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________________ bhAratIya nausenA aitihAsika sarvekSaNa zrI gAyatrInAtha paMta samudrakA AkarSaNa anAdikAlase manuSyako AkarSita karatA rahA hai- prerita karatA rahA hai, prArambhameM manoraMjana evaM utsukatAvaza para tatpazcAt yAtAyAta, vyApAra, samudramanthana tathA yuddha-saMcAlana hetu / mAnavakI ajJAtako khoja nikAlanekI svAbhAvika pravRttise sAgara bhI achUtA nahIM rahA saMbhavata: nadiyoMke kinAre rahane ke kAraNa mAnava ke Adi puruSane machalI pakar3ane, tairane evaM nadI pAra karaneke liye kisI lakar3I ke laTThekA sahArA liyA hogA / AvazyakatAoM, surakSAkI bhAvanA evaM sAMskRtika vikAsake kAraNa isa dizA meM bhI sudhAra hue / bhAratIya naukAkA bhI eka vikAsakrama hai-- svayaMmeM eka itihAsa hai / laTTheke bAda taraNIkA yuga AtA hai / bhAratakI prAcInatama prAgaaitihAsika saiMdhava sabhyatAmeM hameM naukA darzana hote haiM / cU~ki isa sabhyatAkA udgama sthala eka mahAn evaM vyApArika nadI (siMdha) thI isaliye nizcaya hI jijJAsu mAnavane isa dizAmeM nAnA prakAra ke prayoga kiye aura vyApArika suvidhAke liye katipaya nAvoMkA AviSkAra kiyA / yahA~ eka muharameM hameM 'makara' ke AkArakI naukAkA aMkana milatA hai| jisakA AdhA aMza jalamagna hai / eka nAvika UparI siremeM baiThakara do cappuoMke mAdhyama se, ise khe rahA hai / san 1959-60ke madhya kiye gaye purAtattva utkhananase lothala ( ahamadAbAda, gujarAta ) meM eka 'DAkyArDa' kA patA calA hai jisase 2500 I0 pU0 meM honevAle jala vyApArakA spaSTa ullekha milatA / isa DAkyAIkA svarUpa 'AyatAkAra' prakArakA hai evaM isakA pUrvI lagabhaga 710 phITa lambA hai| isameM pUrva kI ora eka dvAra thA jisake mAdhyamase nAveM A sakatI thIM / vaidika sAhitya ke avalokanase prAcIna bhAratIya zreSTha naukA paraMparAke pramANa mile haiM / usa samaya sAgarIya vyApAra bhI pracalita thaa| Rgveda meM samudrapara calanevAle jalayAnoMkA ullekha milatA hai / Rgveda ( 1,117 ) meM varNita avizvanoM kA ullekha, jinhoMne 'paMkhayukta jahAjoM' dvArA bhujyakI rakSA kI thI, honese DaoN0 dIkSitatara to 'vAyu-jala-vyApAra' honekI bhI ghoSaNA kara dI hai para yaha adhika bhAvukatApUrNa hai 'zatapatha brAhmaNa' meM svargakI ora prasthAna karanevAle jahAjakA ullekha hai / usa yugakI anya sAhityika upalabdhiyoM meM baMgAla, siMdha evaM dakSiNa bhArata meM honevAle jala vyApArakA vivaraNa milatA hai / 'yukta kalpataru' jahAja nirmANa viSayaka eka aitihAsika graMtha hai jisameM jahAjoMke svarUpa, prakAra, upayoga ke sAtha-sAtha nirmANavidhikA kalAtmaka vivecana hai / isameM jahAjoMko 20 zreNiyoM meM bA~TA gayA hai / sabase lambA 176 bAlista lambA, 20 bAlista caur3A evaM 17 bAlista U~cA hotA thA, jabaki sabase choTekI mApa 16-4-4 bAlista dI gaI hai / jahAjoMke tIna pramukha prakAra the 'sarvamandira', 'madhyamandira' evaM 'agnimandira' | agnimandira eka yuddhaka jahAja thA jise kevala saMgrAma meM hI upayoga kiyA jAtA thA jabaki prathama donoM prakAroMkA upayoga jala-vihAra, machalI pakar3ane evaM vyApAra AdimeM hotA thA / saMbhavataH aise hI kisI jalayAnameM prathama bhAratIya nAvikane sAgarakI hiloroMko jhaMkRtakara prathama jala-yuddhakA AhvAna kiyA hogA / aise hI eka 34 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana grantha
