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________________ jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya : eka adhyayana - DaoN. sudarzanalAla jaina* bhagavAna mahAvIra (I.pU. chaThI zatAbdI) kI artharUpa vANI se upadiSTa siddhAntoM ke pratipAdaka prAmANika prAcIna granthoM ko jainAgama ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| siddhAntaviSayaka sandeha hone para sandeha-nivAraNArtha inheM Agama prabhAva mAnA jAtA hai| gaNadhara yA zrutajJa RSiyoM ke dvArA praNIta hone se "ArSagrantha" tathA zruta paramparA se prApta hone ke kAraNa "zrutagrantha" ke rUpa meM bhI ye jAne jAte haiN| inheM pramukha rUpa se do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai -- 1. aMga praviSTa (aMga) aura 2. aMga baahy| aMga grantha ve hai jo bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sAkSAta ziSyoM (gaNadharoM) ke dvArA racita haiM tathA aMgabAhaya grantha ve haiM jo uttaravartI zrutajJa AcAryoM ke dvArA racita haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sAkSAt ziSyoM ke dvArA racita hone se aMga grantha sarvapradhAna hai| inheM bauddhoM ke "tripiTaka" kI taraha "gaNipiTaka"2 tathA brAhamaNoM ke vedoM kI taraha "veda"3 bhI kahA gayA hai| inakI saMkhyA bAraha niyata hone se inheM "dvAdazAMga"4 ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| isa taraha aMga aura aMgabAhaya sabhI grantha artharUpa se mahAvIra praNIta haiM tathA zabdarUpa se gaNadhara praNIta yA taduttaravartI zrutajJa AcAryoM ke dvArA praNIta hai| digambara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa saM.683 taka zruta paramparA calI jo kramazaH kSINa hotI gii| AgamoM ko lipibaddha karane kA koI prayatna nahIM kiyA gayA, jisase sabhI (12 aMga tathA 14 aMgabAhya ) Agama grantha lupta ho gye| itanA vizeSa hai ki ve mUla AgamoM ke naSTa ho jAne para bhI dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahaveM aMga granthAntargata pUrvo ke aMzAMza jJAtAoM dvarA (vIranirvANa 10vIM zatAbdI meM) racita SaTkhaNDAgama aura kaSAyapAhuDa' ko tathA vIranirvANa kI 14vIM zatAbdI meM racita inakI kramazaH dhavalA aura jayadhavalA TIkAoM ko Agama ke rUpa meM mAnate haiN| inake atirikta kucha anya granthoM ko bhI Agama ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra devarddhigaNikSamAzramaNa kI antima valabhIvAcanA (vIranirvANasaM. 980 ke karIba) ke samaya smati-paramparA se prApta Agama.granthoM ko saMkalita karake lipibaddha kiyA gyaa| dRSTivAda nAmaka 12vA~ aMga grantha usa samaya kisI ko yAda nahIM thA jisase usakA saMkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| phalataH usakA lopa svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| isa taraha aMgoM kI saMkhyA ghaTakara 11 raha gii| aMgabAhya Agama kitane haiM ? isa viSaya meM matabheda hai --- 1. digambara paramparA -- 14 aMgabAhaya grantha haiN| jaise -- 1. sAmAyika, 2. caturviMzatistava, 3. vandanA, 4. pratikramaNa, 5. vainayika, 6. kRtikarma, 7. dazavaikAlika, 8. uttarAdhyayana, 9. kalpavyavahAra, 10. kalpAkalpa, 11. mahAkalpa, 12. puNDarIka, 13. mahApuNDarIka aura 14. nissiddhikaa| zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra ina 14 aMgabAhaya ke bhedoM meM prathama 6 bheda chaha Avazyaka rUpa haiM, dazavakAlika aura uttarAdhyayana kA mUlasUtroM meM samAveza hai, zeSa 6 bhedoM kA antarbhAva kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha nAmaka chedasatroM meM hai| 2. sthAnakavAsI zvetAmbara paramparA -- 21 aMgabAhya grantha haiN| jaise -- 12 upAMga, 4 mUlasUtra ( uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika, nandI, anuyogadAra), 4 chedasUtra (dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha) tathA 1 aavshyk| 3. mUrtipUjaka zvetAmbara paramparA -- 34 aMgabAhya grantha haiN| jaise -- 12 upAMga, 5 chedasUtra ( paMcakalpa ko 38
