Bhartiya Tarkikoni Pratyaksha Vishyak Charcha

Author(s): Nagin J Shah
Publisher: Z_Bharatiya_Tattva_gyan_001201.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/249540/1

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bhAratIya tArkikonI pratyakSa viSayaka carcA gautama Adi prAcIna naiyAyikoe pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna ane zabda e cAra ja pramANo svIkAryo hato, ane e emanI sAmAnya samaja hatI ke vastuviSayaka avyabhicArI jJAnane pramANa kahevAya. paraMtu e taiyAyikone eka evA yogiphAna (ane teya avyabhicArI)nI saMbhAvanAmAM vizvAsa hato ke na to IndriyasannikRSTa vastuviSayaka hoya ke na to anumAna, upamAna athavA zabdanI koTinuM hoya. zUnyavAdI tathA vijJAnavADI mahAyAnI dArzanikoe e matanI sthApanA karI ke yogijJAna pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna tathA zabda AmAMthI koI paNa koTimAM nathI AvI zakatuM pratyakSakoTamAM eTalA mATe nahi ke te indriyAsagnikarSajanya nathI; tathA anumAna, upamAna, zabdanI koTimAM eTalA mATe nahi ke te jJAnAntaranirapekSa ( = nirvikalpaka) che (jyAre anumAna, upamAna, tathA zabda jJAnAntarasApekSa che). potAnA A matanI sahAyatAthI e mahAyAnI dArzanikoe potAnA e mULa maMtavyanuM samarthana karavAne icchavuM ke satya be koTinuM hoya che : eka pAramArthika, bIjuM vyAvahArika; kAraNa ke ene AdhAre teo kahI zake ke pAramArthika satyano bodha (avagati) karAvanAruM yogijJAna pAramArthika pramANa che tathA vyAvahArika satyano bodha karAvanArAM pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna tema ja zabdapramANa vyAvahArika pramANa che. A rIte satyane drikoTika na mAnanArA taiyAyikonI sAme e samasyA AvIne UbhI ke yogijJAnane eka sunizcita pramANanuM pada kaI rIte ApavuM. have e to spaSTa hatuM ke yogijJAna jJAnAntarasApekSa (=savikalpa) nathI, ethI anumAna, upamAna athavA zabdamAM eno antarbhAva karavo nitAnta asaMbhava hato, paraMtu sAthe sAthe yogijJAna indriyasanirdhajanya na hovAne kAraNe eno antarbhAva pratyakSamAM karavAnuM paNa saraLa na hatuM. hA, pratyakSanuM eka evuM lakSaNapraNayana saMbhavita hatuM je indriyapratyakSa ane vogijJAna banneya upara lAgu thaI zake, ane naiyAyikoe e karyuM paNa kharuM. A rIte teo kahI zakayA ke satya ekakoTika che ane yogijJAnasahita badhAM ja pramANo e satyanI avagati karAvanArAM che. (A prastuta carcAmAM saraLatA khAtara ame IzvarAnane yogiphAnane eka

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bhAratIya tArkikonI pratyakSaviSayaka carcA 175 prakAraviroSa mAnIne cAlyA chIe, kAraNa ke IzvarajJAnanI kalpanA paNa yogijJAnanI jema IndriyAjanya, nirvikalpaka tathA avyabhicArInA rUpamAM karavAmAM AvI che.) kaMIka AvI jAtanI samasyA - jo ke taddana bhinna kAraNone laIne - jaina dArzanikonI samakSa paNa upasthita thaI. jainonI Agamika mAnyatA anusAra te ja jJAna pratyakSa kahevAya jene prApta karavAmAM AtmAne koI paNa upakaraNanI jarUra na paDe. anumAna, upamAna, tathA zabda jevAM saviya jJAnonA viSayamAM kahevAyuM che ke temane prApta karavA AtmAne mananI sahAyatAnI AvazyaktA rahe che, tathA indriyapratyakSane vize kahyuM che ke tene arjita karavA AtmAne indriyonI madada levI paDe che. A rIte jaina dArzanikone mate avadhi, manaHparyAya ane kevala A traNa prakAranAM jJAna ja (jemane saraLatA khAtara ame yogijJAnanA traNa prakAra mAnIne cAlIe chIe) pratyakSa kahevAvAne adhikArI che. paraMtu indriyArthasanniSkarSajanya jJAnane pratyakSAntarbhUta na mAnavuM e kaMI saraLa kAma na hatuM. eTale jaina dArzanikonI sAme paNa samasyA AvI ke pratyakSanuM eka evuM lakSaNa banAvavuM je yogijJAna tathA indriyapratyakSa banneyane lAgu pADI zake. Ama ApaNe joIe chIe ke naiyAyika (ane emanA samAnatantrIya vaizeSika) kArzaniko sAme tema ja jaina dArzaniko sAme bhale judAM judAM kAraNone laIne ho paNa eka ja samasyA AvIne khaDI thaI ane te e ke pratyakSanuM eka evuM lakSaNa banAvavuM je yogijJAna tathA indriyapratyakSa banneyane lAgu paDe. mImAMsA dArzanikonI samakSa A samasyA eTalA mATe upasthita na thaI kema ke temane yogijJAnanI saMbhAvanAmAM ja vizvAsa na hato (ane IzvaranA astitvamAMya