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________________ jahAjameM rAjarSi tugune apane putrako zatru para AkramaNa karane hetu bhejA thaa| aura isI prakArake pUrNarUpeNa susajjita evaM zastroMse yukta eka jahAja meM pANDava-bandhuoMne palAyana kiyA thaa| 'sarvavAtasahAM nAvaM yaMtrayuktAM patAkinIm / zive bhAgIrathItIre naravizrambhibhiH kRtAm / / ( mahAbhArata, Adiparva) isI mahAkAvyameM sahadevakI samudrI yAtrA evaM usake dvArA mlecchoMse katipaya prAyadvIpoMke jIta lenekA varNana hai| eka bAra niSAdharAja guhakane hajAroM kaivarta navayuvakoMse 500 yuddhaka jahAjoMko taiyAra karane evaM bhAratase jalayaddha karanekA AhvAna kiyA thaa| isa taraha vaidika yugake ye bikhare udAharaNa isa bAtake jvalanta pramANa haiM ki vaidika yugameM mAnavane sAgarakI atala gaharAiyoM para kAphI hada taka niyaMtraNa prApta kara liyA thaa| 325 I0 pUrva meM jahAja-nirmANakalA kAphI unnata avasthAmeM thI aura isa samaya bhArata videzI rASTroMse jala samparka sthApita kara cukA thaa| svayaM sikandarako siMdha nadI pAra karane ke liye bhAratIya kArIgaroM dvArA nirmita nAvoMkA sahArA lenA par3A thaa| siMdha nadIko pAra karane ke liye sikandara mahAnne nAvoMkA pula bhI taiyAra karavAyA thaa| yadi kahIM bhAratIya porasane bhI isI praNAlIko apanAkara sikandarako ma~jhadhArameM roka diyA hotA to saMbhavataH itihAsakI dizA hI badala gaI hogii| mauryayugameM nausenAkA rASTrIyakaraNa kara diyA gayA thA aura yaha rAjyakA ekAdhikAra bana gayA thaa| plinIke anusAra isa samayakA ausatana jahAja lagabhaga 75 Tana vajana kA thaa| bar3hate hue jalavyApAra evaM saMbhAvita nau-yuddhoMke kAraNa hI isa samaya eka pRthak nau-vibhAgakI sthApanA kara dI gaI thI jisakA pradhAna 'nAvAdhyakSa' kahalAtA thaa| monAhanake isa vicArakA, ki 'nAvAdhyakSa' pUrNarUpeNa eka nAgarika-prazAsanika adhikArI thA, DaoN0 rAya caudharIne tarkapUrNa khaMDana kiyA hai aura yaha mata pratipAdita kiyA hai ki 'nAvAdhyakSa' ke ananya kAryoMmeM eka kArya himazrikAoM ( samudrI DAkuoM ) dvArA rASTrIya jalayAnoMkI surakSA bhI thii| cANakyane apane arthazAstrameM ina samudrI DAkuoM evaM zatruoMke jahAjoMko dhvasta karane evaM unake dvArA apane bandaragAhoMkI rakSA karanekA joradAra samarthana kiyA hai| jaba hama azoka mahAnke laMkA evaM anya prAyadvIpoMse sambandhake bAremeM usake lekhoMmeM par3hate haiM taba usake AdhIna eka vizAla nau-senA vibhAga hone kI svataH hI puSTi ho jAtI hai| prAraMbhika kalAtmaka citraNameM sAtavAhana narezoMke tattvAvadhAnameM nirmita dvitIya zatI I0 pU0ke sAMcIke hamArA dhyAna AkarSita karate haiN| sAMcI stapake parvI evaM pazcima dvAra para eka choTI sI taraNIkA aMkana hai jisake choTe cappU usa yugameM pracalita naukAke paricAyaka hai| kanherIkI mUrtikalAmeM bhI hameM eka jahAjake darzana hote haiM jo bar3I hI jIrNa-zIrNa avasthAmeM citrita hai| dvitIya evaM tRtIya zatI I0 ke Andhra narezoMke sikkoMmeM hameM mastUla yukta jahAjakA ullekha milatA hai / yaha jahAja ardhacandrAkAra hai evaM isameM do