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________________ jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya : eka adhyayana chor3akara), 5 mUlasUtra (uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakanandi aura anuyogadvAra), 8 anya grantha (kalpa, jItakalpa, yatijItakalpa, zrAddhajItakalpa, pAkSika, zrAmaNA, vaMdi aura RSibhASita), 30 prakIrNaka, 12 niyuktiyA~ aura vizeSAvazyaka mhaabhaassy| isa taraha zvetAmbara paramparA meM 11 aMgoM ko jor3akara sthAnakavAsI 32, mUrtipUjaka 45 tathA anya mUrtipUjaka 84 AgamoM kI mAnyatA hai| inakI racanA ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASA meM kI gaI hai jabaki digambaroM ke Agama grantha jaina zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA meM likhe gaye haiN| Agama-vibhAjana ke prakAra aMga, upAMga Adi ke rUpa meM AgamoM kA spaSTa vibhAjana sarvaprathama bhAvaprabhasUri (18vIM zatAbdI) dvArA viracita jainadharmavarastotra (zloka 30) kI svopajJa TIkA meM milatA hai| prAcIna paramparA meM AgamoM ko prathamataH Avazyaka aura Avazyakavyatirikta ke rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| isake pazcAta Avazyakavyatirikta ke kAlika aura utkAlika ye do bheda kiye gaye haiN| jinakA adhyayana kisI nizcita samaya (dina evaM rAtri ke prathama aura antima prahara) meM kiyA jAtA hai unheM kAlika aura jinakA adhyayana tadatirikta kAla meM kiyA jAtA hai unheM utkAlika kahate haiN| uttarAdhyayana Adi kAlika zruta hai, tathA dazavaikAlika Adi utkAlika / kAlika aura utkAlika kA yaha bheda kevala aMgabAhya granthoM meM thA parantu paravartIkAla meM zvetAmbaroM ne dRSTivAda ko chor3akara zeSa 11 aGaaMga ko kAlika meM ginAyA hai| dRSTivAda ko lupta mAna lene se usako na to kAlika batalAyA hai aura na utkaalik| Avazyaka meM pahale sAmAyika Adi chaH grantha the, jinakA Aja eka AvazyakasUtra meM samAveza hai| Agama granthoM kA saMkSipta paricaya aMga grantha 1. AcArAMga -- isameM vizeSa rUpa se sAdhuoM ke AcAra kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isake do zrutaskandha haiN| prathama zrRtaskandha kA nAma brahamacarya hai jisakA artha hai "saMyama" yaha zrutaskandha dvitIya zrRtaskandha se prAcIna hai| isameM zastraparijJA Adi 9 adhyayana hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha meM cAra cUlAyeM haiM jinakA 16 adhyayanoM meM vibhAjana hai| isakI paMcama cUlA "nizItha" Aja AcArAMga se pRthak grantha ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| prathama zrutaskandha ke "mahAparijJA" nAmaka samagra adhyayana kA lopa ho gayA hai, parantu usa para likhI gaI niyukti upalabdha hai| 2. sUtrakRtAMga -- isameM dhArmika upadezoM ke sAtha jainetara matAvalambiyoM ke siddhAntoM kA khaNDana hai| isake bhI do zrutaskandha haiN| prathama zrutaskandha meM 16 aura dvitIya zrutaskandha meM 7 adhyAya hai| prathama zrutaskandha prAcIna hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha prathama zrutaskandha ke pariziSTa ke samAna hai| bhArata ke dhArmika sampradAyoM kA jJAna karAne kI dRSTi se donoM zrutaskandha mahattvapUrNa haiN| 3. sthAnAMga -- isameM eka sthAnika, dvi-sthAnika Adi krama se 10 sthAnika yA adhyayana haiM jinameM eka se lekara 10 taka kI saMkhyA ke arthoM kA kathana hai| isameM vastuoM kA nirUpaNa saMkhyA kI dRSTi se kiyA jAne se yaha saMgraha pradhAna koza zailI kA grantha hai| 4. samavAyAMga -- yaha grantha bhI sthAnAMga kI zailI meM likhA gayA koza grantha hai| isameM 1 se vRddhi karate hue 100 samavAyoM kA varNana hai| eka prakIrNa samavAya hai, jisameM 100 se Age kI saMkhyAoM kA samavAya batalAyA gayA hai| anta meM 12 aMga granthoM kA paricaya bhI hai| digambaroM ke granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga kI zailI meM kucha antara thaa| 39
