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________________ jJAtAmakathA kI sAMskRtika virAsata prophesara gregasumana jaina jAtAdharmakathA sUtra meM aitihAsika kathAnakoM evaM kAlpanika dRSTAntoM ke mAdhyama se sAdhanA meM dadatA ko prabhAvI preraNA milatI hai| isameM sAskRtika dRSTi se bhASA lipi. kalA, vyApAra, rIti-rivAja Adi ke saMbaMdha meM bhI prabhUta sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| prAkRta evaM jaina dharma-darzana ke pratiSThita vidvAn DaoN. premasumna jI. udayapura ne apane Alekha meM jAtadharmakadhA sUtra ke sAMskRtika mahatva ko ujAgara kiyA hai| sampAdaka prAkRta bhASA ke prAcIna granthoM meM ardhamAgadhI meM likhita aMgagrantha prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti aura ciMtana ke kramika vikAsa ko jAnane ke lie mahatvapUrNa sAdhana haiN| aMga granthoM meM jJAtAdharmakathA kA viziSTa mahattva hai| kathA aura darzana kA yaha saMgama grantha hai| isa grantha ke nAma meM bhI isakA viSaya aura mahatva chipA huA hai| udAharaNa pradhAna dhargakathAoM kA yaha pratinidhi grantha hai| jJAtaputra bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dharma kathAoM ko prastuna karane vAlA isa grantha kA nAma jJAtAdharmakathA sArthaka hai| vidvAnoM ne anya dRSTiyoM se bhI isa grantha ke nAmakaraNa kI samIkSA kI hai| dRSTAnta evaM dharma kathAe~ Agama granthoM meM kathA-tattva ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se jJAtAdharmakathA meM paryApta sAmagrI hai| isameM vibhinna dRSTAnta evaM dharma kathAeM haiM, jinake mAdhyama se jaina tattva darzana ko sahaja rUpa meM janamAnasa taka pahuMcAyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA Agamika kathAoM kA pratinidhi grantha hai| isameM kathAoM kI vividhatA hai aura praur3hatA bhii| meghakumAra, thAvaccAputra, mallI tathA draupadI kI kathAe~ aitihAsika vAtAvaraNa prastuta karatI haiN| pratibuddharAjA, arhannaka vyApArI, rAjA rUkmI, svarNakAra kI kathA, citrakAra kathA. cokhA parivrAjikA Adi kathAe~ mallI kI kathA kI avAntara kathAe~ haiN| mUlakathA ke sAtha avAntara kathA kI paramparA kI jAnakArI ke lie jJAtAdharmakathA AdhArabhUta srota hai| ye kathAe~ kalpanA--pradhAna evaM soddezya haiN| isI taraha jinapAla evaM jinarakSita kI kathA, tetalIputra kathA, suSamA kI kathA evaM puNDarIka kathA kalpanA pradhAna kathAe~ haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA meM dRSTAnta aura rUpaka kathAeM bhI haiN| mayUroM ke aNDoM ke dRSTAnnA se zraddhA aura dhairya ke phala ko prakaTa kiyA gayA haiN| do kachuoM ke udAharaNa se saMyamI aura asayamI sAdhaka ke pariNAmoM ko upasthita kiyA gayA hai| tumbe ke dRSTAnta se karmavAda ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| dAvadrava nAmaka vRkSa ke udAharaNa dvArA ArAdhaka aura virAdhaka ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| ye dRSTAnta kathAe~ paravartI sAhitya ke lie preraNA pradAna karatI haiN| isa grantha meM kucha rUpaka kathAe~ bhI haiN| dUsare adhyayana kI kathA dhannA sArthavAha evaM vijaya cora kI kathA hai| yaha AtmA aura zarIra ke saMbaMdha kA
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________________ jJAtAdharmakathA kI sAMskRtika virAsata- rUpaka hai| sAtaveM adhyayana kI rohiNI kathA pAMca vratoM kI rakSA aura vRddhi ko rUpaka dvArA prastuta karatI hai| udakajAta nAmaka kathA saMkSipta hai| kintu isameM jala-zuddhi kI prakriyA dvArA eka hI padArtha ke zubha evaM azubha donoM rUpoM ko prakaTa kiyA gayA hai / anekAnta ke siddhAnta ko samajhAne ke lie yaha bahuta upayogI hai| nandIphala kI kathA yadyapi ardha kathA hai, kintu isameM rUpaka kI pradhAnatA