hI zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita hue haiN| punaH ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM digambara vidvAnoM meM jo bhrAnti pracalita rahI hai usakA spaSTIkaraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| sambhavataH ye vidvAn ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ke antara ko spaSTa rUpa se nahIM samajha pAye haiM tathA sAmAnyataH ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ko paryAyavAcI mAnakara hI calate rahe haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki DaoN0 upAdhye jaise vidvAn bhI 'y' zruti ko ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa batAte haiM, jabaki vaha mUlataH mahArASTrI prAkRta kA lakSaNa hai, na ki ardhamAgadhI kA ardhamAgadhI to madhyavartI 't' yathAvat rahatA hai| yaha satya hai ki zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM kAlakrama se parivartana hue haiM aura usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kI 'yU' zruti kA prabhAva AyA hai; kintu yaha mAnanA pUrNataH mithyA hai ki zvetAmbara AgamoM kA zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntaraNa huA hai / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama hI mAthurI aura vallabhI vAcanAoM ke samaya kramazaH zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRtoM se prabhAvita hue haiN| TaoNTiyAjI jaise vidvAn isa prakAra kI mithyA dhAraNA ko pratipAdita kareM ki zaurasenI Agama hI ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue haiM, yaha vizvasanIya nahIM lagatA hai / yadi TaoNTiyAjI kA yaha kathana ki 'pAli tripiTaka aura ardhamAgadhI Agama mUlataH zaurasenI meM the aura phira pAli aura ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue yaha yadi satya hai to unheM yA sudIpajI ko isake pramANa prastuta karane caahie| vastutaH jaba kisI bolI ko sAhityika bhASA kA svarUpa diyA jAtA hai, to ekarUpatA ke liye niyama yA vyavasthA Avazyaka hotI hai aura ye niyama bhASA ke vyAkaraNa ke dvArA banAye jAte hai| vibhinna prAkRtoM ko jaba sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa diyA gayA to unake liye bhI vyAkaraNa ke niyama Avazyaka hue aura ye vyAkaraNa ke niyama mukhyata: saMskRta se gRhIta kiye gye| jaba vyAkaraNazAstra meM kisI bhASA kI prakRti batAyI jAtI hai taba vahA~ tAtparya hotA hai ki usa bhASA ke vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kA mUla Adarza kisa

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33 bhASA ke zabdarUpa mAne gaye haiM? udAharaNa ke taura para jaba hama zaurasenI ke vyAkaraNa kI carcA karate haiM to hama yaha mAnate haiM ki usake vyAkaraNa kA Adarza, apanI kucha vizeSatAoM ko chor3akara jisakI carcA usa bhASA ke vyAkaraNa meM hotI hai, saMskRta ke zabda-rUpa haiN| kisI bhI bhASA kA janma bolI ke rUpa meM pahale hotA phira bolI se sAhityika bhASA kA janma hotA hai, jaba sAhitya bhASA bana jAtI hai taba usake liye vyAkaraNa ke niyama banAye jAte haiM aura ye vyAkaraNa ke niyama jisa bhASA ke zabda-rUpoM ke AdhAra para usa bhASA ke zabda-rUpoM ko samajhAte haiN| ve hI usakI prakRti kahalAte haiN| yaha satya hai ki bolI kA janma pahale hotA hai, vyAkaraNa usake bAda banatA hai| zaurasenI athavA prAkRta kI prakRti saMskRta mAnane kA artha itanA hI hai ki ina bhASAoM ke jo bhI vyAkaraNa bane haiM ve saMskRta zabda-rUpoM ke AdhAra para bane haiN| yahA~ para bhI jJAtavya hai ki prAkRta kA koI bhI vyAkaraNa prAkRta ke likhane yA bolane vAloM ke liye nahIM banAyA gayA, apitu unake liye banAyA gayA, jo saMskRta meM likhate yA bolate the| yadi hameM kisI saMskRta ke jAnakAra vyakti ko prAkRta ke zabda yA zabdarUpoM ko samajhAnA ho to tadartha usakA AdhAra saMskRta ko hI banAnA hogA aura usI ke AdhAra para yaha samajhAnA hogA ki prAkRta kA kauna-sA zabdarUpa saMskRta ke kisI zabda se kaise niSpanna huA hai ? isalie jo bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa nirmita kiye gaye ve aparihArya rUpa se saMskRta zabdoM yA zabdarUpoM ko AdhAra mAnakara prAkRta zabda yA zabda-rUpoM kI vyAkhyA karate haiM aura saMskRta ko prAkRta kI 'prakRti' kahane kA itanA hI tAtparya hai| isI prakAra jaba mAgadhI, paizAcI yA apabhraMza kI 'prakRti' zaurasenI ko kahA jAtA hai to usakA tAtparya yahI hotA hai ki prastuta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM ina bhASAoM ke zabdarUpoM ko zaurasenI zabdoM ko AdhAra mAnakara samajhAyA gayA hai| 'prAkRtaprakAza' kI TIkA meM vararuci ne spaSTata: likhA hai- zaurasenyA ye zabdAsteSAM prakRtiH saMskRtam (12/2) arthAt zaurasenI