Bhavyas Controversy With Yogacara In Appendix To Prajnapradipa Chapter XXV

Author(s): Christian Lindtner
Publisher: Christian Lindtner
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/269717/1

Page #1
BHAVYA'S CONTROVERSY WITH YOGACARA IN THE APPENDIX TO PRAJNAPRADIPA, CHAPTER XXV. BY CHRISTIAN LINDTNER (Naerum) The four major extant works of the Madhyamika philosopher Bhavya (or Bhavaviveka, c. 490-570) Madhyamakahrdayakarika (with the autocommentary Tarkajvala), Prajnapradipa, Karatalaratna (i.e. Zhang-zhen lun) and Madhyamakaratnapradipa- all provide remarkable evidence of his sustained controversy with what had, from common roots, through a process of still, to some extent, obscure development gradually grown into the main rival and independent branch of Mahayana philosophy in the sixth century A.D., viz. Yogacara.' Though Madhyamikas had been criticizing their svayuthyas before Bhavya was to do so,2 and though the successors in his own school continued to do so, each in his own way,' in the following centuries, none of them seem to have done so with such a display of deep personal involvement and subtle thoroughness as Bhavya. Provoked by the rapidly expanding influence of these philosophers whom he, as it were, considered as svanitav abhimaninah -- viz. Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dignaga and their followers- and their dogmas of cittamatra, svabhavatraya, alayavijana, etc. he engaged himself in a debate with the distinct objective of vindicating, in 1 For further details about Bhavya and the works ascribed to him, see my Adversaria Buddhica in WZKS, XXVI (1982), pp. 1.72-184, and On Bhavya's Ratnapradipa to appear in Indologica Taurinensia, XII. For his controversy with Yogacara see my Bhavya's Controversy with Yogacara in the Ratnapradipa, chapter IV, to appear in B. K. Matilal (ed.), Buddhist logic and epistemology, and Kosai Yasui, Chugan Shiso no Kenkyu, Kyoto 1961 (in Japanese). 2 The earliest critique of what was later to become some of the basic dogmas of Yogacara is in fact already found in the Lankavatarasutra (cf. e.g. II, 198 & III, 48). There can be no doubt that this sutra was (in some earlier form than the textus receptus) known to Nagarjuna and Aryadeva. Thus there are clear allusions to it in Nagarjuna's controversy with the <> in Bodhicittavivarana, 25-56 (edited in my Nagarjuniana, Copenhagen 1982, pp. 180-217). These two texts are the most important documents for the controversy with Yogacara (a term which is not free from ambiguity) before Bhavya, who frequently claims them as his authorities. Among the numerous post-Bhavya Madhyamikas criticizing Yogacara (or Vijnanavada) Candrakirti (c. 530-600, cf. 40, XL (1979), p. 91), being not only a (partly) contemporary and a rival of Bhavya, but also to some extent acquainted with Dharmapala's (and Sthiramati's?) retorts to Bhavya, is of foremost interest. See his Madhyamakavatara, pp. 135-202 (ed. La Vallee Poussin); Pancaskandhaprakarana, pp. 115-121 (ed. Lindtner); Sunyatasaptativrtti, Ya fol. 318b7-32067 (Peking ed.). Madhyamakahrdayakarika, V, 1 with Tarkajvala. 77

Page #2
accordance with agama supported by yukti, the Madhyamaka system of Nagarjuna and his followers as the fundamentally orthodox form of Buddhism. The documents pertaining to this somewhat neglected controversy between the two main schools of Mahayana retain for us today a record of the greatest historical and intellectual interest. The earliest, most extensive and comprehensive critique of Yogacara is to be found in Bhavya's magnum opus: Madhyamakahrdayakarika (MHK), V, 1-113 with the commentary Tarkajvala (TJ). The latest is provided by Madhyamakaratnapradipa (MRP), IV, called Neyarthatathyasamvrtiprajna which is also, in a sense, the most mature and, in accordance with the scope of MRP as a whole, the most gratifying from the point of view of systematic presentation." From the interjacent period we have the critique of svabhavatraya etc. in the appendix of Bhavya's commentary Prajnapradipa (PP) to the Nirvanapariksa chapter of Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika, and the critique of paratantrasvabhava, tathata, etc. in *Karatalaratna or *Talaratna (TR). Like MRP they draw heavily from MHK and TJ, to which they not only all expressly refer for further details, but from which they derive the substance of their arguments and often even their very form of phrase. Thus PP, TR and MRP when seen in relation to MHK and TJ show, apart from minor additions and omissions, an almost complete substantial dependency on the work of his youth, but seen in relation to one another prove to be mutually supplementary. But even if PP, TJ and MRP do not offer much new from the point of view of philosophical arguments they certainly indicate a clear development in the style and form of presenting his basic ideas. A study of all his contributions in their chronological order thus provides us with a unique opportunity to catch a glimpse into his workshop and follow his development, not so much as a philosopher but rather as a creative author and stylist engaged in reshuffling and systematizing his original ideas anew in accordance with the demands of the scope of the work in progress as a whole. As Bhavya's critique of Yogacara in MHK (TJ), TR and MHK will be dealt with elsewhere, I shall here confine myself to offer a critical edition of the Tibetan version of the appendix to (the now lost Sanskrit original of) PP, XXV, only adding that an annotated English translation by Dr. David Eckel will appear in Indiske Studier 5 Cf. Shotaro lida, Agama (Scripture) and Yukti (Reason) in Bhavaviveka, in Kanakura Kinenronbunshu, Tokyo 1966, pp. 79-96. See also the same author's Reason and Emptiness. A Study in Logic and Mysticism, Tokyo 1980. 6 Until the extant Sanskrit text of MHK is published one may refer to Susumu Yamaguchi's edition of the Tibetan version (with a Japanese translation) in the appendix to his Bukkyo ni okeru Mu to Uno Tairon, Tokyo 1941/19642. It is based on the Peking and Derge editions. 7 Cf. my papers referred to in note I and my translation of the first chapter in JIP, IX (1981), pp. 169-177. 78