hai| samudrI azvoM ke rUpaka dvArA lubhAvane viSayoM ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| chaThe adhyayana meM karmavAda jaise guru gaMbhIra viSaya ko rUpaka ke dvArA spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| gaNadhara gautama kI jijJAsA ke samAdhAna meM bhagavAna ne tUbe ke udAharaNa se isa bAta para prakAza DAlA ki miTTI ke lepa se bhArI banA huA tUMbA jala meM magna ho jAtA hai aura lepa haTane se vaha puna: tairane lagatA hai| vaise hI karmoM ke lepa se AtmA bhArI banakara saMsAra sAgara meM DUbatA hai aura usa lepa se mukta hokara Urdhvagati karatA hai| dasaveM adhyayana meM candra ke udAharaNa se pratipAdita kiyA hai ki jaise kRSNapakSa meM candra kI cAru candrikA maMda aura maMdatara hotI jAtI haiM aura zukla pakSa meM vahI candrikA abhivRddhi ko prApta hotI hai vaise hI candra ke sadRza karmoM kI adhikatA se AtmA kI jyoti maMda hotI hai aura karma kI jyoM-jyoM nyUnatA hotI hai tyoM-tyoM usakI jyoti adhikAdhika jagamagAne lagatI hai| jJAtAdharmakathA pazukathAoM ke lie bhI udgama grantha mAnA jA sakatA haiN| isa eka hI grantha meM hAthI, azva, kharagoza, kachue, mayUra, meMDhaka, siyAra Adi ko kathAoM ke pAtroM ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| meruprabha hAthI ne ahiMsA kA jo udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai, vaha bhAratIya kathA sAhitya meM anyatra durlabha hai / jJAtAdharmakathA ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM yadyapi 206 sAdhviyoM kI kathAe~ haiM, kintu unake DhAMce, nAma, upadeza Adi eka se haiN| kevala kAlI kI kathA pUrNa kathA hai| nArI kathA kI dRSTi se yaha kathA mahattvapUrNa hai / ' jJAtAdharmakathA meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke vibhinna pakSa aMkita hue haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAoM, kAvyAtmaka prayogoM, vibhinna kalAoM aura vidyAoM, sAmAjika jIvana aura vANijya vyApAra Adi ke saMbaMdha meM isa grantha meM aise vivaraNa upalabdha haiM jo prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa meM abhinava prakAza DAlate haiN| isa grantha ke sUkSma sAMskRtika adhyayana kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne isa dizA meM kArya bhI kiyA hai, jo Age ke adhyayana ke lie sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| yahA~ saMkSepa meM grantha meM aMkita katipaya sAMskRtika binduoM ko ujAgara karane kA prayatna hai| bhASA aura lipi isa grantha meM pramukha rUpa se ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA prayoga huA hai| kintu sAtha hI anya prAkRtoM ke tattva bhI isameM upalabdha haiN| dezI zabdoM kA
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________________ 180 jinavANI- jainAgama - sAhitya vizeSAGka prayoga isa grantha kI bhASA ko samRddha banAtA hai| isa grantha prastuta kathAoM ke mAdhyama se yaha tathya bhI sAmane AtA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM sampanna aura saMskArita vyakti ke lie bahubhASAvid honA gaurava kI bAta hotI thI / meghakumAra ko vividha prakAra kI aThAraha dezI bhASAoM kA vizArada kahA gayA hai| ye aThAraha dezI bhASAeM kaunasI thIM, isa bAta kA jJAna AThavIM zatAbdI ke prAkRta grantha kuvalayamAlA ke vivaraNa se patA calatA hai| yadyapi aThAraha lipiyoM ke nAma vibhinna prAkRta granthoM meM prApta ho jAte haiN| ina lipiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM AgamaprabhAkara puNyavijayajI ma.sA. kA yaha abhimata thA ki inameM anekoM nAma kalpita haiN| ina lipiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM abhI taka koI prAcIna zilAlekha bhI upalabdha nahIM huA hai, isase bhI yaha pratIta hotA hai ki ye