mastUla lambAkAra khar3e haiN| isake cAroM ora jalarAzi hai evaM usameM ise khenevAle eka cappakA bhI AbhAsa milatA hai| isa yugake nareza yatra-zrIne 'jahAja-prakAra'kA eka sikkA bhI pracalita kiyA thA jo nizcaya hI usa samayake Arthika jIvana meM jalayAnoMke yogadAnakI aitihAsika ghoSaNA hai| ajantAke citrakAroMke tatkAlIna bhAratakI eka sundaratama evaM hRdayagrAhI jhAMkI prastuta kI hai aura unakI tIkSNa dRSTise ye naukAe~ bhI na baca skiiN| adhikAMza rUpakA inakA citraNa guhA naM0 2ke bhitti itihAsa aura purAtattva : 35
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________________ citroM (522-650 I0 ) meM huA hai| isameM eka jahAja kAphI vegayukta pAnI meM baha rahA hai para dUsare sthAna para 'makara AkAra ke eka bhArI bharakama jahAjako darzAyA gayA hai jisameM vijaya dvArA kiye gaye laMkA-abhi yAnake saMdarbha meM anamya sipAhiyoM, ghur3asavAroM evaM hAthiyoM ko isI jahAja para savAra citrita kiyA gayA hai| pallavayugIna sikkoM ( 7vIM zatI I0 ) meM bhI do-mastUla yukta jahAjoMkA pradarzana hai / usa samaya mahAbalIpurama eka pramukha kendra thA / jahAjoMke mArgadarzana hetu nirmita eka prakAza stambhake vidyamAna hai| avazeSa Aja bhI guptakAlameM nausenAkI mahattA pUrNarUpeNa siddha ho cukI thii| samudraguptake pAsa candragupta vikramAdityane nau-zaktike dvArA hI zakoMko parAstakara araba sAgarase baMgAla kI prabhutva sthApita kara liyA thaa| cAlukya nareza pulakezina dvitIyane purIpara nausainika AkramaNa kiyA thA aura isake vaibhavako dhUla dhUsarita kara diyA thaa| yahI nahIM varan bhAratIya naukAoMkI dhUma videzoM meM bhI macI, bauddhakAlIna jAtaka kathAoM meM to aneka bAra samudrI jalayAnoMkA prasaMga AtA hI hai aura yaha bhI ki inhIM jahAjoMmeM baiThakara hamAre pUrvaja varmA, dakSiNa pUrva eziyA, zrI laMkA, aphrIkA tathA cIna taka pahu~ce the| jAvAke prasiddha borobadarake mandira meM bhAratIya jahAjoMkA bahuta hI sundara aMkana huA hai / DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukarjIne inheM tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| prathama koTimeM lambe evaM caur3e dUsare meM ekase adhika mastUlavAle tathA tIsarI koTimeM ve jahAja Ate hai jisameM kevala eka hI mastUla hai sAtha hI inakA agalA bhAga kucha mur3A huA hotA hai| isI prakArakA eka jahAja madurAIke prasiddha maMdira meM bhI pradarzita hai| jAvAme pracalita danta-kathAoMke anusAra eka bAra eka gujarAta narezane 6 bar3e evaM 100 choTe jahAjoM meM senA bharakara jAvApara AkramaNa kara diyA evaM ise vijita kiyA tathA eka maMdirakA nirmANa yahA~ karavAyA jisakA nAma 'maMdana kumalAMga' rakhA gyaa| bhAratIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRtikA jAvA, sumAtrA, campA, malAyA evaM kamboja AdimeM prasAra karane kI dizAmeM bhAratIya nau ber3ene eka sarAhanIya kArya kiyA hai| baMgAla to jala-putra hI hai / ati prAcInakAlase hI yahA~ke loga apanI khAr3I ke rahasya ko samajhane lage the / kAlidAsake 'raghuvaMza' meM nAyaka raghu dvArA baMga pradezapara kiye gaye saphala AkramaNakA ullekha kiyA hai| jisase patA calatA hai ki baMgavAsiyoMke pAsa nausenA bhI thI / ananya jahAja