Page #3
(Copenhagen 1984), and that the Chinese version of PP omits the appendix. The sources on which this recension of the Tibetan version is based are as follows: P: Prajnapradipa-mulamadhyamakavrtti, Tibetan Tripitaka, Peking edition, No. 5253, Tsha fol. 303a6-312a8. D: Prajnapradipa-mulamadhyamakavrtti, Tibetan Tripitaka, Derge edition, No. 3853, Tsha fol. 242a1-249a1. A: Prajnapradipatika, Tibetan Tripitaka, Peking edition, No. 5259, Za fol. 322a1-362a1l. Prajnapradipatika. Tibetan Tripitaka, Derge edition, No. 3859, Za fol. 271a4-305a4. The translators of Bhavya's Vrtti as well as Avalokitavrata's excellent Tika to it were Jnanagarbha and Klu'i rgyal mtshan." The Vrtti is quoted in the Tika in its entirety and is virtually identical with the form it has in the version of the PP, the very few variants (see the apparatus criticus) being, perhaps with one or two exceptions, accounted for by subsequent scribal corruption. PRAJNAPRADIPA Ch. XXV. [1] rnal 'byor spyod pa pa1 dag gis smras pa: <>2 zes bya ba ni bden na de rtogs par bya ba'i thabs gian gyi dban la skur pa 'debs pa de ni mi run ste; 'o na ji lta bu ze na? 1 who bo nid gsum ies par bya || dan po kun tu brtags pa yin || gnis pa gian gyi dban yin te || tha ma yons su grub pa yin ||** * For the translators see J. Naudou, Les bouddhistes kasmiriens au Moyen Age, Paris 1968. 1 pa pa PE : pa po D: pa A 2 Mulamadhyamakakarika, XXV, 24 (ed. Lindtner): sarvopalambhopasamah prapancopasamah sivah | na kva cit kasya cit kas cid dharmo buddhena desitah || 3 kun tu PEA: kun du D * This and the two following verses are quoted from Asanga's Xian-yang-sheng-jiao-lun, see Taisho daizokyo, XXXI, 1602, 55767-8. 79

Page #4
de la gan gi tshe kun brtags pa'ino bo nid med pa'i phyir mi dmigs sin, gzan gyidban gi no bo nid kyan rgyu mtshan du mi 'dzin pas yan dag par rjes su mi mthon" ba de'i tshe na dmigs pa thams cad ne barzi ba yin no. <>5 la. Parikalpitasvabhava] [2] de dag dan Ihan cig tu 'di dpyad par bya ste; de la kun brtags pa'i no bo fid ces bya ba de gan yin? de mishan Aid no bo nid med pa nid kyis no bo nid med pa ni ji lta bu yin? gal te kun brtags pa'i no bo nid ni chos rnams kyi no bo nid dan, khyad par la sogs par tha snad pa'i rnam par rtog pa gan yin pa ste ('di lta ste: no bo nid du rnam par rtog pa ni gzugs dan, tshor ba zes bya ba la sogs par rnam par rtog pa'o; khyad par du rnam par rtog pa ni bstan du yod pa dan, bstan du med pa zes bya ba la sogs par rnam par rtog pa'o), de mtshan nid no bo nid med pa nid kyis no bo Aid med pa ni rgyu mtshan la sogs pa lna po dag gi khons su ma gtogs pa'i phyir ro (de de Itar yod pa ma yin yan min don la 'jug pa las kun nas non mons par 'gyur te, ji Itar min don la 'jug pa de Itar byis pa rnams de'i no bo nid la mnon par zen par byed do) ze na? de la11 'dir gal te gzugs zes bya bar yid la brjod pa dan, tshig tu brjod pa'i kun brtags pa'i no bo Aid gan yin pa de med do ze na ni, dnos po la skur pa 'debs pa yin te, yid la brjod pa dan, tshig tu brjod pa la skur pa 'debs pa'i phyir ro. ci stel gan yan run bas de gris kyi don kun brtags pa gan yin pa de med de, dper na thag pa la sbrul bzin no ze na ni, kun brtags pa med pa ma yin te, de la rnam pa 'dra bas blo gros 'khrul pas kun brtags pa'i don med kyan tha snad du sbrul 'khyil ba la1 de med pa ma yin pa'i phyir ro. ci ste tha snad du'an sbrul 'khyil ba la-14 sbrul med do ze 80 5 ibid., 55 7b15-16, q.v. (Bhavya also follows Asanga in the sequel!) 6 mthon PDE: gton A 7 kyi PDE: kyis A 8 pa ni A: pa'i PDE 9 par A: pa PDE 10 du ADE: par P par 11 la PDE: Ita A 12 pa'i AE: pa PD 13 ci ste PDE: ji ste A (semper ji pro ci infra) 14 de med pa ma yin pa'i phyir ro. ci ste tha snad du'an (P: du yan AE) sbrul 'khyil ba la om. D 15 ma PAE: mi D