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________________ DaoN. sudarzanalAla jaina 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatI) -- vyAkhyAtmaka kathana hone se ise vyAkhyAprajJapti kahate haiN| pUjya aura vizAla hone se ise zvetAmbara "bhagavatI" bhI kahate haiN| yaha kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| prArambha ke 20 zataka prAcIna haiN| 6. jJAtAdharmakathA -- isake do zrutaskandha haiN| prathama zrutaskandha meM 19 adhyayana hai aura dvitIya zrutaskandha meM dharmakathAoM ke 10 varga haiN| isa kathA grantha kI mukhya aura avAntara kathAoM meM AI huI aneka ghaTanAoM se tathA vividha prakAra ke varNanoM se tatkAlIna itihAsa aura saMskRti kI jAnakArI milatI hai| 7. upAsakadazA --- isameM Ananda Adi 10 upAsakoM kI kathAyeM haiN| prAyaH sabhI kathAyeM eka jaisI hai| 8. antakRdazA -- "antakRta" zabda kA artha hai -- saMsAra kA anta karane vaale| isameM aise hI antakRtoM kI kathAyeM haiN| isameM 8 varga haiM jinameM prathama 5 varga kRSNa aura vAsudeva se sambandhita haiM, SaSTha aura saptama varga bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ziSyoM se sambandhita hai tathA aSTama varga rAjA zreNika kI kAlI Adi 10 bhAryAoM kI kathA se sambandhita hai| 9. anuttaropapAtikadazA -- (vijaya, vaijayanta, jayanta, aparAjita aura sarvArthasiddhi ke vaimAnika deva anuttara arthAt zreSTha kahalAte haiM) jo upapAda janma se anuttaroM meM utpanna hote haiM, unheM anuttaropapAtika kahate hai| aise vyaktiyoM kA isameM varNana hai| isameM tIna varga haiM jinameM 33 adhyayana haiN| ___10. praznavyAkaraNa -- isameM praznoM ke uttara (vyAkaraNa) nahIM hai apitu pA~ca AsavAra ( hiMsAdi) aura pA~ca saMvaradvAra ( ahiMsAdi) rUpa 10 adhyayana hai| 11. vipAkasUtra--vipAka kA artha hai -- "krmphl"| pAparUpa aura puNyarupa karmoM ke phaloM kA kathana hai| do zrutaskandha hai jinameM 10+10 adhyayana hai| 12. dRSTivAda -- yaha grantha lupta ho gayA hai| isameM svasamaya aura parasamaya kI sabhI prarUpaNAyeM thiiN| yaha 5 bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA -- parikarma, sUtra, pUrvagata, anuyoga aura cuulikaa| yaha vizAlakAya grantha rahA hai| pUrvo ke kAraNa isakA adhika mahattva thaa| digambara Agama granthoM (SaTkhaNDAgama aura kaSAyapAhuDa) kA udgama srota yahI grantha mAnA gayA hai| 11 aGaaMga se pRthak isakA ullekha donoM sampradAyoM meM milatA hai| aMgabAhaya -- inheM pahale prakIrNaka kahA jAtA thaa| nirayAvaliyA meM inheM upAMga bhI kahA gayA hai parantu aba ye donoM nAma dUsare artha meM rur3ha ho gaye haiN| upAMga grantha -- inakI racanA sthaviroM ne kI hai| inakA aGaaMga ke sAtha sambandha nahIM hai| ye svatantra grantha haiN| upAMga zabda kA ullekha prAcIna granthoM meM nahIM hai| 1. auSapAtika -- isameM 43 sUtra hai| campAnagarI ke varNana se grantha kA prArambha hotA hai| isakA sAMskRtika, sAmAjika aura sAhityika dRSTi se mahattva hai| isameM manuSyoM ke bhava sambandhI praznoM kA uttara dete hue bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aneka viSayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| 2. rAjapraznIya -- isameM 217 sUtra hai aura do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| isakA prArambha AmalakalpA nagarI ke varNana se hotA hai| isameM rAjA parAsI (pradezI) dvArA kiye gaye praznoM kA samAdhAna kezi mani ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai| 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama (jIvAbhigama) -- isameM 9 pratipatti (prakaraNa ) aura 272 sUtra hai jinameM jIva aura ajIva ke bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana hai| 40
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________________ jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya : eka adhyayana 4. prajJApanA -- isameM 349 sUtra hai jinameM prajJApanA, sthAna Adi 36 padoM kA varNana hai| jaise aDaaMga meM bhagavatIsUtra bar3A hai vaise hI upAMgoM meM yaha bar3A hai| 5. sUryaprajJapti -- isameM sUrya, candra aura nakSatroM kI muniyoM kA 108 sUtroM meM ( 20 pAhuDoM meM) vistAra se varNana 6. jambUdvIpaprajJapti -- isameM 7 vakSaskAra (pariccheda) hai janameM 176 sUtra hai| tIsare vakSaskAra meM bhAratavarSa aura rAjA bharata kA varNana hai| jambUdvIpa kI jAnakArI ke lie mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| 7. candraprajJapti -- isakI viSayavastu sUryaprajJapti ke samAna hai| isameM 20 prAbhRta hai| 8. nirayAvaliyA -- isameM 5 upAMga samAviSTa hai -- 1. nirayAvaliyA athavA kalpikA, 2. kalpAvataMsikA, 