the| khAr3I taka apanA baMgAnutsAya tarasA netA nausAdhanodyatAn / nicakhAna jayastambhAn gatvA srotontareSu saH // lekhoMmeM 6ThI zatI I0 meM bhI bandaragAhoMkI upasthitikA AbhAsa milatA hai / 531 I0 ke tAmrapatrIya lekhameM, jo dharmAdityakA hai 'navakezanI' athavA jahAja nirmANa karanevAle kArakhAnoM tathA bandaragAhakA ullekha hai / 1 ( raghuvaMza 4, 36 ) pAla narezoM dvArA baMgalA evaM bihAra meM Adhipatya sthApita kara leneke kAraNa usa yugameM nausenAkI mahattA bahuta bar3ha gaI thI aura yaha unakI niyamita senAkA eka pramukha aMga bana gaI thii| isa saMdarbhama zrI bI0 ke0 majUmadAra dvArA uddhRta tIna tAmrapatroM kA ullekha asaMgata na hogA / dharmapAlake tAmralekha meM ulli khita hai ki usakI vijayavAhinI nausenA pATalIputrase bhAgIrathIke taTa taka pahu~cI thii| dUsarA lekha vaidayadevakA hai jo kamIlIse prApta huA hai jisameM kumArapAlake zAsanakAla meM usake priya nausainika dvArA dakSiNa baMgAlapara 36 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana grantha
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________________ vijayakA varNana hai| tIsarA harabA lekha 554 I0 gaur3oM dvArA sthApita usa nau-paramparAkA varNana karatA hai jise bAdameM pAla evaM sena narezoMne apanAyA thaa| sena kAlameM samrATa vijayasena ( 1096-1158 I0)ne gaMgA nadI taka vistRta jala-kSetra para adhikAra kara liyA thaa| dakSiNa-bhAratIya jalayAnoMkA vizvasanIya sUtra tAmila sAhitya hai / inameM colakAlIna prakAza stambha, unakI nirmANakalA evaM unameM se nikalanevAle mArga darzaka prakAzakA sundara vivaraNa hai| colakAlIna jahAja kevala taToM taka sImita na rahe varan unhoMne baMgAlakI khADIko bhI pAra kiyaa| 10vIM zatIke anta taka to sAre dakSiNa bhAratameM cola narezoMkI dhAka jama gii| rAjendra mahAnane to apanI vijaya zRMkhalAkA prArambha hI 950 I0 meM cera nauber3eko harAkara kiyA thaa| usake putra rAjendra coladeva (974-1013 I0)ne anekoM prAyadvIpoMpara adhikAra kiyA thaa| zrI laMkA bhI taba usake sAmrAjyameM sammilita thA / tirumalAI lekhake anusAra rAjendra coladevane kadarama narezake jahAjoMko mahAsAgarameM Dubokara usapara vijaya prApta kI thii| siMdha pradezane madhyakAlIna yugameM apanI nausainika prabhutA kho dI thii| yahA~ke zAsaka brAhmaNa chAcake pAsa bahuta hI kamajora ber3A thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki usake rAjyameM hamezA samudrI DAkuoMkA bhaya banA rahatA thaa| araboMne bhArata AkramaNake samaya apanA nauber3AkA bhI prayoga kiyA thaa| 712 I0meM muhammadabina kAsimane thAnAke nikaTa devalake bandaragAhameM praveza kiyA aura nerunako rauMda ddaalaa| tatpazcAt usane nAvoMkA pula banAkara siMdha nadIko pAra kiyA evaM antatogatvA sampUrNa siMdha pradeza para apanA adhikAra kara liyaa| gyArahavIM zatImeM sultAna mahamUdane apanA 17vAM evaM antima hamalA jAToMke viruddha kiyA thaa| yaha eka prasiddha jala-yuddha thaa| isa samaya sultAna mahamUda gajanabIne 1400 jaMgI nAvoMkA nirmANa karAyA thA jinameM pratyekake Age lohekI bhArI kIleM lagI haI thiiN| jAToMne 4,000 nAvoMse sultAnakA mukAbalA kiyA para sultAnake nAvoMke samakSa jAnevAlI hara jATa nAva