na hato). nyAya-vairoSika tathA jaina tArkikoe pratyakSalakSaNapraNayananI samasyAno ukela lAvavA aneka rIte prayAsa karyo che. keTalAka tArkikoe to pratyakSanA paryAyavAcI koI zabdaviroSane ja pratyakSanuM lakSaNa gaNI lIdhuM. udAharaNArtha, siddhasena divAkare tema ja bhAsarvajJe 'aparokSa jJAna'ne ane uddayanAcArye 'sAkSAtkAri jJAna'ne pratyakSanA lakSaNarUpe prastuta karyuM. keTalAka jaina tArkikoe (udAharaNa tarIke akalaMka, hemacaMdra ane yazadevijayajIe) 'vizada athavA sphuTa jJAna'ne pratyakSanA lakSaNarUpe ApyuM; paraMtu A kaMI samasyAnuM samAdhAna na hatuM kAraNa ke tyAre prazna UThe che ke 'vizadatA athavA sphuTatA'nI zAstrIya paribhASA zI hoI zake ? aklake 'anumAnAdinI apekSAe eka viziSTa koTinI arthapratIti'ne vizadatAnuM lakSaNa gaNyuM, paraMtu A mAnavuM 'aparokSa jJAna'ne pratyakSanuM lakSaNa mAnIe enA jevuM ja che. gaMgero 'jJAnAkaraNaka jJAna'ne tathA hemacaMdre 'pramANAntaranirapekSa jJAna'ne pratyakSanA lakSaNarUpe ApyuM che; A banne lakSaNa tattvataH samAna che paraMtu emane savikalpa pratyakSa para lAgu pADavAmAM muzkelI paDe che (jo ke gaMgeza ane hemacaMdna banneya savi5koTinA pratyakSanI saMbhAvanA svIkAre che).

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176 bhAratIya tatvajJAna indriyArthasagnikarSajanya jJAna te te smRtiviroSanuM ubodhaka banIne ukta arthanA te te svarUpavizeSanA nizcAyaka jJAnanuM nimitta bane che. A mAnyatA nyAya-vaizeSika tathA. jena tArkikonI ja nathI balake bauddha tathA mImAMsaka tArkikonI paNa che. A indriyArthasatrikarSajanya jJAnane nirvikalpaka tathA A svarUpaviroSanizcAyaka jJAnane savikalpaka mAnavAnI bAbatamAM paNa A badhA tAkiko ekamata che. hA, eTaluM avazya che ke bauddha tArkika A nirvikalpaka jJAnane ja 'pratyakSa saMjJA Ape che ane A savikalpaka jJAnane pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpa athavA sAMvRta" mAtra kahe che, jyAre jaina tArkika A savikalpaka jJAnane ja "pratyakSa saMjJA Ape che ane nirvikalpaka jJAnane darzana mAtra kahe che. A banneyathI UlaTuM, nyAya-vaizeSika tathA mImAMsaka tArkika A nirvikalpaka jJAnane nirvikalpaka pratyakSa ane savikalpaka jJAnane 'savikalpaka pratyakSa saMjJA Ape " che. AvI dazAmAM savikalpaka pratyakSane, je anivAryarUpe smRtisApekSa che, jJAnAntaranirapekSa na kahI zakAya. tethI savikalpaka pratyakSane ja ekamAtra pratyakSa mAnanAra ane smRtine pramANAntara gaNanAra hemacaMdra "pramANAntaranirapekSa jJAnane pratyakSanA lakSaNarUpe na ApI zake. A rIte gaMgeza paNa "zAnAkaraNaka jAna' A pratyakSalakSaNane saviphalpaka pratyakSa upara lAgu nahi karI zake. gaMgeze A prakAranI muzkelIne dhyAnamAM rAkhIne ja pratyakSajananamAM smRtinI bhUmikAnA prazna para mauna dhAraNa karyuM che tethI jJAnAntaranirapekSa padane sthAne "jJAnAkaraNaka' padane potAnA pratyakSalakSaNamAM dAkhala karyuM che. gaMgeza evI rIte vAta kare che jANe nirvikalpaka pratyakSa svataH (arthAt smRtinI sahAyatA vinA ja) savikalpaka pratyakSane janma detuM na hoya! jo ema kaho ke savikalpaka pratyakSajananoyogI smRtine gaMgeza "nirvikalpaka pratyakSa mAM antabhUta mAne che to e prazna Ubho thAya ke RtisApekSa savikalpaka pratyakSa pramANa tathA smRtisApekSa anumAna, upamAna tema ja zabda pramANonI vacce tAttvika antara zuM rahyuM ? ema kahI zakAya ke savikalpaka pratyakSanI kAraNabhUta smRtinuM kAraNa koI jJAnavizeSa na hoI indriyAIsannikarSa mAtra che (arthAt ema ke savikalpaka pratyakSanuM kAraNa bhale smRtirUpa jJAnavizeSa ho paraMtu enuM kAraNa koI vizeSa nathI) jyAre anumAna, upamAna, tathA zabdapramANone vize Ama na kahI zakAya; paraMtu A kahevuM eTalA mATe saMgata nahi thAya kema ke IndriyArthasamikarSa smRtinuM janana sAkSAt na karatAM ukta arthaviSayaka anubhUtinA janana dvArA kare che. vastutaH indriyAsannikarSajanya A arthaviSayaka anubhUti ja prAcIna bhAratIya tArkikonuM nirvikalpaka jJAna che, ane A nirvikalpaka jJAna ja smRtiviroSanA ubodha dvArA savikalpaka jJAnane janma de che. kahevAno Azaya eTalo ja che ke indriyAsatrikarSa tathA savikalpaka jJAnanI vacce be kaDIonA sthAne eka kaDInI kalpanA karavAno gaMgezano prayatna saphaLa nathI, yogya nathI. eTale, saraLatA pratyakSotpattinI prakriyAmAM nimna