ke jo zabda hai unakI prakRti yA AdhAra saMskRta zabda haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prAkRtoM meM tIna prakAra ke zabdarUpa milate haiM- tadbhava, tatsama aura deshj| dezaja zabda ve haiM jo kisI deza vizeSa meM kisI vizeSa artha meM prayukta rahe haiN| inake artha kI vyAkhyA ke liye vyAkaraNa kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai| tadbhava zabda ve haiM jo saMskRta zabdoM se nirmita hai| jabaki saMskRta ke samAna zabda tatsama kahalAte haiN| saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM do zabda prasiddha haiM-- prakRti aura pratyayA inameM mUla zabdarUpa ko prakRti kahA jAtA hai| mUla zabda se jo zabdarUpa banA hai vaha tadbhava hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMskRta zabda se prAkRta kA tadbhava zabdarUpa kaise banA hai, isakI vyAkhyA karatA hai| ata: yahA~ saMskRta ko 'prakRti' kahane kA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai ki tadbhava zabdoM ke sandarbha meM saMskRta zabda ko Adarza mAnakara yA maoNDala mAnakara

Page #25
34 yaha vyAkaraNa likhA hai| ataH prakRti kA artha Adarza yA maoNDala yA AdhAra hai| saMskRta zabdarUpa ko maoNDala / Adarza mAnanA isalie Avazyaka thA ki saMskRta ke jAnakAra vidvAnoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara yA unake liye hI prAkRta vyAkaraNa likhe gaye the| jaba DaoN0 sudIpajI zaurasenI ke sandarbha meM 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' kA artha maoNDala yA Adarza karate haiM to unheM mAgadhI, paizAcI Adi ke sandarbha meM 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' kA artha bhI yahI karanA cAhie ki zaurasenI kA maoNDala yA Adarza mAnakara inakA vyAkaraNa likhA haiisase yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai ki mAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM kI utpatti zaurasenI se huI hai| hemacandrAcArya ne mahArASTrI prAkRta ko AdhAra mAnakara zaurasenI, mAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM ko samajhAyA hai ataH isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai ki mahArASTrI prAkRta prAcIna hai yA mahArASTrI se mAgadhI, zaurasenI Adi utpanna huI haiN| prAcIna kauna ? ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI isa sandarbha meM TaoNTiyAjI ke nAma se yaha bhI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki "yadi vartamAna ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko hI mUla Agama sAhitya mAnane para jora deMge to isa ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA Aja se 1500 varSa pahale astitva hI nahIM hone se isa sthiti meM hameM apane Agama sAhitya ko hI 500 I0 se paravartI mAnanA pdd'egaa|" jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ mahArASTrI aura ardhamAgadhI ke antara ko na samajhate hue eka bhrAnti ko khar3A kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama to yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki AgamoM ke prAcIna ardhamAgadhI ke 'tU' madhyavartI pradhAna pATha cUrNiyoM aura aneka prAcIna pratiyoM meM Aja bhI mila rahe haiM, usase niHsandeha yaha siddha hotA hai ki mUla ardhamAgadhI meM madhyavartI 'ta' rahatA thA aura usameM lopa kI pravRtti nagaNya hI thI aura yaha ardhamAgadhI bhASA zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI se prAcIna bhI hai| yadi zvetAmbara Agama zaurasenI se mahArASTrI (jise digambara vidvAn bhrAnti se ardhamAgadhI kaha rahe haiM) meM badale gaye to phira unakI prAcIna pratiyoM meM madhyavartI 'ta' ke sthAna para 'da' kAra pradhAna pATha kyoM upalabdha nahIM ho rahe haiM jo zaurasenI kI vizeSatA hai| isa prasaMga meM DaoN0 TaoNTiyAjI ke nAma se yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki Aja bhI 'AcArAGgasUtra' Adi kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM zaurasenI ke zabdoM kI pracuratA milatI hai| maiM AdaraNIya TaoNTiyAjI se aura bhAI sudIpajI se sAgraha nivedana karU~gA ki ve AcArAGga, RSibhASita, sUtrakRtAGga Adi kI kinhIM bhI prAcIna pratiyoM meM madhyavartI 'tU' ke sthAna para 'd' pATha dikhalA deN| prAcIna pratiyoM meM jo pATha mila rahe haiM, ve ardhamAgadhI yA ArSa prAkRta ke haiM, na ki zaurasenI ke haiN| yaha eka alaga bAta hai ki kucha zabdarUpa ArSa ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI meM samAna rUpa meM milate haiN| vastutaH ina prAcIna pratiyoM meM na to madhyavartI 'tU' kA 'd' dekhA jAtA hai aura " n" ke sthAna para "N" kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai, jise vyAkaraNa meM zaurasenI kI