lohekI kIloMse TakarAkara naSTa ho gii| jAToMkI bar3I bhayaMkara parAjaya huii| terahavIM zatIkI mahattvapUrNa -jalaghaTanA gulAma vaMzake sultAna balbana (1266-86 I0)kA baMgAlake tatkAlIna gavarnara tugarila khAM para kiyA gayA AkramaNa hai| eka bar3I bhArI phaujake sAtha sultAnane sarayU nadI pAra kii| tugarilakI hatyA kara dI gaI, usake ber3eko naSTa kara diyA gayA evaM usake sainikoMko lakhanautIke bAjArameM sAmUhika rUpase phAMsI de dI gii| yaha ghaTanA 'lakhanautI kA hatyA kAMDa' ke nAmase prasiddha hai| caudahavIM zatIke bhAratameM jahAjoMkI marammata, nirmANa, rakharakhAva AdikA kArya joroMpara thaa| mArkopolone isa kalAmeM bhAratIya kArIgaroMkI kuzalatAko bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI hai| usane yahA~ para usa samaya pracalita jahAjoMke prakAroMkA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / san 1353 evaM 1360meM sultAna phirojazAhane lakhanautI para AkramaNa kiyA thaa| usakA tIsarA jala-yuddha 1372meM thaTTAke viruddha huaa| isI zatImeM maMgola hamalAvara taimUra laMgane 1388meM siMdha nadIko nAvoMke pula dvArA hI pAra kiyA thaa| use gaMgA nadIpara aneka bAra dezI rAjAoMse yuddha karanA par3A thaa| nau-senAke itihAsameM gujarAtakA bhI pramukha yoga rhaa| ati prAcIna kAlase yaha sAmudrika vyApArake liye acche bandaragAha pradAna karatA AyA hai| san 1521 I0meM gujarAta narezake eDamiralane purtagAlI jahAjoMpara AkramaNa kiyA thA aura usake eka jahAjako jala-samAdhi dilA dI thii| para isa dizAmeM sabase adhika sAmarthyavAna nareza mahamada bardhArA (1459-1511) thaa| usakA nau ber3A pUrNa rUpeNa astra zastroMse sajjita thaa| itihAsa aura purAtattva : 37
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________________ san 1507 meM usane turkI senAkI madadase purtagAliyoMpara AkramaNa kiyA thA / isameM muslima senAne vijayazrI prApta kI aura unhoMne bambaI ke dakSiNameM chambake nikaTa purtagAliyoMke katipaya bahumUlya vastuoMse lade jahAjoM ko Dubo diyA thA / para yaha vijaya sthAyI na ho skii| do varSake pazcAt hI san 1509 meM kAThiyAvAr3a ke DyU sthAna para punaH jala-yuddha huA aura purtagAliyoMne na kevala apanI hArakA badalA liyA varan muslima jala senAkI kamara hI tor3a dI / mugala kAla meM sabhI dizAoM meM krAntikArI parivartana hue| jala senAke mahattvako bhI pahacAnA gayA / mugala saMsthApaka bAbara svayaM eka prasiddha tairAka thA aura bhAratakI kaI nadiyAM usane tairakara pAra kI thIM / san 1528meM bAbarako kannauja ke nikaTa gaMgA taTa para yuddha karanA par3A thA jisameM usane apane zatruke 40 jalayAnoMko pakar3a liyA thA / 'bAbara nAmA' eka sundara citrameM bAbara dvArA eka ghar3iyAla ke zikAra- dRzya meM mugalakAlIna nAvoMkA kalAtmaka aMkana hai / bAbarakI kucha prasiddha nAvoMke nAma ' asAyaza', 'ArAyaza', 'zruzraM guMjAyaza' evaM 'pharamAyaza' the / akabara ke samaya to mIra belerIke AdhIna pUrA jala senA vibhAga hI thA / isa samaya kaI prakArake jahAja the evaM jahAja nirmANake pramukha kendra the baMgAla, kAzmIra, ilAhAbAda evaM lAhaura / pratyeka jahAjameM 12 karmacArI hote the jinake pradhAnako 'nAravodA' kahA jAtA thA / 3 jUna, 