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177 bhAratIya krikonI pratyakSaviSayaka carcA likhita cAra kramika sopAna mAnavAmAM raheze : 1. IndriyArthasatrikarSa 3. smRtivizeSa 2. arthaviSayaka indriyAnubhUti 4. arthaviSayaka savikalpaka jJAna. - bhAratIya tArkikono pArasparika matabheda e praznane laIne nathI ke pratyakSotpattinI prakriyAnAM uparyukta cAra sopAna mAnavAke nahi, paraMtu e praznane laIne che ke dvitIya tathA caturtha sopAnane kaI saMjJA ApavI? upara kahyA pramANe, bauddha tArkika dvitIya sopAnane pratyakSa tathA cothAne pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpa" athavA "sAMvRta' kaheze, jena tArkika dvitIya sopAnane 'darzana tathA caturthane pratyakSa kaheze, jyAre nyAyaveroSika tema ja mImAMsA tArkika dvitIya sopAnane nirvikalpaka pratyakSa tathA caturthane 'savilpaka pratyakSa kaheze. A rItano saMgAsaMbaMdhI matabheda to Adhunika mAnasazAstrIomAM paNa viralanathI. udAharaNArtha, keTalAka mAnasazAstrIo dvitIya sopAnane perception tathA caturyane understanding kahevAnuM pasaMda karaze (A mata boddha jevo thaze). keTalAka dvitIyane sensation tathA caturyane perception kahevAnuM pasaMda karaze (A mata jaina jevo tharo) ane keTalAka dvitIyane indeterminate perception tathA caturNane determinate perception kahevAnuM pasaMda karaze (A mata vAyopika tathA mImAMsA jevo thaze). vastutaH eka indriyasanikRSTa arthanA svarUpaviSayaka (=svarUpanizcAyaka) yAvat jJAnane (ukta arthaviSayaka InDiyAnubhUtine nahi) pratyakSa pramANa saMjJA ApavI ucita thaze. ukta arthaviSayaka indriyAnubhUtine 'pratyakSa pramANa saMgha devI eTalA mATe ucita nahi gaNAya kema ke jJAnanA prAmANyanuM niyAmaka e jJAnano viSayabhUta arthanI sAthe avyabhicAra che, jyAre arthaviSayaka indriyAnubhUtinA saMbaMdhamAM e prazna ja UThato nathI ke teno svaviSayabhUta arthanI sAthe avyabhicAra che ke vyabhicAra? IdaMtayA pratibhAzAlI samyaguru jJAna pratyakSa pramANa che? A hemacaMdrIya lakSaNano e arthamAM ja svIkAra karavo joIe. arthAt A lakSaNamAM AvelA 'idaMtayApadano artha 'indriyasannikRSTatayA karavo joIe pachI bhalene e artha svayaM hemacaMdrane svIkRta na hoya. hemacandra dvArA A arthano asvIkAra thavAnuM kAraNa haze temano (anya jaina, bauddha, tathA nyAyaroSika tArkikonI jema) iyiArthasatrikarSAjanya pratyakSanI saMbhAvanAmAM vizvAsa, paraMtu e kahevAnI jarUra nathI ke Adhunika tArkikane mate e vizvAsa asvIkArya ja gaNAze. jJAnaprAptinAM be mULabhUta upakaraNa che indriyAnubhUti tathA tadAdhArita vicArazRMkhalA( = vikalpakhalA). ahIM e nirvivAdarUpe svIkAravuM paDaze ke arthaviSayaka IndriyAnubhUtiviroSanuM kAraNa hoya che te arthano koI IndriyavizeSanI

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bhAratIya tatvajJAna sAthe satrikarSa. prazna thAya che ke indriyAnubhUtino svAdhArita vicArazRMkhalAnI sAthe saMbaMdha kaI jAtano hoya che. TUMkamAM A praznano uttara e che ke indriyAnubhUti para AdhArita (tatkRSTabhAvI) vicArazRMkhalA sAkSAt e arthavizeSano svarUpanizcaya karAve che, je arthavizeSano indriyanI sAthe satrikarSa thatAM pariNAme A IndriyAnubhUtino janma thayo hoya che. paraMtu paraMparAthI te vicArazRMkhalA e badhA ja arthono svarUpanizcaya paNa karAvI zake che, je arthonI sAthe A arthavizeSano kAryakAraNasaMbaMdha ukta IndriyAnubhUtinA kartAne nizcitarUpe jJAta hoya. A samagra prakriyA para kaMIka vistArathI vicAra karIe. pratyeka IndriyAnubhUti te anubhUtinA kartAne svasadaza pUrvAnubhUtionuM tathA temanA dvArA te anubhUtionA janakabhUta (= viSayabhUta) arthanuM smaraNa karAvavAmAM ochevatte aMze samartha bane che. anubhUtikartA jANe che ke sadaza anubhUtionuM kAraNa hoya che sadaza arthono IndriyanI sAthe sannikarSa, ane AvI vastusthiti hoIne vartamAna IndriyAnubhUtinA samaye thanAruM tatsadazapUrvAnubhUtionuM smaraNa anubhUtikartAne e nizcaya para laI jAya che ke A vartamAna indriyAnubhUtino janakabhUta (= viSayabhUta) artha paNa evA svarUpavALo ja hovo joIe jevA svarUpavALo