Page #5
na ni, grags pa'i gnod par 'gyur ro; ci ste don dam par dnos po sel bar byed na ni, dbu ma pa'i tshul gyis rjes su smra ba yin te, don dam par sbrul rdzas su yod pa ma yin pa'i phyir dar, no bo nid las skye ba med pa'i phyir ro. thag pa dan sbrul 'khyil ba la mais dmigs pa kho nar thag pa dan sbrul gyi blo skye na ni, pha rol po ran la ses par byed par16 rab tu ma grub bo. gan yan run ba la ma grub pa ni gtan tshigs ma yin no zes bya ba der tha snad kyi dus su ni phyogs gni ga la grags pa'i sgrub par?? byed pa 'dod par bya'o - zes snar bstan zin to. kun brtags pa'i don yod pa ma yin par ston par 'dod pas18 ni slob dpon gyis dbu ma pa'i tshul 'thad pa dan bcas pa bka'stsal pa nid 'dod par bya ste, brjod par bya ba'i no bo nid bkag pa kho nas yul de la yid dan tshig gi brjod pa 'jug pa ldog pa'i phyir ro. 19 kun brtags pa'i mtshan nid med do ze na ni, gtan tshigs kyi don ma grub pa nid de, min ni gzugs dan 'du byed du gtogs pa'i phyir dan, no bo nid dan, rtog pa dar, rjes su dran pa'i20 rnam par rtog pa dag kyan rnam par ses pa dan, 'du byed kyi phun por gtogs pa'i phyir ro. gzan yan tha snadi- pa'i brjod pa 'jug pa ni brjod 21 par bya ba'i don gyi no bo nid dan, khyad par gyi yul can yin la, don dam par brjod par bya ba'i don gyi no bo nid dan, khyad par bkag pa'i phyir mnon par zen pa'i non mons pa mi 'thad de, skyes bu22 'phyon ma pas gzugs su byas pa'i na chur la bdag med pa nid du rtogs23 pa bzin pas min gi dban gis don la mnon par zen par mi rigs te, tshul bzin ma yin pa yid la byed pa las rigs so. IB. Paratantrasvabhava] [3] de bzin du gzan gyi dban gi no bo nid ces bya ba de yan gan yin? chos rnams kyi rten cin 'brel par 'byur ba'i no bo nid kun nas non mons pa dar, rnam, par byan ba'i gzi gan yin pa ste:24 <> btags pa AE : brtags pa'i PD (ut saepius infra)

Page #6
kun nas non mors dmigs pa'i phyir 11 gian dban yod pa nid du 'dod ||>>26 'di la yan gal te gzan gyi dban gi27 no bo nid tha snad kyi bden par gtogs par 'dod na ni, de 'dod la rag ste, de ston pa don med do. ci ste don dam par na ni rten cin 'brel par 'byun ba ma yin te, skye ba med pa'i rab tu byed par bstan pa'i tshul gyis skye ba bkag pa'i phyir ro.28 <> zes bya ba de yan phyogs kyi chos ma yin pa'i phyir, gtan tshigs kyi don ma grub pa nid do. ci ste yan, <> zes bya ba 'dir chos mthun pa'i dpe'i tshig yin pas de'i phyir rjes su dpag pa ni don dam par gzugs zes btags pa gan yin pa de ni rgyu mtshan dan bcas pa nid yin te, btags pa'i phyir ro zes brjod par byed na yan, dper na 'di Ita bu'o zes bya ba'i rjes su 'gro ba med pas gtan tshigs kyi don ma grub pa nid do.gtan tshigs kyi don 'gal ba nid kyan yin te, gtan tshigs spyir29 brjod pa'i phyir ro. gan dag30 don dam par min dan gzugs skye ba med do zes dam bcas pa de la dam bcas pa'i skyon 'dogs par byed pa de dag gal te rjes su dpag pas gnod pa smra na, de nid kyi phyir de la rjes su dpag pas gnod pa med do. ci ste grags pas gnod do ze na? de ni dan po nid du lan btab zin to. ci ste mnon sum gyis gnod do ze na? de yandir skabs med do. [4] don dam pa ni gnis su med pa'i phyir ci zig gan gis kun nas non mons pa dan, rnam par byan bar 'gyur? don dam par skye ba med par smra ba ni kun nas non mons pa dan, rnam par byan ba la skur pa 'debs pa ma yin no! skur pa 'debs pa ma yin pa ma yin te, 'di Itar mdo sde las: - <> 32 26 The Sanskrit of this (= Xian-yang-sheng-jido-lun, 5580 25-26, 4.v.) is found as Madhyamakahrdayakarika, V, 6: prajnapteh sanimittatvad anyatha dvayanasatah samklesasyopalabdhes ca paratantrastita mata | 27 dban gi AE : omm. PD 28 Reference to Mulamadhyamakakarika, I, 1, q.v. 29 spyir DAE: phyir P 30 dag PD: omm. AE 31 na AE : ni PD 32 From Abhidharmasutra (quoted Mahayanasamgrahabhasya, Trimsikabhasya, Ratnagotravibhaga, etc.): anadikaliko dhatuh sarvabijasamasrayah tasmin sati gatih sarva nirvanadhigamo 'pi call - note that Bhavya here (as e.g. TJ, 235a 7) reads "bijafor dharma 82

Page #7
ies gsuns pas; de ni gzan gyi dhan yin par 'dod de, de yan dag na ni chos kyi dbyins zes bya la, ma dag na ni non mons pa can zes bya'o ze na? mdo sde las de skad gsuns pa ni tha snad kyi bden pa'i lugs gsal bar bya ba'i phyir te,33 <> zes bya ba ni rnam par ses pa thog ma med pa'i dus nas tugs pa'i phyir ro.34 <> zes bya ba ni 'phags pa'i chos kyi rgyu yin pa'i phyir te, gser dan diul gyi khams bzin no. <> zes bya ba ni khams gsum par gtogs pa dan, ma gtogs pa dan, dge ba dan, mi dge ba'i bag chags kyi sa bon gyi gnas yin pa'i phyir ro. <>38 33 te DAE to P 34 ro DAE to P 35 bsam pa P: bsams pa DAE (which is possible) 36 phyir PD: phyir ro AE 37 From Lankavatarasutra, II, 191~X, 305 (ed. Nanjio q.v. for variants): nasti vai kalpito bhavah paratantras ca vidyate | samaropapavadam hi vikalpante (!) vinasyati || -references to this in Dharmapala's commentary to Catuhsataka (Taisho daizokyo, XXX, 1571, 247b 23 ff., q.v.) and in numerous later Madhyamaka texts (Pancaskandhaprakarana, Sunyatasaptativrtti, Satyadvayavibhangavrtti, etc.). Cf. also Kajiyama in WZKSO, XII-XIII (1968/1969), pp. 200-203, and Tarkajvala to MHK, V, 68. 38 From Arya-Bhavasamkrantisutra (quoted Bodhisattvabhumi, Tattvasamgrahapanjika, etc. = Madhyamakahrdayakarika, V, 74): 83