1574ko kiye gaye paTanA para, dAUna khAMke viruddha, AkramaNameM akabarane jina jahAjoMkA prayoga kiyA thA unameM hAthI, ghor3e evaM anya kAryAlayoM tathA karmacAriyoMke rakha-rakhAvakI pUrI vyavasthA thI / san 1580 meM rAjA ToDaramalako gujarAta ke viruddha abhiyAnake liye 1,000 jahAjoM-nAvoMkA lazkara lekara bhejA gayA thA / san 1590 meM khAne sAmAnane thaTTA ke jAnI begako eka karArI hAra dI thii| isI varga meM san 1604meM mAnasiMhake netRtvameM zrIpurake nareza kedArarAya ke viruddha kiyA gayA jala-yuddha bhI AtA thA jisameM mAnasiMhane 100 jaMgI jahAjoMkA prayoga kiyA thA / aphagAnoM evaM magoMke nirantara AkramaNoMke bhayase jahA~gIrako apanA 'nauvArA' ( nauvibhAga ) punaH saMgaThita karanA pdd'aa| usane 1623meM islAma khAMke netRtvameM AsAmake una vidrohiyoMke viruddha eka jahAjI ber3A bhejA jinhoMne baMgAla taka adhikAra kara liyA thA / isameM lagabhaga 4,000 AsAmiyoMkA vadha kara diyA gayA evaM unakI 15 nAveM mugaloM dvArA chIna lI giiN| jala senAkI sabase adhika AvazyakatA zAhajahA~ne anubhava kI / purtagAliyoMke nirantara hamale mugala samrATake liye eka bhArI sira darda bana gayA thA / unakI dhRSTatA itanI bar3ha gaI ki ve mugala senAniyoMko bandI banAkara unheM dAsoM kI bhA~ti becane lage / eka bAra unhoMne begama mumatAja mahalakI do aMgarakSikAoM ko bhI bandI banA liyA / zAhajahA~ ise adhika sahana nahIM kara sakA / usane kAsima khAM ko purtagAliyoMke samUla nAza karanekA bhAra sauMpA / 24 jUna, 1632ko hugalI para gherA DAla diyA gayA / yaha tIna mahInese adhika samaya taka calatA rahA / 10 hajArase adhika purtagAlI mAre gaye evaM 4,000 se adhika bandI banA liye gaye / jalayuddhoM kI kahAnI auraMgajeba ke kAlameM bhI duharAI gaI / san 1662 meM muslima phaujoMne mIrajumalA ke netRtvameM kUca-vihArake narezake 323 jalayAnoMkA saphalatApUrvaka sAmanA kiyA thA aura san 1664 meM to zAistA khAMne mugala nau senAko kaI jaMgI jahAjoMse laisa kara diyA thA / auraMgajebakI sabase prasiddha Takkara tatkAlIna vizvakI sabase mahatI jalazakti aMgrejI nau senAse huI / zAhajahA~ne yadyapi purtagAliyoMke viruddha kAryavAhI kI para vaha aMgrejoMke prati kRpAlu thA aura usane unheM 1650-51 meM hugalI aura kAsima - bAjAra meM kArakhAne banAnekI AjJA de dI thii| isI samaya IsTaiMDiyA kampanIne cArlsa dvitIyase bambaIkA dvIpa 38 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana grantha
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________________ 60 pauMDa vArSika kirAye para le liyA thA / para unakI bar3hatI huI ucchRMkhalatAoMko dekhakara san 1685 meM tatkAlIna baMgAlake rAjyapAla zAistAkhAMne aMgrejoM para sthAnIya rUpase Taiksa lagAkara unakI gatividhiyoMko niyaMtrita karanA cAhA / kampanIne khule rUpase auraMgajebakI sattAkI upekSA kI phalasvarUpa mugala samrAT evaM aMgrejoM ke bIca arddha-sarakArI rUpase saMgharSa chir3a gayA / kampanIkI madadake liye iMglaiMDa ke samrATa jemsa dvitIya anekoM jaMgI jahAja bheja diye| ina jahAjoMne caTagA~va para adhikAra kara liyA / auraMgajebane kUTanIti se kAma liyA aura usane sUrata, masaulIpaTTama evaM hugalIkI aMgrejI phaikTriyoM para