pelI pUrvAnubhUtiono janakabhUta (= viSayabhUta) artha hato. A rIte sadazasvarUpavALA arthanA viSayamAM pharI pharIne thanArI indriyAnubhUti anubhUtikartAne e arthonA svarUpano adhikAdhika nizcaya karAvavAne samartha bane che. Ama to A prakriyA prANImAtrane sAmAnya che, paraMtu manuSyajAtimAM te prauDhatAnI parAkASThAe pahoMcI gaI che; enuM mULabhUta kAraNa che manuSyajAti dvArA bhASAno AviSkAra, bhASAnI sahAyatAne kAraNe manuSyane mATe e saMbhavita bane che ke te arthanA svarUpa vizenI e bAbatone paNa jANI le je enA vyaktigata anubhavano viSaya kadApi banI na hatI. A kAraNe ja koI vartamAna anubhUta arthanA vize enI saMjJA zI che eno nizcaya jyAre manuSya kare che tyAre tene e arthanA svarUpano adhikAdhika nizcaya karavA mATe e vastunI AvazyaktA nathI rahetI ke teNe e arthanA vize potAne thayelI vyaktigata pUrvAnubhUtionuM ja smaraNa karavuM, kAraNa ke have te te saMjJAvALA arthanA viSayamAM potAne thayelI yAvat prAmANika jANakArIno - jeno moTo bhAga tene prAmANika puruSavacanomAMthI prApta thayo che - upayoga e arthanA svarUpano adhikAdhika nizcaya karavA mATe karI zake che. koI arthavizeSanA svarUpano nizcaya karavAne 1. jo ke evAya dArzaniko thayA che jemaNe bAhyarthanI vAstaviktAno inakAra karIneya indriyAnubhUtionI vAstaviktAno svIkAra karyo che, paraMtu vastutaH IndriyAnubhUtionuM kAdAcitva bAhyarthanI vAstaviktAne mAnyA vinA koI paNa rIte upapanna nahi thAya. A ja be mata kramazaH vijJAnavAda tathA bAhyarthavAdanA mUla mantavyarUpa che, ane vijJAnavAdane nirupattika tathA bAhyArthavAdane sopapattika mAnIne ahIM vivecana karavAmAM Ave che.

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bhAratIya tArkikonI pratyakSaviSayaka carcA mATe be bAbata jANavI Avazyaka che : (1) arthavizeSanI utpAdaka kAraNasAmagrI zI che, (2) arthavizeSa dvArA saMpAdita kAryo kyAM kayAM che. vastutaH aneka arthavizeSone eka sAmAnya saMjJA ApIe chIe teno AdhAra ja e hoya che ke temanI utpAdaka kAraNasAmagrI tathA emanA dvArA saMpAdita kAryo ekasarakhAM che. ane jyAM sudhI jJAnaprAptinI prakriyAne lAgevaLage che tyAM sudhI ApaNe kahI zakIe ke artha dvArA janita IndriyAnubhUtio te artha dvArA janita kAryomAM pramukhasthAne rahe che, kAraNa ke amuka eka artha dvArA janita keTalIka indriyAnubhUtionA AdhAre ja anubhUtikartA e arthanI saMjJA nizcita karI le che, pachI bhalene e saMjJAnizcaya bAda ene e jANavAnI vizeSa AvazyakatA na rahe ke e artha bIjI kaI kaI indriyAnubhUtiono janaka che. A rIte vicAravAthI ApaNane khyAla Ave che ke amuka IndriyasanikRSTa arthanA svarUpa vizenA nizcayAtmaka jJAna tathA e arthanI sAthe kAryakAraNabhAva dharAvatA arthonA svarUpa vizenA nizcayAtmaka jJAnanI vacce koI bahu UMDI vibhAjanarekhA nathI. bauddha tArkikonI bhASAmAM kahIe to, amuka arthanA viSayamAM pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpanI sahAyatAthI thanAra svarUpanizcaya ane e arthanA kAryakAraNanA viSayamAM kAryakAraNabhAvamUlaka anumAnanI sahAyatAthI thanAra svarUpanizcaya banneya tattvataH eka ja koTinI prakriyAo che. paraMtu, to pachI prazna UThe che ke bauddha tArkikoe (kAryakAraNabhAvamUlaka) anumAnanuM pramANa tathA pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpane apramANa kema mAnyuM? 'pramANa zabdano sIdho artha hovo joIe 'vastuviSayaka avyabhicArI jJAna tathA 'apramANa' zabdano "vastuviSayaka vyabhicArI jJAna'AvuM hoIne pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpane apramANa kahevAno Azaya e thAya ke pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vivakalpanI sahAyatAthI thanAruM vastuviSayaka jJAna vyabhicArI che. paraMtu bauddha tArkikono Avo Azaya hoI zake nahi, kAraNa ke temaNe 'vastusvarUpanA nizcAyaka pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpa' ane 'vastusvarUpanA anizcAyaka pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpa vacce bheda pADavo che ane te A prakAre che : "je kAryakAraNabhAvane AdhAre aneka arthavizeSone eka saMjJAvizeSa apAya che te kAryakAraNabhAvathI sampanna arthane saMjJA ApanAra pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpa vastusvarUpano nizcAyaka che ane e kAryakAraNabhAvazUnya arthane te saMjJA denAra pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpa vastusvarUpano anizcAyaka che. AthI e spaSTa thAya che ke bauddha tArkikoe pratyakSavRSabhAvI vivakalpane koI bIjA ja arthamAM apramANa kahyo che; e artha upara thoDoka vicAra karI laIe. ApaNe joyuM ke bauddha tArkikoe indriyArthasannikajanya arthaviSayaka indriyAnubhUtine ja "pratyakSapramANa' saMjJA ApI che, paraMtu vastutaH pramANa-apramANano bheda nizciyakArI jJAnonI vacce ja karI zakAya jyAre IndriyAnubhUti e koI nizcayakArI jJAna nathI. prakArAntarathI bauddha tArkikoe A hakIktano svIkAra paNa karyo che, kAraNa ke emanI evI mAnyatA che ke artha pratyakSano

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180 bhAratIya tattvajJAna viSaya sarvatovyAvRttarUpathI ane zabdasaMketano viSaya amutovyAvRtta rUpathI bane che; paraMtu Ano artha e thayo ke arthanA vize pratyakSa vadhumAM vadhu eTaluM jJAna karAvI zake ke amuka deza-kAlamAM e arthanuM astitva che jyAre e arthanA amuka dharma( = prakAra)nA vironuM jJAna karavAne mATe ApaNe amuka zabdasaMtano ArAro levo paDaze. bauddha tArkike mAnI lIdhuM ke jema amuka zabdasaMketa arthanA amuka dharmanuM jJApana karAve che ane te dvArA e arthanI e dharmazUnya badhA ja arthothI je vyAvRtti tenuM jJApana karAve che, tevI ja rIte pratyakSa e arthanI snetara samasta arthothI je vyAvRtti tenuM jJApana karAve che ane te dvArA e arthanA svagata samasta dharmonuM jJApana karAve che. A samaja spaSTataH bhrAnta che ane enuM kaMIka bhAna svayaM bauddha tArkikone hatuM; eTale ja to emaNe pratyakSa dvArA thanAra e arthanA sarvadharmaviSayaka jJAnane e dharmonuM darzana kahyuM tathA amuka zabdasaMketa dvArA thanAra e arthanA amuka dharmaviSayaka jJAnane e dharmano nizcaya kahyo. paraMtu e to niHzaMka che ke potAnI A bhrAnta samajane laIne bauddha tArkikoe pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpane apramANa jAhera karyo che; kAraNa ke emaNe ema vicAryuM ke jyAre arthanA samasta dharmonuM jJAna ( = darzanAtmaka jJAna) pratyakSa karAvI ja de che to pachI pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpa dvArA thanAruM e arthanA amuka dharmonuM jJAna (=nizcayAtmaka jJAna) piSTapeSaNa hoIne pramANa kema lekhI zakAya ? paraMtu hamaNAM ja ApaNe joyuM tema, pramANa-apramANano bheda nizcayakArI jJAnonI vacce ja karI zakAya, jyAre indriyAnubhUti e koI nizcayakArI jJAna nathI; AvI paristhitimAM auddha tArkikoe indriyAnubhUtine pratyakSa pramANa kahevI ane pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vikalpane apramANa kahevo e to vastusthitine sAva UlaTI jovA barAbara che. jJAnaprAptinI prakriyAmAM indriyAnubhUti eka vikalpapUrvabhAvI sopAna hoIne ene nirvikalpaka kahevI e to ThIka ja che, paraMtu enI e nirvikalpakatAne kAraNe ene 'pramANa' saMjJAthI ja nahi paNa e saMjJAnI yogyatAthI paNa vaMcita rahevuM paDaze. jena tArkikoe nirvikalpaka jJAnane koI paNa rIte pramANa nahi mAnIne yogya ja karyuM che, tathA sArataH A ja dRSTikoNa nyAyaveroSika ane mImAMsaka tArkikono hoya ema lAge che. hA, gaMgeze 'jJAnAqaraNaka jJAnane ane hemacaMdre 'pramANAntaranirapekSa jJAnane pratyakSanA lakSaNarUpe prastuta karyuM temAM nirvikalpaka jJAna ja pratyakSa pramANa che e bauddha siddhAMtano prabhAva varatAya che; paraMtu ApaNe joyuM tema, gaMgerA ane hemacandranAM A lakSaNo 2. rAkhtasaMketa dvAza thanArA arthaviSayaka jJAnane pramANakoTimAM (ho ke pramANakoTinI samIpa) lAvavAnA uddezyathI enI gRhItagrAhitAne dUra karavAno prayatna paNa bauddha tArkikoe ryo che. udAharaNArthe, emaNe kahyuM ke pratyakSa ane rAkhtasaMketa khanneya artha vize ja jJAna karAve che, phera mAtra eTalo ja ke pratyakSa tenuM jJAna vidhirUpathI karAve che jyAre zabdasaMketa tenuM jJAna atardhyAvRttirUpe karAve che, paraMtu jyAre bauddha tArkikone mate vibhinna arthone eka zabdathI abhihita karavAnuM kAraNa te arthono sadaza kAryakAraNabhAva che to pachI zabdasaMta dvArA thanAruM arthaviSayaka jJAna vidhipa nahi paNa mAtra atavyAvRttirUpa e kaI rIte bane ?