sabhI lipiyAM prAcIna samaya meM hI lupta ho gaI. yA ina lipiyoM kA sthAna brAhmIlipi ne le liyA hogaa| kuvalayamAlA meM udyotanasUri ne golla, madhyapradeza, magadha, antarvedi, kIra, Dhakka, sindhu, marU, gurjara, lATa, mAlavA, karnATaka, tAiya (tAjika), kozala, marahaTa aura Andhra ina solaha bhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| sAtha hI solaha gAthAoM meM una bhASAoM ke udAharaNa bhI prastuta kiye haiN| DaoN. e. mAsTara kA sujhAva hai ki ina solaha bhASAoM meM aur3a aura drAviDI bhASAe~ milA dene se aThAraha bhASAe~ ho jAtI haiM, jo dezI haiN| kalA aura dharma jJAtAdharmakathA meM vibhinna kalAoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha bhI mahattvapUrNa hai / 72 kalAoM kA yahA~ ullekha hai, jisakI paramparA paravartI prAkRta granthoM meM bhI prApta haiN| ina kalAoM meM se aneka kalAoM kA vyAvahArika prayoga bhI isa grantha ke vibhinna varNanoM meM prApta hotA hai| malli kI kathA meM utkRSTa citrakalA kA vivaraNa prApta hai| citrazAlAoM ke upayoga bhI samAja meM pracalita the| jJAtAdharmakathA dharma aura darzana-pradhAna grantha hai | isameM vibhinna dhArmika siddhAntoM aura dArzanika matoM kA vivecana bhI hai| samAja meM aneka matoM ko mAnane vAle dhArmika pracAraka hote the, jo vyApAriyoM ke sAtha vibhinna sthAnoM kI yAtrA kara apane siddhAntoM kA pracAra karate the| dhanya sArthavAha kI samudrayAtrA ke samaya aneka parivrAjaka unake sAtha gae the| yadyapi ina parivrAjikoM ke nAma evaM pahacAna Adi anya granthoM se prApta hotI hai / brAhmaNa aura zramaNa jaise dhArmika santa unameM pramukha the| Age calakara aise dhArmika pracArakoM kI eka sthAna para rAjA ke samakSa apane-apane matoM kI parIkSA bhI pracalita ho gaI thii| dhArmika dRSTi se jJAnAdharmakathA meM vaidika paramparA meM pracalita zrIkRSNa kathA kA bhI vistAra se varNana huA hai| zrIkRSNa. pAMDava, draupadI Adi pAtroM ke saMskArita jIvana ke aneka prasaMga varNita haiN| isa
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________________ jJAtAdharmakathA kI sAMskRtika virAsata 181 " grantha meM pahalI bAra zrIkRSNa ke narasiMharUpa kA varNana hai, jabaki vaidika granthoM meM viSNu kA narasiMhAvatAra pracalita hai| samAja sevA aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa isa grantha ke dhArmika vAtAvaraNa meM bhI samAja sevA aura paryAvaraNasaraMkSaNa ke prati sampanna parivAroM kA rujhAna dekhane ko milatA hai| rAjagRha ke nivAsI nanda maNikAra dvArA eka aisI vApI kA nirmANa karAyA gayA thA jo samAja ke sAmAnya varga ke lie sabhI prakAra kI sukha-suvidhAeM upalabdha karAtI thii| vartamAna yuga meM jaise sampanna loga zahara se dUra vADI kA nirmANa karAte haiM usI kI yaha puSkaraNI vApikA thii| usake cAroM ora manoraMjana pArka the| unameM vibhinna kalAdIrghAeM aura manoraMjana zAlAeM thii| rAhagIroM aura rogiyoM ke lie cikitsA kendra bhI the| isa prakAra kA vivaraNa bhale hI dhArmika dRSTi se Asakti kA kAraNa rahA ho, kintu samAja sevA aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa ke lie preraNA thA / jJAtAdharmakathA meM prApta isa prakAra ke sAMskRtika vivaraNa tatkAlIna unnata samAja ke paricAyaka haiN| inase vibhinna prakAra ke vaijJAnika prayogoM kA bhI patA calatA hai| cikitsA ke kSetra meM solaha pramukha mahArogoM aura unakI cikitsA ke vivaraNa Ayurveda ke kSetra meM naI jAnakArI dete haiN| kucha aise prasaMga bhI haiM jahA~ isa prakAra ke teloM ke nirmANa kI prakriyA kA varNana hai jo saiMkar3oM jar3I bUTiyoM ke prayoga se nirmita hote the| unameM hajAroM svarNamudrAe~ kharca hotI thiiN| aise zatapAka evaM sahasrapAka teloM kA ullekha isa grantha