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35 vizeSatA kahA jAtA hai| satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA hI zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa huA hai, na ki zaurasenI AgamoM kA ardhamAgadhI ruupaantrnn| yaha satya hai ki na kevala ardhamAgadhI AgamoM para apitu zaurasenI ke Agamatulya kundakunda Adi ke granthoM para bhI mahArASTrI kI 'ya' zruti kA spaSTa prabhAva hai jise hama pUrva meM siddha kara cuke haiN| kyA pandraha sau varSoM se pUrva ardhamAgadhI bhASA evaM zvetAmbara ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA astitva hI nahIM thA? DaoN0 sudIpajI dvArA TA~TiyAjI ke nAma se uddhRta yaha kathana ki '1500 varSa pahale ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA astitva hI nahIM thA' pUrNataH bhrAnta hai| AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita jaise AgamoM ko pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne eka svara se I0pU0 tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI yA usase bhI pUrvakAla kA mAnA hai| kyA usa samaya ye Agama ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM nibaddha na hokara zaurasenI meM nibaddha the? jJAtavya hai ki madhyavatI t ke sthAna para 'd' aura 'Na'kAra kI pravRtti vAlI zaurasenI kA janma to usa samaya huA hI nahIM thA anyathA azoka aura mathurA (jo zaurasenI kI janmabhUmi hai) ke abhilekhoM meM kahIM to isa zaurasenI ke vaiziSTya vAle zabdarUpa upalabdha hone cAhie the| kyA zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha aisA eka bhI grantha hai, jo I0pU0 meM likhA gayA ho? satya to yaha hai ki bhAsa (IsA kI dUsarI zatI) ke nATakoM ke atirikta IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva zaurasenI meM nibaddha eka bhI grantha nahIM thaa| isase pratikUla mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI ke abhilekha I0pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI se upalabdha ho rahe haiN| punaH yadi ye loga jise ardhamAgadhI kaha rahe haiM use mahArASTrI bhI mAna leM to usake bhI grantha IsA kI prAthamika zatAbdiyoM ke upalabdha hote haiN| sAtavAhana hAla kI gAthAsaptazatI mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prAcIna grantha hai, sAtha hI yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki yaha IsA kI prathama se tIsarI zatI ke madhya taka racita hai| puna: yaha bhI eka saMkalana grantha hai jisameM aneka granthoM se gAthAe~ saMkalita kI gayI haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki isake pUrva bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta meM grantha race gaye the| kAlidAsa ke nATakoM jinameM bhI zaurasenI kA prAcInatama rUpa milatA hai, ve bhI IsA kI caturtha zatAbdI ke bAda ke hI mAne jAte haiN| kundakunda ke grantha spaSTa rUpa se na kevala ardhamAgadhI AgamoM se apitu paravartI 'ya' zruti pradhAna mahArASTrI se bhI prabhAvita haiM, kisI bhI sthiti meM IsA kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva ke siddha nahIM hote haiN| SaTakhaNDAgama aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM guNasthAna, saptabhaMgI Adi lagabhaga 5vIM zatI meM nirmita avadhAraNAoM kI upasthiti unheM zvetAmbara AgamoM aura umAsvAti ke tatvArthasUtra (lagabhaga caturtha zatI) se paravartI hI siddha karatI haiM, kyoMki *. dekhie, DaoN0 hIrAlAla (svayaM eka digambara vidvAn) jaina kI 'bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna', bhopAla, 1962, pR0 83

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ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM ye avadhAraNAe~ anupasthita haiN| isa sambandha meM maiMne apane grantha 'guNasthAna siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa' aura 'jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya' meM vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai| antatogatvA yahI siddha hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA yA ardhamAgadhI Agama nahIM, apitu zaurasenI bhASA IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke pazcAta aura zaurasenI Agama IsA kI 5vIM zatI ke pazcAt astitva meM aaye| acchA hogA ki bhAI sudIpajI pahale mAgadhI aura pAli tathA ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ke antara ko evaM inake pratyeka ke lakSaNoM ko tathA jaina Agamika sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAlakrama ko aura jaina itihAsa ko taTastha dRSTi se samajha leM aura phira pramANasahita apanI kalama nirbhIka rUpa se calAyeM, vyartha kI AdhArahIna bhrAntiyA~ khar3I karake samAja meM kaTutA utpanna na kreN|