Page #8
zes bya ba dan, de bzin du: <>40 zes bya ba dan, de bzin du: <> 42 ces bya ba la sogs pa gsuns pa lta bu'o. [6] khyed cag chos kyi khams ji ltar kun nas non mons pa dan, rnam par byan bar 'gyur bar ston? chos kyi khams non mons pa can43 dan, non mons pa can ma yin pa nid du brjod par bya ba ma yin pa la, non mons pa'i dri ma glo bur du44 yod pa'i phyir: <>45 de ji ltar non mons pa can dan, non mons pa can ma yin pa nid du brjod par bya ba ma yin ze na? <Page #9
gal te rnam dag de ma gyur | 'bad pa 'bras bu med par 'gyur ||>>46 yan na: <>50 de'i phyir re zig bdag rtag pa dag pasi byed pa med pa yod de, 'on kyan 'khor ba dan thar pa dag kyan yod do zes de Itar 52 phyir zlog par byed nus pa'i phyir ro. de'i phyir ran gi grub pa'i mtha'i skyon sba ba'i thabs 'thad pa med pas mi 'grub bo. gzan yan chu la sogs pa rgyu dan rkyen gyi dban gis skye ba'i khyad par brten pas3 dag bzin du tha snad pa'i rnam par ses panon mons pa can dan, non mons pa can ma yin pa'i dnos por skye ba la bltos pas non mors pa rnams dan lhan cig skye ba dan, non mons pa rnams med par phyin ci ma log pa'i ses pa dan lhan cig skye ba yar54 kun nas non mons pa dan, rnam par byan ba dag tu 'byun bar5s 'gyur bar run ba; de Itar chos kyi khams ninon mons pa rnams dan, ses pa dan lhan cig skye ba ma yin pas chu la sogs pa bzin du de bzin nid kun nas non mons pa dan, rnam par byan ba dag tu 'gyur bar mi rigs so. 46 Ibid., I, 21: samklista sed bhaven nasau muktah syuh sarvadehinah visuddha sed bhaven nasau vyayamo nisphalo bhavet | 47 glo bur DAE : blo bur P 48 Madhyantavibhagakarika, I, 22 (ed. Nagao): na klista napi vaklista suddha na caiva sa prabhasvaratvac cittasya klesasyagantukarvatah 11 49 pa AE : pas PD 50 Probably composed by Bhavya himself, cf. note 46. 51 rtag pa dag pa D: rtag pa dag P: brtag pa AE 52 de Itar AE : de Ita D: om. P 53 brten pa P: bsten pa DE: ston pa A 54 yan PAE: dan D ss 'byuri bar PD: omm. AE

Page #10
gal te du ba dan, khug rna la sogs pa yod pa dan, med pa nam mkha'56 dri ma dan bcas pa dan, dri ma med par brjod par bya ba ma yin nam ze na? ma yin te, nam mkha' rdzas su yod pa nid bkag pa'i phyir ro. rdzas su yod pa nid yin na yan dri ma dan beas pa dan, dri ma med pa dag mi 'grub ste, skye ba dan, 'gag pa med pa'i phyir, dper na chos kyi khams bzin no. yan na nam mkha's" dri ma dan bcas pa dan, 58 drima med par 'gyur ba bzin du chos kyi khams la yan kun nas non mons pa dan, rnam par byan ba dag ne bar btags pa'i phyir 'dod pa'i don nams so. <>68 ces bya bas dnos po rnams ran las skye ba med pa yin pa'i phyir ro. ci ste no bo nid las skye ba med pa ni no bo nid med pa nido9 yin te, mdo sde las: "gan zig rkyen las skyes pa de ma skyes ||71 86 56 mkha' AE: mkha'i PD (pro mkha' ni?) 57 mkha' DAE : mkha'i P 58 dan PAE: om. D 59 mons: mons pa PDAE 60 te PD: te de AE 61 de PDE: om. A 62 no bo PD: ji (!) no bo AE 63 skye ba PD: skye ba med pa AE 64 spyir DAE: phyir P (cf. n. 29) 65 sgrub pa PD: bsgrub pa AE 66 las PDE: la A 67 yin te PDE: ma yin te A 68 Mulamadhyamakakarika, XXIV, 18ab (ed. Lindtner): yah pratityasamutpadah sunyatam tam pracaksmahe | 69 nid PDE: om. A 70 skyes pa PD: skye ba AE