3. puSpikA, 4. puSpacUlikA aura 5. vRSNidazA / nirayAvaliyA (kalpikA) meM 10 adhyayana hai jinameM rAjA kUNika Adi kI kathAyeM haiN| magadha kA itihAsa jAnane ke lie yaha bahuta upayogI hai| 9. kalpAvataMsikA -- isameM 10 adhyayana haiM jinameM rAjA zreNika ke 10 pautroM ke satkarma kI kathAyeM haiN| 10. puSpikA -- isameM 10 adhyayana hai jinameM candra, sUrya aura zukra ke varNana ke sAtha anya kathAyeM haiN| 11. puSpacUlikA -- isake 10 adhyayanoM meM zrI, hI Adi kI kathAyeM haiN| 12. vRSNidazA -- isameM 12 adhyayana hai jinameM dvArakA ke rAjA kRSNa vasudeva ke varNana ke sAtha vRSNivaMzIya 12 rAjakumAroM kI kathAyeM haiN| mUlasUtra -- sAdhu jIvana ke mUlabhUta niyamoM kA upadeza hone se ye mUlasUtra kahalAte haiN| "mUlasUtra" nAma kA bhI ullekha prAcIna AgamoM meM nahIM miltaa| mUlasUtra nAmakaraNa ke viSaya meM, inakI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM tathA mUlasUtrAntargata Agama nAmoM ke viSaya meM matabheda hai| uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika ko sabhI eka svara se mUlasUtra mAnate haiN| anya nAmoM meM Avazyaka, nandi aura anuyogadvAra pramukha haiN| piNDaniyukti, oghaniyukti aura pAkSikasUtra ko bhI kucha loga mUlasUtroM meM ginate haiN| aisA ina granthoM ke mahattva ke kAraNa hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana -- yaha bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa aura prAcIna grantha hai| isameM 36 adhyayana haiM jinameM kacha AkhyAnapradhAna haiM, kucha upadezAtmaka haiM aura kucha dArzanika siddhAntoM ke pratipAdaka haiN| 2. dazavakAlika -- yaha bhI uttarAdhyayana kI taraha prAcIna aura mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM 10 adhyayana hai tathA vikAla (sandhyAkAla) meM adhyayana kiyA jAne ke kAraNa isakA nAma dazavaikAlika hai| muni kA AcAra pratipAdita karanA isakA mukhya viSaya hai| isake racayitA svayambhava haiN| 3. Avazyaka -- isameM sAmAyika Adi 6 nityakarma pratipAdaka grantha sammilita haiN| (4 - 6.) nandI aura anuyogadvAra -- ye donoM AgamoM ke pariziSTa jaise haiN| nandI dUSyagaNi ke ziSya devavAcaka kI aura anuyogadAra AryarakSita kI racanA hai| (7) oghaniyukti -- ogha kA artha hai saamaany| isameM sAdhu ke sAmAnya AcAra-vicAra kA dRSTAnta zailI meM varNana hai| yaha bhI bhadrabAhu kI racanA hai| (8) pAkSikasatra -- yaha Avazyaka kA aMga hai kyoMki isameM sAdha ke pAkSika pratikramaNa kA varNana hai|
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________________ DaoN. sudarzanalAla jaina chedasUtra -- inameM sAdhu evaM sAdhviniyoM ke prAyazcitta vidhi kA varNana hai| AgamoM ke prAcInatama aMza hone se mahattvapUrNa hai| ye saMkSipta zailI meM likhe gaye haiN| bauddhoM ke vinayapiTaka se inakI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| inakI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM matabheda hai| ye saMkhyA meM adhika se adhika chaH mAne gaye haiM aura kama se kama caar| chedasUtra jaina AcAra kI kuMjI hai tathA jaina saMskRti kI advitIya nidhi hai| 1. dazAzrutaskandha (AcAradazA) -- isameM 10 adhyayana hai| mukhyatayA yaha gadya meM hai| isake racayitA AcArya bhadrabAhu haiN| 2. bRhatkalpa (kalpasUtra) -- isameM 6 uddezaka haiM jo gadya meM likhe gaye haiN| 3. vyavahAra -- isameM 20 uddezaka haiM jisameM karIba 1500 sUtra haiN| chedasUtroM meM isakA sabase adhika mahattva hai| 5. mahAnizItha -- isameM 6 adhyayana evaM do calAyeM hai| bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se yaha prAcIna nahIM lagatA hai| vastutaH mahAnizItha naSTa ho gayA hai| upalabdha mahAnizItha (jo nizItha se choTA hai) haribhadrasUri kA uddhAra hai| 6. jItakalpa -- isake racayitA bhASyakAra jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa haiN| isameM 103 gAthAyeM haiN| kucha vidvAna isake sthAna para paMcakalpa nAma dete haiN| prakIrNaka -- prakIrNaka kA artha hai vividh| inakI saMkhyA hajAroM meM hai, parantu klabhIvAcanA meM 10 prakIrNakoM ko mAnyatA dI gaI thii| vartamAna meM mukhya rUpa se 10 prakIrNaka mAne jAte