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bhAratIya tAkonI pratyakSaviSayaka carcA 181 savikalpaka pratyakSane lAgu paDatAM na hoIne pratyakSa pramANamAM e nirdoSa lakSaNo na banI zake. A rIte akalaMka Adi jaina tArkikoe 'phuTa athavA vizada jJAna ne pratyakSanA lakSaNarUpe ApyuM temAMya bauddha paraMparAno prabhAva che; paraMtu indriyAnubhUtine ja pramANa mAnanAra ema kahI zake ke pratyakSa ( = nirvikalpaka) jJAna suTa athavA vizada koTinuM ane pratyakSetara (=savikalpaka) jJAna akhuTa athavA avizada koTinuM hoya che, jyAre pratyakSa tathA pratyakSetara banneya prakAranA jJAna(pramANabhUta jJAna)ne savikalpaka mAnanAra akalaMka vagere jaina tArkiko ema na kahI zake ke pratyakSa jJAna skuTa athavA vizada koTinuM hoya che ane pratyakSetra jJAna akhuTa athavA avizada koTinuM. A kAraNe ja skuTa athavA vizada jJAnane pratyakSanA lakSaNarUpe prastuta karyA pachI jena tArkikonI samakSa khuTatA athavA vizadatAnuM lakSaNa karavAnI samasyA UbhI thAya che; udAharaNArya, hemacaMdra dvArA upasthApita uparyukta be pratyakSa lakSaNo vastutaH vaizagharanAM lakSaNa che, jyAre pratyakSanuM lakSaNa to hemacaMdra "vizada jJAna ja kyuM che. ahIM e prazna thavo svAbhAvika che ke bauddha tArkikoe arthaviSayaka nirvikalpaka pratyakSane e arthanA samasta dharmonuM sAkSAnuM jJAna karAvanAruM kema jAhera karyuM -bhalene eno artha game te kema na hoya. A praznano nirvivAda uttara Apavo mukela che. ema lAge che ke e tAkoe koI paNa savikalpaka pramANamAM evI yogyatA na joI - ane barAbara rIte ja - je arthavizeSanA samasta dharmonuM phAna karAvI zake (joke emaNe anumAna tathA prAmANika puruSavacanamAM evI yogyatA avazya joI ke jene laIne te arthavizeSanA adhikAdhika dhamanuM jJAna karAvatuM rahe. ane A temanI vAta ThIka paNa che); paraMtu sAthe sAthe e tArkikoe ema vicAryuM - ane khoTI rIte - ke evuM koI pramANa avazya hovuM joIe je eka arthavizeSanA samasta dharmonuM jJAna karAvI zake. bIjI bAja, jaina tathA nyAyazeSika tAkonI jema e bauddha tArkikone evo paNa vizvAsa hato ke yogijJAna dvArA arthaviroSanA evA dharmonI avagatiya saMbhave che, je indriyAtIta ja nahi anumAnAtIta paNa che. eTaluM ja nahi, pote mahAyAnI bauddha hoIne e tArkikone evo paNa vizvAsa rahyo haze ke yogijJAna dvArA ane yogijJAna dvArA ja paramArthasanI avagati saMbhave che, jeno artha pramANazAstropayogI bhASAmAM ema thAya ke yogijJAna dvArA- tathA yogiphAna dvArA ja - saghaLA arthonA saghaLA dharmonI avagati saMbhave che. kadAca A samasta pRSThabhUmimAM bauddha tArkikoe ghoSaNA karI ke arthaviSayaka Indriyaja nirvikalpaka jJAna te arthanA saghaLA dharmonuM jJApaka che, jevI rIte yogazaktijanya nirvikalpaka jJAna saghaLA arthonA saghaLA dharmonuM jJApaka che. ApaNA sukhaduHkhAdi manobhAvonuM bhAna ApaNane anAyAse paraMtu asaMdigdhapaNe thaI jAya che e hakIkta paNa bauddha tArkikone ema vicAravA preryA haze ke arthaviSayaka indriyaja nirvikalpaka jJAna te arthanA svarUpa(samagra svarUpa)nuM niH saMdigdhabhAve jJApaka che, jevI

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182 bhAratIya tatvajJAna rIte ApaNA potAnA sukhaduHkhAdi manobhAvanA viSayamAM ApaNane thanAruM nirvikalpaka ( = anAyAsasiddha) jJAna e manobhAvonA svarUpanuM niH saMdigdhabhAve zApaka che. Ama yogijJAnane tathA manobhAvaviSayaka svasaMvedanane nirvikalpaka, niH saMdigdha tema ja samagra svarUpaviSayaka koTinAM jJAno mAnI bauddha tArkikoe kalpanA karI ke amuka arthanA viSayamAM thanAruM indriyaja nirvikalpaka jJAna paNa e arthanA samagrasvarUpane viSaya karatuM pramANabhUta jJAna che. Adhunika