Page #11
zes gsuns pa'i tshig dan rjes su mthun pa'i phyir ro ze na? de Ita na yan dbu ma pa'i smra ba'i rjes su smra ba yin te, no bo nid las de skye ba 'gog pa'i phyir ro. [8] ji Itar rnal 'byor spyod pa pas72 gian gyi dban gi no bo nid rgyu mtshan du mi 'dzin pas yan dag par rjes su mi mthon ba yin? gal te ji ltar snan ba de Itar med pa yin no ze na? ci'i phyir de de Itar med pa yin?73 gal te don dam par de ltar ma skyes pa'i phyir ro ze na ni? dbu ma pa'i smra ba'i rjes su smra ba yin no! ci ste ji ltar skyes pa de ltar med de, brten nas skyes pa'i phyir, sgyu ma la sogs pa bzin no ze na ni? 'o na de lta na gzan gyi dban yod pa nid kyan ma yin la, dbu ma pa'i75- smra ba'i rjes su smra ba yin te! dbu ma pa'i-75 smra ba'i tshul ni: <Page #12
rab tu skye'o de'i don med 11 de med pas na de yan med 11>>>83 ces bya bas don med pa'i phyir, rgyu mtshan du 'dzin par84 mi 'grub bo snam na85 yan don de bstan par dka'o! gal te bstan par mi dka'ste, mdo sde las: - <> 86 zes gsuns pa'i phyir ro ze na? de ni lan ma yin te, mdo sde'i tshig gzan du rnam par bsad pa'i phyir dan, bsgrub par bya ba'i don mnon sum ma yin pa de ni87 lun dan rjes su dpag pa dag gis 'grub pa'i88 phyir ro. gal te rnam par ses pa ni tsai tra89 la sogs pa'i don gyis ston pa yin te, 'jug pa dan Idan pa'i phyir dan, 'bras bu yin pa'i phyir dan, mi rtag pa'i phyir dan, gyo ba med pa'i phyir dan, dus suo 'jug pa'i phyir, dper na ran gi bag chags thob pas 'jug pa'i rmi lam gyi sems bzin no zes rjes su dpag pa'i phyir dar, lun las: - <Page #13
pa skye ba yin na ni, de la gal te don dam par phyi rol gyi rk yen la mi bltos par rnam par ses pa skye bar ston na dpe med do. ci ste tha snad du na ni94 grags pas gnod do. sans rgyas kyi dban gis sam, Iha'i dban gis sam, dan po lun phogos pa'i rnam par rig pa las skyes pa'i rnam par ses pa dag gi% gtan tshigs kyi don ma nes pa nid dan, sans rgyas 'byun ba don med pa nid dan, tha snad kyi bden par gtogs pa'i don snan ba med pa nid du yan 'gyur ro. de no bo nid las97 yod pa ma yin pa'i phyir, 98 phyi rol gyi don no bo nid yod pa ma yin yan, phyi rol gyi don gyi yul gyio no bo nid log par snan ba ma rtogs pa la100 sgyu ma mnon par mi ses pa bzin du lus dan lons spyod dan, gnas 'dra ba'i sems sna tshogs skye bas sems sna tshogs su snan zin, lus dan lons spyod dan, gnas kyi grib ma Ita bus ne bar kha sgyur101 ba'i phyir lus dan lons spyod dan gnas Ita bur yan snan 102 no. de med du zin na de Itar snan ba nid du mi 'gyur te, dper na ri bon gi rva snan ba nid du mi 'gyur ba bzin no. bcom ldan 'das kyis <> zes gsuns pa'i mdo sde'i don kyan sems las gzan pa'i byed pa po dan, za ba po med pa'i phyir sems tsam mo zes gsuns par khas blans pa'i phyir, de Itar nes par byar mi nus te, 103 byan chub sems dpa'i sa drug pa las byan chub sems dpa '104 srid pa'i yan lag bcu gnis kyi skye ba dan, 'gag pa lalos so sor rtog pa na106 'di snam du: - <>, 107 snam nas de 'di snam du sems te: - <>, 108 snam nas de 'di snam du sems te: - <<'di Ita ste: khams gsum pa 'di ni sems tsam ste, sems tsam gyis rab tu phye ba dan, sems kyis mnon par 'du byas pa yin gyi, dban phyug 109 la sogs pa byed 94 na ni PDE: ni A * 95 lun phog AE: lun 'bog P: luni dbogs D 96 gi AE: gis PD 97 las AE : la PD 98 phyir PDE : phyir ro A 99 yul gyi DAE: om. P 100 rtogs pa la: gtogs pa la AE : gtogs pa las D : btogs pa las P 101 sgyur A: bsgyur PDE 102 snan no PD: No AE 103 mi nus te PD: mi run ste AE 104 dpa' PAE: dpa'i D 105 la PD : las AE 106 na PDE: om. A 107 Dasabhumikasutra, p. 49 (ed. Rahder): ...ayam kevalo duhkhaskandho duhkhavrk so 'bhinirvartate karakavedakavirahita iti... 108 Ibid., p. 49: ...karakabhinivePage #14
pa po ni med do>>110 snam du rnam par nes par111 mdzad nas: - <>, 112 zes gsuns te; <> zes gsuns pa de ni byed pa po de113 dgag pa yin par ses pa bya'i, don dgag pa ni ma yin par ses par bya'o. [10] gan dag 'di skad ces:- dnos po gzugs can rnams ni sems kyi no bo nid yin te, rnam par ses pa'i yul yin pa'i phyir, dper na de ma thag pa'i rkyen bzin no114 -- zes zer na, sems las byun ba dag gis ma nes pa nid yin no. gzugs la sogs pa ni sems dan sems las byun ba'i no bo nid yin par ston na yan, sems dan sems las byun ba dag gis so sor ma nes pa nid yin no. grub pa'i mtha' dan 'gal ba yan yin te, tshul ni: <>115 zes bya ba yin pa'i phyir ro. sa ma bzin du dam bcas pa'i skyon yan yod do. [11] gan dag 'di skad ces:- 'di la gzugs kyi blo 'di'i yul rdul phra rab kyi gzugs gcig yin nam, 'dus pa yin; de la rdul phra rab kyi gzugs gcig ni gzugs kyi blo'i spyod yul ma yin te, de mil 16 snan ba'i phyir, dper na mig bain no. ci ste 'dus pa yin na ni de gzugs kyi blo'i yul ma yin te, rdzas su yod pa ma yin pa'i phyir, dper na zla ba gnis su snan ba bzin no117 -- zes zer na, de la gal te don dam par mig gi rnam par ses pa gzugs la dmigs pa nid dan, gzugs kyan mig gi rnam par ses pa'i dmigs par bya ba nid ma yin par 'gog par byed na ni, grub pa la sgrub pa yin no. ci ste tha snad du na nil18 grags pas gnod do. rdul phra rab dag 19 dban po'i rnam par rig pa dag gi yul ma yin no120 zes dam bcas pa de'i don kyan gan yin? gal te yul gzan yod pa yin na ni phyogs121 sna ma la gnod do. gal te de la yul med na ni dpe med de, gzugs kyi blo phyogs su byas pa yul med ma grub pa'i phyir ro. gzan yan blo122 rdul phra rab kyi gzugs bsags pa dan, bsags pa ma yin pa gcig pu la dmigs pa dag phyogs su byas pas, gcig gi123 dus la ni gtan tshigs kyi don ma grub pa nid 110 Not found in the textus receptus of Dasabhumikasutra 111 par PD: pa AE 112 See note 86. 113 de P: med de D: omm. AE 114 Cf. Madhyamakahrdayakarika, V, 27 115 Madhyantavibhagakarika, I, 8cd (ed. Nagao): tatrarthadrstir vijfanam tadvisese tu caitasah 11 116 mi DAE: ni P. 117 Cf. Madhyamakahrdayakarika, V, 31-34 and Dignaga's Alambanaparikna. 118 du na ni A : du PD : du ni E 119 rab dag AE: rab PD 120 no PDE : om. A 121 phyogs PAE : yul gian phyogs D 122 blo AE: blo gzan PD 123 gi DAE: gis P 90