haiN| yadyapi inake nAmoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai phira bhI nimna 10 prakIrNaka pramukha hai jo mUrtipUjakoM ko vizeSa rUpa se mAnya hai -- 1. catuHzaraNa (kuzalAnubaMdhi ayayayana ) -- isameM 63 gAthAyeM hai| isameM arahaMta, siddha sAdhu aura kevalikathita dharma ko zaraNa mAnA gayA hai| ataH ise catuHzaraNa kahate haiN| 2. AturapratyAkhyAna (antakAla prakIrNaka) -- isameM 70 gAthAyeM tathA kucha gadya bhAga hai| isameM bAlamaraNa aura paNDitamaraNa kA vivecana hai| 3. mahApratyAkhyAna -- isameM 142 gAthAoM dvArA pratyAkhyAna (tyAga) kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 4. bhaktaparizA -- isameM 172 gAthAoM dvArA bhaktaparijJA nAmaka maraNa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 5. tandulavaicArika -- isameM 139 gAthAyeM tathA kucha sUtra hai| isameM nArI jAti ke viSaya meM tathA garbha ke viSaya meM varNana hai| 100 varSa kI Ayu vAlA manuSya kitanA tandula (cAvala) khAtA hai, isakA vicAra hone se isakA nAma tandulavaicArika par3a gayA hai| 6. saMstAraka -- isameM 123 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM mRtyu ke samaya apanAne yogya saMstAraka (tRNa Adi kI zayyA) kA mahattva varNita hai| 7. gacchAcAra -- isameM 137 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM gaccha (samUha) meM rahane vAle sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai| yaha mahAnizItha, kalpa (bRhatkalpa) tathA vyavahArasUtra ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai| 8. gaNividyA --- isameM 82 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM jyotiSa, vidyA kA varNana hai| 9. devendrastava -- isameM 307 gAthAoM dvarA 32 devendroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 10. maraNasamAdhi (maraNavibhakti) --- isameM 663 gAthAyeM haiN| isameM samAdhimaraNa kA 14 dvAroM meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 42
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________________ jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya : eka adhyayana noTa :-- zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka gacchAdhAra aura maraNasamAdhi ke sthAna para nimna do prakIrNaka mAnate hai-- 11. candravedhyaka -- isameM 175 gAthAyeM hai| candravedhyaka kA artha hai -- rAdhAveda / isameM "mRtyu ke samaya thor3A bhI pramAda nahIM karanA cAhie" isakA varNana hai| 12. vIrastava -- isameM 43 gAthAoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI stuti hai| kucha anya prakIrNakoM ke nAma hai -- tIrthodgAlika, ajIvakalpa, ArAdhanApatAkA, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, jyotiSkaraNDaka, aMga vidyA, piNDavizuddhi, tithiprakIrNaka, sArAvali, paryantaArAdhanA, jIvavibhakti, kavacaprakaraNa, yoniprAbhUta aadi| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya mUla Agama granthoM ke rahasya kA udghATana karane ke lie vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya likhA gyaa| inameM granthakAra grantha ke gUDhArtha ko prakAzita karane ke sAtha-sAtha apanI mAnyatA kI bhI pratisthApanA karate haiN| kaI vyAkhyA grantha to itane prasiddha aura mahattvapUrNa ho gaye ki unheM mUla Agama granthoM meM milA liyA gyaa| isase vyAkhyA sAhitya kA mahattva prakaTa hotA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti, kalA, purAtatva, darzana, itihAsa, sAhitya Adi kaI dRSTiyoM se inakA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| isa vyAkhyA sAhitya ko 5 bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai -- 1. niyukti (nijjuti)-- prAkRta bhASA meM padyabaddha vyaakhyaa| 2. bhASya (bhAsa) --prAkRta bhASA meM padyabaddha vyaakhyaa| 3. cUrNi (cuNNi) --saMskRta-prAkRta mizrita gadyAtmaka vyaakhyaa| 4. saMskRta ttiikaayeN| 5. lokabhASA meM racita ttiikaayeN| inake atirikta AgamoM ke viSayoM kA saMkSepa meM paricaya dene vAlI saMgrahaNiyA~ bhI bahuta prAcIna hai| paMcakalpamahAbhASya ke ullekhAnusAra saMgrahaNiyoM kI racanA Arya kAlaka ne kI hai| pAkSikasUtra meM bhI saMgrahaNI kA ullekha milatA hai| niyuktiyA~ inameM pratyeka