tArkika kaheze ke A samasta taNAne mATe bauddha tArkikonA yogiphAnanI saMbhAvanAmAM rahelA vizvAsane ane manobhAvonA viSayamAM temanI adhUrI samajane javAbadAra gaNavA joIe. bauddha tArkikoe 'kalpanApoDha ( = nirvikalpaka)zAna ne pratyakSanuM lakSaNa gayuM che tathA temaNe pratyakSanA cAra prakAra mAnyA che : (1) indriyaja, (2) svasavedana, (3) yogaja, (4) mAnasa. mAnasapratyakSanI kalpanA Adhunika mAnasazAstra dvArA kalpita after-cognition jevI che, ane je kAraNone laIne after-cogitionne perception prakAraviroSa nathI gaNavAmAM Avato te ja kAraNone laIne A mAnasapratyakSane pratyakSano prakAravizeSa na mAnavo joIe. jaina tArkiko pratyakSanA be prakAra mAne che : (1) mukhya, (2) sAMvyavahArika mukhya pratyakSamAM avadhi, manaH paryAya ane kevala(= trividha yoginnAna)no samAveza thAya che, tathA sAMvyavahArika pratyakSamAM Indriyaja jJAna Ave che. gaMgeze pratyakSanA be prakAra svIkAryA che : (1) laukika, (2) alaukika. laukika pratyakSamAM Indriyaja jJAna Ave che ane alaukika pratyakSanA traNa bheda paDe che : (a) sAmAnyalakSaNa, (ba) jJAnalakSaNa, (ka) yogaja. sAmAnyalakSaNa tathA jJAnalakSaNa pratyakSonI gaMgenI kalpanA nirALI che. amuka eka vastuvizeSaviSayaka laukika pratyakSane pariNAme utpanna thanAruM tajjAtIya saghaLI vastuone viSaya karanAruM alaukika pratyakSa sAmAnyalakSaNapratyakSa che, tathA amuka indriyavizeSathI sannikRSTa vastunA te indriya dvArA grahaNayogya nahi evA dharmaviroSanuM thanAruM alaukika pratyakSa te jJAnalakSaNapratyakSa che (kAraNa ke A pratyakSanuM nimitta che e vastunA e dharmavizeSanA viSayanuM thanAruM iSTa pramAtAnuM pUrvAnubhUta jJAna). jene Adhunika mAnasazAstramAM apperceptionnI ghaTanA kahevAmAM Ave che te ghaTanAnI upapatti karavA gaMgeze jJAnalakSaNapratyakSanI kalpanA karI che. kahevAnI jarUra nathI ke A banne prakAranA alaukika pratyakSanI kalpanA tarkasaMgata nathI. 3 pI : " bIjAM keTalAMka evA jJAnone paNa phAnalakSaNApratyakSanAM udAharaNa mAnavAmAM AvyAM che jemAM indriyArthasatrikarSa vinA ja ISTa pramAtAnA koI pUrvAnubhUta jJAnano upayoga thAya che. jJAnAkarANaka jJAna" A pratyakSalakSaNane jJAnalakSaNapratyakSa para lAgu karavuM keTaluM kaThaNa che te to spaSTa che.

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183 bhAratIya tArkikonI pratyakSAviSayaka carcA pariziSTa upara nyAyavaizeSika, jaina tathA mImAMsA tArkikonAM maMtavyonA vize je kaMI samIkSA karavAmAM AvI che tenA samarthanamAM mULa graMthonA uddharaNanI koI khAsa AvatA nathI. paraMtu bauddha tArkikonAM maMtavyone vize Ama na kahI zakAya, kema ke e tArkikonuM e durbhAgya hatuM ke teo mahAyAnI ane tArkika banneya hatA jene laIne mahAyAnIoe emane saMdehanI najare eTalA mATe joyA ke teo tArkika hatA ane tArkikoe eTalA mATe ke teo mahAyAnI (eTale ke vijJAnavAdI athavA zunyavAdI) hatA. eTale ja nIce dharmakIrtinA svopAvRttivALA pramANavArtikamAMthI keTalAMka (tathA manorathanardikRta pramANavArtika TIkAmAMthI eka) evAM uddharaNo ApIe chIe, jemanAthI ahIM karavAmAM Avela samIkSAne samarthana maLI zake : (1) zabdasaMketane adha upara lAgu karavAnI prakriyA (1) tasmAdime bhAvAH svajAtIyAbhimatAd anyasmAcca vyatiriktAH, svabhAvenaikarUpatvAt / yato yato bhinnAstadbhedapratyAyanAya kRtasaMnivezaiH zabdaiH satastato bhedamupAdAya svabhAvAbhede'pyanekadharmANaH pratIyante |...tsmaadeksy . bhAvasya yAvanti pararUpANi tAvatyastadapekSayA vyAvRttayaH, tadasaMbhavikAryakAraNasya tadbhedAt / yAvatyazca tadvyAvRttayaH tAvatyazca zrutayo'tatkAryakAraNaparihAreNa vyavahArArthAH |...tsmaat svabhAvAbhede'pi yena