Page #15
de, bsags pa'i gzugs rdul phra rab kyi gzugs gzan gyis 124 phan btags pa gcig pu yan ran gi bdag nid snan ba'i blo bskyed pal25 yin pa'i phyir, de'i blo yod pas de mi snan ba nid ma grub pa'i phyir ro.gzan gyi dus la ni grub pa la sgrub pa yin te, bsags pa ma yin pa'i gzugs mig gi rnam par ses pa'i yul nid du khas ma blans pa'i phyir ro. (chos mnon pa las kyan: <> 126 zes 'byun bas de'i phyir bsags pa ma yin pa ni yul gyi dnos por mi 'grub bo.) gzugs la dmigs pa med par gzugs kyi blo skye bar127 dam 'cha' nal28 ni gzugs la dmigs par mi byed pa'i blo ni mig gi dban po'i blo nid yin par mi 'grub pas de mi snan ba'i phyir zes bya ba'i gtan tshigs kyi gai ma grub pa nid do. gzugs kyi129 blo'i yul 'dus pa nid la yan rdzas su yod pa ma yin pa'i phyir zes gan smras pa de la sna ma bzin du dam bcas pa'i skyon yod do. zla ba gnis su snan ba yan gal te don yin no ze na ni, de ran dan gzan la mi'grub ste, rnam pa de lta bu'i don mi srid pa'i phyir ro. 'on te zla ba gnis su snan ba blo yin no ze na? de nil 30 rdzas su yod pa ma yin par ma grub pa'i phyir, dpe la131 sgrub pa'i chos ma tshan ba132 nid kyi skyon yod do. gzugs kyi rnam par ses pa gzugs zes bya ba'i don gyis133 ston par ston na nil34 dpe la bsgrub par bya ba chos ma tshan ba nid kyi skyon yod de, 135 zla ba gnis su136 mthon ba'i blo phyi rol gyi dmigs pa la ma bltos137 par skye bar mi 'grub pa'i phyir ro. [12] gzan yan smra bar 'dod pa'i rnam par ses pa ni dmigs pa'i rkyen gzugs kyi rnam par ses pa'i gzugs su snan ba nid gan yin pa de dan Idan pa ma yin te, mig gi rgyu dan ldan pa'i phyir, dper na de nid kyi ran gi bdag nid du snan ba bzin pas tha snad du yan138 dmigs pa'i rkyen la skur pa 'debs pa'i phyir mdzad pa'i mtha' dan 'gal ba'o.139 124 gyis PDE: gyi A 125 bskyed pa AE: skyes pa PD 126 Abhidharmakosakarika, I, 35d (ed. Pradhan): samcita dasa rupinah 11 127 skye bar DAE: skyes par P 128 'cha' na PD: 'cha' ba AE 129 kyi PD: la AE 130 de ni PD: ni de AE 131 dpe la AE: dper na PD 132 ma ishan ba PDE: tshah ba A 133 gyis DAE: gyi P 134 ni AE : omm. PD 135 de AE: do PD 136 su AE : omm. PD 137 bltos P: Itos DAE 138 yar PD: omm. AE 139 ba'o PD: lo AE