pada kA vyAkhyAna na karake vizeSa rUpa se pAribhASika zabdoM kA vyAkhyAna hai| inakI vyAkhyAna zailI nikSepa paddhati ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| isa zailI meM kisI eka pada ke kaI sambhAvita artha karane ke bAda unameM se aprastuta artha kA niSedha karake prastuta (prAsaMgika) artha kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| ataH zabdArtha nirNaya (nizcaya) kA nAma niyukti hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM AcArya bhadrabAhu (gAthA 88) ne spaSTa likhA hai ki eka zabda ke kaI artha hote haiM, unameM se kauna sA artha kisa prasaMga ke lie upayukta hai, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezakAla meM kisa zabda se kauna sA artha sambaddha rahA hai, Adi bAtoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara samyak artha nirNaya tathA mUlasUtra ke zabdoM ke sAtha sambandha sthApita karanA niyukti kA uddezya hai| isa taraha pAribhASika zabdoM kI suspaSTa vyAkhyA karanA niyuktiyoM kA prayojana hai| itihAsa, darzana, saMskRti, bhUgola, bhASAvijJAna Adi dRSTiyoM se inakA adhyayana kaI mahattvapUrNa sUcanAoM ko dene vAlA hai| ye padyAtmaka haiM tathA prAkRta bhASA meM likhI gaI haiN| inakA racanAkAla vi.saM. 500-600 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| inake prasiddha racayitA hai -- AcArya bhadrabAhu (dvitiiy)| inhoMne nimna dazaniyuktiyoM ko likhA hai-- 1. Avazyakaniyukti -- yaha AcArya bhadrabAhu kI prathama kRti hai| AvazyakasUtra kI yaha niyukti anya niyuktiyoM kI apekSA ati mahattvapUrNa hai| isakA prArambhika upodghAta sabase mahattvapUrNa aMza hai| isa niyukti para jinabhadra, 43
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________________ DaoN. sudarzanalAla jaina jinadAsagaNi Adi ne vividha TIkAyeM likhIM hai| bhinna-bhinna vyAkhyAoM meM isakI gAthA saMkhyA bhinna-bhinna hai / mANikyazekhara kI dIpikATIkA meM isa niyukti kI 1615 gAthAyeM haiN| kahIM-kahIM jinabhadrakRta vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI gAthAyeM bhI niyukti gAthAoM meM milI huI haiN| isameM puSpa, dhAnya, ratna, catuSpada Adi padoM ke vyAkhyAna se vividha viSayoM kI 2. dazavaikAlikaniryukti samyak jAnakArI milatI hai| 3. uttarAdhyayananiyukti isameM vividha padoM kI niyukti ke prasaMga meM aMga kI vyAkhyA karate hue gaMdhAga, auSadhAMga, madyAMga, zarIrAMga, yuddhAMga Adi ke bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana hai| satraha prakAra ke maraNa kI bhI vyAkhyA hai| 4. AcArAMganiryukti isake prArambha meM AcArAMga kA aDaaMga meM prathama sthAna mAne jAne kA hetu batalAyA gayA hai / anta meM "AcArAMga kI paMcama cUlA nizItha kI niyukti bAda meM karU~gA" kahakara use chor3a diyA hai| 5. sUtrakRtAMganiryukti isameM sUtrakRtAMga zabda kA vivecana karate hue gAthA, puruSa, samAdhi, AhAra Adi vividha padoM kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| 6. dazAzrutaskandhaniryukti -- isameM samAdhi, sthAna, citta, paryUSaNA, moha Adi padoM kI niyuktiyA~ haiM / 7. bRhatkalpaniyukti isameM bhASya gAthAyeM mizrita ho gaI haiN| isameM tAla, nagara, rAjadhAnI, upAzraya, carma, maithuna Adi kI mahattvapUrNa niyuktiyA~ haiN| bIca-bIca meM dRSTAntarUpa kathAnaka bhI haiN| -- 111 8. vyavahAraniyukti -- isameM bhI bhASya gAthAyeM mizrita ho gaI haiN| yaha bRhatkalpa kI pUraka rUpa niryukti hai| isameM sAdhuoM ke AcAra-vicAra se sambandhita padoM kI saMkSipta vivecanA hai| -- 9. sUryaprajJaptiniyukti - anupalabdha hai| 10. RSibhASitaniyukti - anupalabdha hai| oghaniyukti, piNDaniryukti, paMcakalpaniryukti aura nizIthaniryukti kramazaH dazavaikAlikaniryukti, bRhatkalpaniryukti aura AcArAMganiryukti kI pUraka haiM / saMsaktaniyukti paravartI kisI anya AcArya kI racanA hai| govindAcArya kI govindaniyukti anupalabdha hai| oghaniryukti aura piNDaniryukti ko mUlasUtroM meM bhI ginAyA jAtA hai / bhASya * niyuktiyoM ke saMkSipta tathA gUr3ha hone se unakA vistAra se vicAra karane hetu tathA gUDhArtha ke rahasya ko prakaTa karane ke lie bhASya likhe ge| jisa taraha