meM hai / isI grantha ke bArahaveM adhyayana meM jalazuddhi kI prakriyA kA bhI varNana upalabdha hai jisase gaTara ke azuddha jala ko sApha kara zuddha jala meM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai|" yaha prayoga isa bAta kA bhI pratIka hai ki saMsAra meM koI vastu yA vyakti sarvathA azubha nahIM hai, ghRNA kA pAtra nahIM hai| vyApAra evaM bhUgola prAcIna bhArata meM vyApAra evaM vANijya unnata avasthA meM the / dezI evaM videzI donoM prakAra ke vyApAroM meM sAhasI vaNik putra utsAhapUrvaka apanA yogadAna karate the| jJAtAdharmakathA meM isa prakAra ke aneka prasaMga varNita haiN| samudrayAtrA dvArA vyApAra karanA usa samaya pratiSThA samajhI jAtI thI / sampanna vyApArI apane sAtha pUMjI dekara una nirdhana vyApAriyoM ko bhI sAtha meM le jAte the, jo vyApAra meM kuzala hote the| samudrayAtrA ke prasaMga meM potapaTTana aura jalapattana jaise bandaragAhoM kA prayoga hotA thaa| vyApAra ke lie vibhinna prakAra kI vastue~ jahAja meM bharakara vyApArI le jAte the aura videza se ratna kamAkara lAte the / azvoM kA vyApAra hotA thaa| isa prasaMga meM azva vidyA kI vistRta jAnakArI prApta hotI hai|
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________________ 182 .... jinavANI- jainAgama-sAhitya vizeSAGka | jJAtAdharmakathA kI vibhinna kathAoM meM jo bhaugolika vivaraNa prApta hotA hai vaha prAcIna bhAratIya bhUgola ke lie vizeSa upayoga kaH hai| rAjagRhIM, campA , vArANasI, dvArikA, mizilA, hastinApura , sAketa, mathurA, zrAvastI Adi pramukha prAcIna nagaroM ke varNana kAvyAtmaka dRSTi se jitane mahattva ke haiM, utane hI bhaugolika dRSTi se bhii| rAjagRha ke prAcIna nAma girivraja, vasumati, bahaMdratajurI, magadhapura, barAya, vRSabha, RSigirI, caityaka bimbasArapurI aura kuzAnapura the| bimbasAra ke zAsanakAla meM rAjagRha nagarI meM Aga laga jAne se vaha jala gaI isalie rAjadhAnI hetu navIna rAjagRha kA nirmANa krvaayaa| ina nagaroM meM paraspara AvAgamana ke mArga kyA the aura inkI sthiti kyA thI, isakI jAnakArI bhI eka zodhapUrNa adhyayana kA viSaya banatI hai| vibhinna parvatoM, nadiyoM, vanoM ke vivaraNa bhI isa grantha meM upalabdha haiN| kucha aise nagara bhI haiM, jinakI pahacAna abhI karanA zeSa hai| sAmAjika dhAraNAe~ isa grantha meM sAmAjika rItirivAje, khAna--pAna, vezabhUSA evaM dhArmika tathA sAmAjika dhAraNAoM se saMbaMdhita sAmagrI bhI ekatra kI jA sakatI hai| mahArAnI dhAriNI kI kathA meM svapnadarzana aura usake phala para vipula sAmagrI prApta hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra svapna kA mUla kAraNa darzanamohanIya karma kA udaya hai| darzanamoha ke kAraNa mana meM rAga aura dveSa kA spandana hotA hai, citta caMcala banatA hai| zabda Adi viSayoM se saMbaMdhita sthUla aura sUkSma vicAra-taraMgoM se mana prakaMpita hotA hai| saMkalpa--vikalpa yA viSyonmukhI vRttiyAM itanI prabala ho jAtI haiM ki nIMda Ane para bhI zAMti nahIM hotii| indriyA~ so jAtI haiM, kintu mana kI vRttiyAM bhaTakatI rahatI haiN| ve aneka viSayoM kA cintana karatI rahatI haiN| vRttiyoM kI isa prakAra kI caMcalatA hI svapna hai| AcArya jinasena ne svastha avasthA vAle aura asvastha avasthA vAle ye do svapna ke prakAra mAne haiN| jaba zarIra pUrNa svastha hotA hai to mana pUrNa zAMta rahatA hai, usa samaya jo svapna dIkhate haiM ve svastha avasthA vAle svapna haiN| aise svapna bahuta hI kama Ate haiM aura prAya: satya hote haiN| mana vikSipta ho aura zarIra asvastha ho usa samaya dekhe gaye svapna asatya hote haiM "te ca svapnA dvidhA mnAtA svasthAsvasthAtmagocarA., samaistu dhAtubhiH svsvvissmairitraimtaa| tathyA syuH svasthasaMdRSTA mithyA svapnA viparyayAt, jagatpratItametaddhi viddhi svpnvimrshnm||" - mahApurANa 41--59/60 isI prakAra dhAriNI ke dohaTa kI bhI vistRta vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| upavana bhramaNa kA dohaTa bar3A sArthaka hai| dohada kI isa prakAra kI ghaTanA Agama-sAhitya meM anya sthAnoM para bhI AI haiN| jaina kathA sAhitya meM, bauddha jAtakoM meM aura vaidika paramparA ke granthoM meM dohaTa kA aneka sthAnoM para varNana