Page #16
rnam par ses pa ni ran gi bdag nid kyis140 nes par gnas pa'i phyir rgyu yod na Ita ba med par mi 'thad pas dmigs pa med par mi 'grub bo. ci ste snam du: <<Page #17
[y. Parinispannasvabhava] [14] de bain du yons su grub pa'i no bo nid ces bya ba de yan gan yin? chos rnams kyi de bzin nid gan yin pa'o ze na? 'o na don dam par chos de rnams nid ma grub pas de rnams kyi chos nid kyan mi 'thad pa ma yin nam, ci ste tha snad du rmi lam Ita bu'i bdag nid du skyes pa yod pa rnams don dam par de Itar yod pa ma yin pa nid ni chos rnams kyi de bzin yin no ze na ni,153 de no bo nid kyis skye ba med pa kho nar154 grub pa'i phyir dbu ma pa'i155 smra ba'i rjes su smra ba nid yin no. ci ste 'di snam du yons su grub pa'i no bo nid ni med pa ma yin te; 'di Itar de ni gnis med pa'i dnos po'i mtshan nid de, ji skad du: <>158 zes159 bsad pa Ita bu'o ze na, de la 'dir yan 'thad pa gan gis gnis med pa yin-gal te: <<>160 zes bya bas so ze na? phyogs de'i lan ni161 btab zin to! gnis med pa zes bya ba'i dgag pa 'di yan gal tele med par dgag pa'i don yin na ni de gnis med par dgag pa kho na163 mthu zad pa yin te, med pa'i skyon du ma gyur pa ni dgag pa gtso che ba'i phyir don dam par med pa ma yin pas 'di ltar 164 gnis med pa'i dnos po yin no zes skur pa 'debs pa mi rigs so. 'on te ma yin par dgag pa'i don yin na ni de sgrub pa gtso che ba'i phyir dnos po med pa ston par byed 157 yi PA: yin DE 158 Madhyantavibhagakarika, I, 13ab (ed. Nagao): dvayabhavo hy abhavasya bhavah sunyasya laksanam | -cf. Madhyamakahrdayakarika, V, 10 ff. 159 zes DAE: ces P 160 See note 141.. 161 ni AE: omm. PD 162 gal te PDE: rgal te A 163 na PD: nas AE 164 'di Itar PDE: de Itar A 3335 93

Page #18
pas 165 de ni mi 'dod de, 166 skur pa 'debs pa'i mtha'yin pa'i phyir ro.ribongirva med pa yan dnos po med pa ma yin te, 'di Itar med pa'i dnos po de dan, 107 don dam pa168 'dra bar gyur na chad par Ita ba bsgrub169 par 'gyur ro. [15] de'i170 dmigs pa rnam par dag pa nid kyan ji lta bu yin? gal te rnam par mirtog pa'i no bo nid kyis so ze na, dmigs pa can gyi ye ses de ni rnam par mi rtog pa zes bya ba ma yin te, 'di ni 'di'o zes rnam par mi rtog kyan yul snan ba'i phyir, dper na mig gi rnam par ses pa bzin pas, mdo sde las: - <>171 zes bya ba dan: - <>173 zes bya ba dan: - <>175 zes bya ba la sogs pa gsuns pa dan yan 'gal lo.rtogs par bya ba skye ba med pa bzin du ses pa yan skye ba med pa'i phyir, 176 de 'jug pa med par grub ste, bcom ldan 'das kyis: - <>177 zes gsuns pa de yan grub pa yin pas, de'i phyir dbu ma pa'i smra ba'i tshul la yan dag par brten pa nid legs so. ci ste 'di snam du dper na: thag pa bsdogs pa la sbrul du 'du ses pas thag pa'i no bo nid rtogs na sbrul gyi 'jigs pa178 ne bar zi ba bzin du de bzin nid mthon bas non mons pa zi bar 'gyur ba'i phyir chos kyi dbyins la dmigs par bya ba kho na yin no snam na? ji ltar thag pa bsdogs pa la179 sbrul gyi blo skyes na log par ses pa'i phyir 'jigs pa180 skye'i, de'i blo ma skyes na yan dag par ses pa'i phyir 'jigs pa med pa dan, skyon cha mi mnam pa skyes na nad du 'gyur gyi, de ma skyes na sdug bsnal med par 'gyur ba bzin pas de bzin nid la dmigs pa'i ye ses skye bar 'dod par mi bya'o. dnos po rnams rnam pa thams cad du yors su ma grub pa ni181 dnos po'i de kho na yin la, de nil82 rnam pa 165 pas PDE : pa A . 166 de PD: do AE 167 de dari DAE: dan P 168 pa A : par PDE 169 ba bsgrub A: bar bsgrubs P: ba 'grub D: ba bsgrubs E 170 de'i PD : de mi AE 171 From the Aksayamatinirdesasutra (cf. references MCB, II (1932-1933), p. 113): paramarthasatyam katamat? yatra jnanasyapy apracarah, kah punar vado 'ksaranam... 172 de kho na DAE: kho na P 173 From the Dharmasamgitisutra, cf. JIP, IX (1981), p. 197, n. 7. 174 tshans pa DAE : Ishan pa P 175 From the Satyakaparivarta, cf. Avalokitavrata ad loc. 176 phyir DAE: phyir ro P 177 Sutra not traced. 178 gyi "jigs pa PDE: gyis "jig A 179 pa la PDE : la pa A 180 'jigs pa PDE : "jig pa A 181 pa ni E: pa'i P: pa DA 182 de ni DE: de'i P : de fid A 94