pratyeka Agama grantha para niyukti nahIM likhI jA sakI, usI prakAra pratyeka niyukti para bhASya bhI nahIM likhe jA ske| kucha bhASya to niyuktiyoM para hai parantu kucha bhASya mUlasUtroM para bhI hai| isa bhASya sAhitya kA kaI dRSTiyoM se ati mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| kucha bhASya bahuta vistRta hai tathA kucha bhASya bahuta saMkSipta haiN| ye bhASya bhI niryuktiyoM kI taraha padyAtmaka zailI meM prAkRta bhASA meM likhe gae haiN| jisase kahIM-kahIM bhASya gAthAyeM niyukti gAthAoM meM mila gaI haiN| bhASyakAra ke rUpa meM jinabhadragaNi aura saMghadAsagaNi prasiddha haiN| vizeSAvazyakabhASya aura jItakalpabhASya saMghadAsagaNi kI racanAyeM haiN| sambhavataH saMghadAsagaNi A. jinabhadra ke pUrvavartI haiN| anya bhASyakAroM kI spaSTa jAnakArI nahIM milatI hai| pramukha 10 Agama granthoM ke bhASya nimna haiM- -- -- 1. AvazyakabhASya AvazyakasUtra para tIna bhASya likhe gae haiN| mUlabhASya, bhASya aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya / prathama do bhASya atyanta saMkSipta haiM aura unakI gAthAyeM vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM mila gaI haiN| yaha vizeSAvazyakabhASya 44
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________________ jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya : eka adhyayana pUre AvazyakasUtra para na hokara kevala prathama sAmAyika Avazyaka para hai| isameM 3603 gAthAyeM haiN| jainAgama ke prAyaH sabhI viSayoM kI carcA isa bhASya meM hai| isameM jaina siddhAntoM kA vivecana dArzanika paddhati se kiyA gayA hai jisase jainetara dArzanikoM kI bhI mAnyatAoM kA jJAna isase hotA hai| digambaroM kI kevaladarzana aura kevalajJAna ke yugapad upayoga kI mAnyatA kA isameM khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| 2. dazavaikAlikabhASya -- isameM 63 gAthAyeM haiN| 3. uttarAdhyayanabhASya -- isameM 45 gAthAyeM haiN| 4. bahatkalpabhASya -- bahatkalpa para do bhASya hai -- laghu aura bRhat / laghubhASya meM 6400 gAthAyeM haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI dRSTi se isa laghubhASya kA atimahattva hai| jainazramaNoM ke AcAra kA sUkSma aura tarkasaMgata vivecana isakI vizeSatA hai| brahata-bhASya pUrNa upalabdha nahIM hai| 5. paMcakalpamahAbhASya -- isameM 2574 gAthAyeM haiN| yaha pA~ca kalpoM meM vibhakta paMcakalpaniyukti kA vyAkhyAna rUpa hai| pravajyA ke yogya aura ayogya vyaktiyoM kA, sAdhuoM ke vicaraNa ke yogya Arya kSetra kA bhI isameM varNana hai| 6. vyavahArabhASya -- isameM 4629 gAthAyeM haiM jinameM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai| 7. nizIthabhASya -- isameM lagabhaga 6500 gAthAyeM haiN| 8. jItakalpabhASya -- isameM 2606 gAthAyeM haiN| isameM bRhatkalpa, laghubhASya Adi kI kaI gAthAyeM akSarazaH uddhRta haiN| isameM prAyazcitta ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kA pramukha rUpa se vivecana hai| 9. oghaniyuktibhASya -- isa para do bhASya hai -- laghu evaM bRht| donoM meM kramazaH 322 aura 2517 gAthAyeM haiN| donoM meM ogha, piNDa, vratAdi kA vicAra hai| 10. piNDaniyuktibhASya -- isameM piNDa, AdhAkarma Adi kA 46 gAthAoM meM varNana hai| cUrNiyA~ jainAgamoM para prAkRta athavA saMskRta mizrita prAkRta meM gadyAtmaka zailI meM jo vyAkhyAyeM likhIM gaIM unheM cUrNiyA~ kahate haiN| isa taraha kI cUrNiyA~ Agametara sAhitya para bhI likhI gaI haiN| carNikAra jinadAsagaNimahattara (vi.saM. 650-750) paramparA se nizIthavizeSacarNi, nandIcarNi. anayogadAracarNi. AvazyakacarNi. dazavaikAlikacarNi. uttarAdhyayanacUrNi tathA sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi ke kartA mAne jAte haiN| inake jIvana se sambandhita vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM milatI hai| jainAgamoM para likhI gaI pramukha cUrNiyA~ nimna haiM -- 1. AcArAMgacUrNi (niyuktyanusArI), 2. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi (niyuktyanusArI saMskRta prayoga) apekSAkRta adhika hai, 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti yA bhagavatIcUrNi, 4. jIvAbhigamacUrNi, 5. nizIthacUrNi ( isa para do cUrNiyA~ haiM parantu upalabdha eka hI hai, nizIthavizeSacUrNi kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai), 6. mahAnizIthacUrNi, 7. vyavahAracUrNi, 8. dazAzrutaskandhacUrNi, 9. bRhatkalpacUrNi (do cUrNiyA~ haiM), 10. pacakalpacUrNi, 11. oghaniyukticUrNi, 12. jItakalpacUrNi (isa para do cUrNiyA~ haiM parantu upalabdha eka hI hai| upalabdha cUrNi ke kartA siddhasenasUri haiN| yaha sampUrNa prAkRta meM hai), 13. uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, 14. AvazyakacUrNi (isameM aitihAsika vyaktiyoM ke kathAnakoM kA saMgraha hai), 15. dazavaikAlikacUrNi (isa para do cUrNiyA~ haiN| eka agastyasiMha kI hai aura dUsarI jinadAsakRta hai), 17. nandIcUrNi ( yaha saMkSipta aura prAkRta bhASA pradhAna hai| mukhyarUpa se jJAna-svarUpa kI carcA hai), 18. anuyogadvAracUrNi (isa para do carNiyA hai| eka ke kartA bhASyakAra jinabhadragaNi haiM aura dUsare ke cUrNikAra jinadAsagaNi), 19. jambadIpaprajJapticarNi aadi| 45
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________________ DaoN. sudarzanalAla jaina saMskRta TIkAyeM saMskRta ke prabhAva ko dekhate hue jainAcAryoM ne jainAgamoM para kaI nAmoM se saMskRta vyAkhyAyeM likhIM haiN| inakA bhI Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| saMskRta vyAkhyAkAroM ne niyuktiyoM, bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM kA upayoga karate hue naye-naye takoM ke dvArA siddhAnta pakSa kI puSTi kI hai| jainAgama para sabase prAcIna saMskRta TIkA AcArya jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa kRta vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI svopajJavRtti hai| TIkAkAroM meM haribhadrasari, zIlAMkasUri, vAdivetAlazAntisUri, abhayadevasUri, malayagiri, maladhArI hemacandra Adi prasiddha haiN| kucha ajJAta TIkAkAra bhI haiN| jJAtanAmA TIkAkAra bhI bahuta haiN| lokabhASAracita TIkAyeM -- hindI, gujarAtI, aMgrejI Adi loka-bhASAoM meM bhI vipula TIkAyeM likhI gaI haiN| samIkSAtmaka zodha-prabandhoM ke dvArA bhI AgamoM ke rahasya ko ina loka bhASAoM dvArA udghATita kiyA gayA hai| inakA bhI kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isa taraha jainAgama aura usakA vyAkhyA sAhitya na kevala jainoM kI amUlya nidhi hai apitu bhAratIya sabhyatA, saMskRti, itihAsa, darzana Adi kI bhI amUlya nidhi hai| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI inakA bar3A mahattva hai| yadi Aja yaha sAhitya hamAre pAsa upalabdha na hotA to hama andhakAra meM par3e rhte| 46
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________________ jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya : eka adhyayana sandarbha-grantha 1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 31. 2. samavAyAmasUtra, bhAga 1, pR. 136. 3. prAkRta sAhitya bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR. 44. vahI, 5. nandIsUtra 43; tatvArthavArtika 1,20,13 Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 92. SaTkhaNDAgama -- yaha 16 bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai| isake jIvaTThANa, khudAbaMdha, baMdhasAmittaviSaya, vedanA, vagaNA aura mahAbandha ye 6 khaNDa hai, ataH ise SaTkhaNDAgama kahate haiN| isakA udgama srota dRSTivAda ke dvitIya pUrva AgrAyaNIya ke cayanalabdhi nAmaka 5veM adhikAra ke cauthe pAhuDa karmaprakRti ko mAnA jAtA hai| lekhaka haiM AcArya dhrsen| isa para AcArya vIrasena ne dhavalATIkA likhI hai| mahAbandha nAmaka chaThA khaNDa apanI vizAlatA ke kAraNa pRthaka grantha ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai| kasAyapAhaDa -- yaha 16 bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai| isameM rAga (pejja) aura deSa kA nirUpaNa hai| racanAkAra haiM AcArya guNadhara jo dRSTivAda ke 5veM jJAnapravAda pUrva ke 10veM vastu ke usare kaSAyaprAbhUta ke pAragAmI the| yahI aMza isakA udgama srota hai| isa para jayadhavalATIkA AcArya vIrasena aura jinasena ne likhI hai| AcArya yativRSabha ne cUrNi likhI hai| 7. *rIDara, saMskRta vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 47