dharmeNa nAmnA yo vizeSo bhedaH pratIyate na sa zakyo'nyena pratyAyayitumiti naikArthAH sarvazabdAH / (pR. 16)* (II) ye samastAH kiJcidekaM kAryaM kurvanti teSAM tatra vizeSAbhAvAd apArthikA vizeSacodaneti sakRt sarveSAM niyojanArthamekamayaM lokaH zabdaM teSu niyuGkte ghaTa iti te'pi sajAtIyAdanyatazca bhedAvizeSe'pi tatprayojanAtayA tadanyebhyo bhidyante iti abhedAt tato'vizeSeNa pratIyante / (pR0 44) (III) tasmAt siddhametat - sarve zabdAH vivekaviSayAH vikalpAzca / ete ekavastupratizaraNA api yathAsvamavadhibhedopakalpitarbhedaiH bhinneSvivaM pratibhAtsu buddhau vivekeSUpasthApanAd bhinnaviSayA eva / (pR0 61).. (2) rAbdasakatajanya jJAna paNa amuka arthamAM gRhagrAhI nathI (jema anumAnajanya jJAna gRhItagrAhI nathI tema). kathaM punaretad gamyate - vyavacchedaH zabdaliGgAbhyAM pratipAdyate vidhinA na vasturUpameveti ? pramANAntarasya zabdAntarasya ca pravRtteH / tathAhi - ekasyArthasvabhAvasya pratyakSasya sataH svayam / ko'nyo na dRSTo bhAgaH syAdyaH pramANaiH parIkSyate // 45 / / * ahIM pRSAMko karIvizvavidyAlaya dvArA prakAzita saMskaraNa (saMpAdaka paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA)nA che.

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184 bhAratIya tatvajJAna tasmAd dRSTasya bhAvasya dRSTa evAkhilo guNaH / bhrAntenizcIyate neti sAdhanaM saMpravartate / / 47 // (pR0 17) (3) pratyakSa jJAna sarvadarzI hovA chatAMya sarvanizcAyaka nathI tathA koI paNa nizcAyaka jJAna sarvanizcAyaka nathI. (A saMbaMdhamAM (2) paNa jovuM joIe.) yadyapyaMzarahitaH sarvato bhitrasvabhAvo'nubhUtaH tathApi na sarvabhedeSu tAvatA nizcayo bhavati kAraNAntarApekSatvAt / anubhavo hi yathAvikalpAbhyAsaM nizcayapratyayAn janayati / yathA rUpadarzanAvizeSe'pi kuNapa-kAminI-bhakSyavikalpAH....so'pi bhavannizcayo'sati bhrAntikAraNe bhavati |...n pratyakSaM kasyacinizcAyakam / tad yamapi gRhNAti tanna nizcayena / kiM tarhi ? tatpratibhAsena / tanna nizcayAnizcayavazAt pratyakSasya grahaNAgrahaNe | naivaM nizcayAnAM, kiJcinizcinvanto'pyanyatrAnizcayena pravRttibhedAd grahaNAgrahaNam / (pR0 20) (4) pratyakSanI jema anumAna sAkSAt ardhajanya na hovA chatAM pratyakSanI jema ja pramANa kaI rIte? ete kAryasvabhAvAnupalabdhilakSaNAstrayo hetavaH |...ttr dvau vastusAdhanAvekaH pratiSedhahetuH / ...etau dvAvanumeyapratyayau sAkSAdanutpatteratatpratibhAsitve'pi tadutpattestadavyabhicAriNAviti pramANaM pratyakSavat / pratyakSasyApi hyAvyabhicAra eva prAmANyam, tadabhAve bhAvinastadvipralambhAt / avyabhicArazcAnyasya ko'nyastadutpatteH / anAyattarUpANAM sahabhAvaniyamAbhAvAt / (pR. 2) (5) pratyakSapRSThabhAvI vivakalpa kayA arthamAM apramANa? gRhItagrahaNAnneSTaM sAMvRtam... (pra. vA. 1/5) gRhItagrahaNAnneSTaM sAMvRtaM darzanottarakAlaM sAMvRtaM vikalpajJAnaM pramANaM neSTaM darzanagRhItasyaiva grahaNAt tenaiva ca prApayituM zakyatvAt sAMvRtamakiJcitkarameva / manoratha (6) puruSavacanonuM prAmAyakeTalI hada sudhI tathA dhArmika AgamonuM svataMtra prAmANya kayA viSayomAM ? . na hi zabdA yathAbhAvaM vartante yatastebhyo'rthaprakRtinizcIyeta / te hi vakturvivakSAvRttaya iti tannAntarIyakAstAmeva gamayeyuH / na ca puruSecchAH sarvA yathArthabhAvinya: / na ca tadapratibaddhasvabhAvo bhAvo'nyaM gamayati / yatta dam- . . . . "AptavAdA'visaMvAdasAmAnyAdanumAnatA" (kA0 219) ityAgamasyAnumAnatvamuktaM tatkatham . ? nAyaM puruSo'nAzrityAgamaprAmANyamAsituM samartho'tyakSaphalAnAM keSAJcit pravRttinivRttyormahAnuzaMsA'pAyazravaNAt, tadbhAve virodhAdarzanAcca / tatsati pravartitavye varamevaM pravRtta iti parIkSayA prAmANyamAha / (pR0 71-72)