Page #19
thams cad du yan yul gyi dnos por ne bar mi 'gyur ba'i phyir dmigs pa nid du mi rigs so. de nid kyi phyir bcom ldan 'das la183 'jam dpal gzon nur gyur pas: <>186 zes bya ba la sogs pas bstod pa mdzad do. ci ste 'di snam du gal te de bzin gsegs pas chos kyi dbyins ma dmigs na, ji Itar de thugs su chud pas sans rgyas par gyur snam na? chos thams cad rnam pa thams cad du yors su ma grub pa'i phyir rnam pa thams cad mkhyen pa'i spyod yul ni de kho na zes bya ste, ses bya dan, de kho na dan, spyod yul dan, ye ses skye ba med pa nid kyis187 chos kyi dbyins thugs su chud pas sans rgyas par gyur te; ji skad du: - <>188 zes gsuns pa lta bu'o. de bzin nid la dmigs pa'i ye ses ni don dam pa'i spyod yul can yin par mi rigs te, 'dus byas yin pa'i phyir, dper na mig gi rnam par ses pa bzin no. de bzin du de'i dmigs par bya ba de bzin nid kyan bslu ba'i189 chos can yin zin de kho na ma yin te, dmigs par bya ba yin pa'i phyir, dper na gzugs bzin no. ci ste mdo sde las: - <>>193 ze na? lun dan mthun pa'i rjes su dpag pa'i stobs nid kyis rnam par rtog pa thams cad bkag pas194 rnam par mi rtog pa'i ye ses 'grub pa'i phyir don dam pa ni rjes su dpag pa'i yul ma yin yan, de gtso bo ma yin pa19s ma yin te, yan dag pa dan yan dag pa ma yin pa brtag pa'i196 sgrub, pa197 gzan med pa'i phyir de ni rigs pa ma yin no. 183 'das la PDE: 'das A 184 de l nam mkha' la yan mtshan nid omm. D 185 gii PAE: mid D 186 From the Sarvabuddhavisayavatarajnanalokalamkarasutra, cf. JIP, IX (1981), p. 204, n. 59, and Tarkajvala, Dsa fol. 250 a8. 187 kyis AE : kyi DP 188 Sutra not traced. 189 bslu ba'i PA : slu ba'i DE 190 brtag par AE: brtag PD . 191 ma yin par bstan pa'i DAE: ma yin pa'i P 192 bya ba PAE: bya ba de bzin D 193 Sutra not traced. 194 pas AE : pa'i PD 195 gtso bo ma yin PAE: gtso bo D 196 brtag pa'i AE: brtags pa'i PD 197 sgrub pa DAE : bsgrub pa D

Page #20
[16] dpyad pa198 rgyas par ni dBu ma'i snin po'i de kho na la 'jug pa'i skabs 199 nas rnal 'byor spyod pa pa dag dan Ihan cig byed par 'gyur ro. zar la biad pas chog ste, "di nimnon par brtson pa rnams ran gi sde pa dag dan Ihan cig rigs pa dan rigs pa ma yin pa rtogs pa'i200 phyogs tsam zig bstan pa yin no. de la 'dir rab tu byed pa'i don ni pha rol po dag gis rab tu byed pa'i dan por bsgrub pa201 smras pa'i skyon brjod pas mya nan las 'das pa no bo nid med pa nid du bstan pa yin no. de'i phyir: <>206 zes bya ba dan, de bzin du:- <>209 zes bya ba la sogs pa dan, de 198 dpyad pa DAE : spyad pa P 199 For the title see Avalokitavrata: <<> zes bya ba'i nan nas <> zes bya ba'i skabs nas ston par gyur ro. Cf. Gokhale in IIJ, II (1958), p. 165. 200 rtogs pa'i AE: rtog pa'i PD 201 bsgrub pa A: sgrub pa PDE 202 bstan par P: bstan pa DAE 203 mkhas P: mkha' DAE 204 mdud pa bor PDE: sdud pa por A 205 bkrol ba DE: bgrol ba PA 206 Quoted from Bhavya by Candrakirti, Prasannapada, p. 540 (ed. La Vallee Poussin): anirvanam hi nirvanam lokanathena desitam | akasena krto granthir akasenaiva mocitah || 207 'da' ba PAE: 'das pa D 208 spyod pa pa dag A: spyod pa PD: spyod pa pa E 209 From Brahmapariprcchasutra quoted Prasannapada, p. 540: ...na tesam bhagavan buddhotpado ye kasya cid dharmasyotpadam va nirodham vecchanti, na tesam 96

Page #21
bzin du: - <>>210 zes rgya cher gsuns pa dan, de bzin du: - <>214 zes bya ba la sogs pa dan, de bzin du: <>218 <>219 zes bya ba la sogs pa gsuns pa de dag 'grub pa yin no. bhagavan samsarasamatikramo ye nirvanam bhavatah paryesante. tat kasya hetoh? nirvanam iti bhagavan yah prasamah sarvanimittanam uparatih sarvenjitanam. tad ime bhagavan mohapurusa ye svakhyate dharmavinaye pravrajya tirthikadrstau nipatita nirvanam bhavatah paryesante -- tadyatha tilebhyas tailam ksirat sarpih --- atyantaparinirvrtesu bhagavan sarvadharmesu ye nirvanam marganti tan aham abhimanikan tirthikan iti vadami. na bhagavan yogacarah samyak pratipannah kasya cid dharmasyotpadam va nirodham va karoti, napi kasya cid dharmasya praptim icchati nabhisamayam iti vistarah... 210 Astasahasrikaprajnaparamita quoted in Prasannapada, p. 450: ...nirvanam apy (arya-) Subhute tauoratat svarporatat... 211 sa ri'i bu PAE : sa ra dva ti'i bu D 212 ishol DE : ishal PA 213 lon PD : glon AE 214 From the Bodhipitaka (byan chub kyi sde snod) according to Avalokitavrata. It is identical with the Bodhisattvapitaka, which is often quoted. 215 gzig : zig P : gzags DAE 216 brtags AE : brtag PD . 217 blo yis PD : blos ni AE 218 Lankavatarasutra, II, 198~X, 374 (ed. Nanjio, q.v. for variants): buddhya vivecyamanam tu na tantram napi kalpitam | nispanno nasti vai bhavah katham buddhya vikalpyate || 219 Lankavatarasutra, III, 48 ~X, 91 (ed. Nanjio, q.v. for variants): na svabhavo na vijnaptir na vastu na ca alayah | balair vikalpita hy ete savabhutaih kutarkikaih ||