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________________ 183 jJAtAdharmakathA kI sAMskRtika virAsata hai / yaha jJAtavya hai ki jaba mahilA garbhavatI hotI hai taba garbha ke prabhAva se usake antarmAnasa meM vividha prakAra kI icchAeM udbuddha hotI haiN| ye vicitra aura asAmAnya icchAeM dohada, dohalA kahIM jAtI haiN| dohada ke lie saMskRta sAhitya meM 'hida' zabda bhI AyA hai| dvihRda kA artha hai do hRdaya ko dhAraNa karane vAlI | aMgavijjA jaina sAhitya kA eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| usa grantha meM vividha dRSTiyoM se dohadoM ke saMbaMdha meM gaharAI se cintana kiyA hai| jitane bhI dohada utpanna hote haiM unheM pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA haizabdagata, gaMdhagata, rUpagata, rasagata aura sparzagata / kyoMki ye hI indriyoM ke mukhya viSaya haiM aura inhIM kI dohadoM meM pUrti kI jAtI hai / " nauveM adhyayana meM vibhinna prakAra ke zakunoM kA ullekha hai|" zakuna darzana jyotiSazAstra kA eka pramukha aMga hai| zakunadarzana kI paramparA prAgaitihAsika kAla se calatI A rahI hai| kathA sAhitya kA avalokana karane se spaSTa hotA hai ki janma, vivAha, bahirgamana, gRhapraveza aura anyAnya mAMgalika prasaMgoM ke avasara para zakuna dekhane kA pracalana thA / gRhastha to zakuna dekhate hI the, zramaNa bhI zakuna dekhate the| deza, kAla aura paristhiti ke anusAra eka vastu zubha mAnI jAtI hai aura vahI vastu dUsarI paristhitiyoM meM azubha bhI mAnI jAtI hai| etadartha zakuna vivecana karane vAle granthoM meM mAnyatA-bheda bhI prApta hotA hai| prakIrNaka 'gaNividyA' meM likhA hai ki zakuna muhUrta se bhI prabala hotA hai| jaMbUka nAsa (nIlakaMTha), mayUra, bhAradvAja, nakula yadi dakSiNa dizA meM dikhalAI deM to sarvasaMpatti prApta hotI hai| isa grantha meM bhI pArivArika saMbaMdhoM, zikSA tathA zAsana vyavasthA Adi ke saMbaMdha meM bhI paryApta sAmagrI upalabdha hai| dhAriNI ke zayanakakSa kA varNana sthApatya kalA aura vastrakalA kI amUlya nidhi hai / saMdarbha 1. (ka) jJAtAdharmakathA (sampA. - paM. zobhAcanda nArilla), byAvara, 1989 (kha) bhagavAna mahAvIranI dharmakathAo (paM dozI). pR. 130 (ga) sTorIja phrAma da dharma Aka nAyA (bevara) iMDiyana eMTIkyorI, 19 2. dhanmakahANuoge ( muni kamala), bhAga 2 3. jaina AgamoM meM varNita bhAratIya samAja ( je sI jaina), vArANasI 4. aThAra vihippagAradesI bhAsAvisAraeAtA. a. 1 5. kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (pI. esa. jaina). vaizAlI 1975 6. jJAtAdharmakathA (vyAvara), bhUmikA (devendramune) pR. 36-40 7. samavAyAMga, mavAda 72 8. jJatAdharmakathA, a. 16 9. kuvalayanAlAkahA, dharmaparIkSA abhiprAya, 10. jJAtyadharmakathA, a. 16 11. 48, 31.13 12 baje a
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________________ -- 1184 : jinavANI- jainAgama-sAhitya vizeSAGaka 13. vahI a. 17 14. bhagavAna mahAvIra-eka anuzIlana(devendramuni) pR. 241-243 15. aupapAtika sUtra 16. jJAtAdharmakathA, a. 16 17. vahI, dvitIya zrutaskandha meM ullikhita ngr| 18. jJAtAdharmakathA (vyAvara). pR.16 19. yahI, pR. 29-30 20. jJAtAdharmakathA, a.9 -adhiSThAtA, kalA saMkAya mohanalAla sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya. udayapura (rAja.)