kabjA kara liyA / aMgrejoM ke hoza ThikAne A gaye / 1688 meM donoMmeM saMdhi ho gaI adhikAMza taTa mugaloMke AdhIna ho gaye / aMgrejoM ko baMgAla meM eka bastI banAnekI AjJA de dI gii| yaha choTI sI bastI bAdameM Adhunika kalakattA nagara bana gaI / marAThoMke samaya bhI jala-senA upekSita na thI / san 1640 meM zAhajI bhoMsalene purtagAliyoMke viruddha saphala jala-yuddha kiyA thaa| zivAjIke sAmudrika abhiyAnoMne aMgrejoM evaM purtagAliyoMkI nIMda harAma kara dI thii| unhoMne ina videziyoMke anekoM jahAjoMko lUTA evaM dhvasta kara diyA thA / bar3e samudrI ber3ekA nirmANa karAyA jo kolAbAmeM rahA karatA thA / isIse unhoMne sIniyA ke samudrI luTeroM ko rokA evaM dhanase bhare mugaloMke jahAja bhI lUTe theM / zivAjIne eka acche evaM jaMjIrAke nivAsI abI AMgrekI kahAnI vastutaH jala abhiyAnoMkI kahAnI hai / 1694 se 1750 taka AMgrene mAlAbArase trAvanakora taka apanA ekachatra jala sAmrAjya sthApita kara liyA thA / san 1698 meM kAnhojI AMgrene 'dariyAsAraMga' kI upAdhi dhAraNa kI evaM use marahaThA jala senApati banAyA gayA / san 1707 evaM 1712meM do bAra bambaIpara AkramaNa kiyA evaM 1710 meM khaMDagiripara adhikAra kara liyA / 1790 meM aMgrejI jala-senAne kAnhojI ke jahAjoMpara bhArI bamabArI kI evaM usake jahAz2I ber3eko kAphI nukasAna pahu~cAyA para usane zIghra hI kSatipUrti kara lI / san 1720 meM aMgrejoM evaM purtagAliyoMne eka sAtha milakara AMgrepara AkramaNa kiyA evaM vijaya durga nadIpara sthita 16 marahaThA jahAjoMko Aga lagA dI gaI / kAnhojIne phira bhI sAhasa nahIM chor3A / 1722meM punaH sammilita prayAsa kiyA gayA aura kolAbA ke prasiddha marahaThA aDDepara AkramaNa kiyA / virodhameM 1726meM kAnhojIne bahumUlya vastuoMse lade hue prasiddha aMgrejI jahAja 'DarbI' ko apane kabje meM le liyA aura sAtha hI anekoM purtagAlI evaM Daca jahAja bhI / usa samaya kevala IsTa iMDiyA kampanIko apane taTIya vyApAra kI, AMgrese, rakSA karanemeM 50 hajAra pauNDa prati varSa vyaya karane par3ate the / kAnhaujI kI mRtyuke pazcAt eka bAra phira 1754meM usake uttarAdhikArI tulAjI AMgreke hAthoM Daca jahAjI ber3eko karArI hAra khAnI pdd'ii| purtagAlI hamezA hI bhAratakI samRddhiko lalacAI A~khoMse dekhate rahe haiM / rAjakumAra henarIne, jo eka prasiddha nAvika thA, apanA sArA jIvana purtagAlase bhAratako honevAle sIdhe jalamArgake khojane meM hI vyatIta kara diyA / usakI mRtyu ke pazcAt usake sAhasI nAvikoMne yaha prayAsa jArI rakhA aura 20 maI san 1498ko vAskoDigAmA saphala ho hI gayA aura kAlIkaTa pahu~ca gayA / san 1500 meM purtagAliyoMne peDro alavArisa kaibAlake netRtvameM eka bar3A jahAjI ber3A bhejA jisane bhAratake eka aMzameM purtagAliyoMkA Adhipatya kiyA evaM unake liye bastI banAI | alamer3A evaM alabukarkake samaya bhAratameM purtagAlI jahAjI ber3A kAphI sakriya rahA para 1612 I0 meM aMgrejoMne purtagAliyoMko eka bhayaMkara jala-parAjaya dI evaM sUratapara adhikAra kara liyA / 1615 meM aMgrejoMne punaH purtagAliyoMko harAyA evaM Aramijapara adhikAra kiyA / 1622 I0 meM aMgrejoM kI itihAsa aura purAtattva : 39
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________________ purtagAliyoMpara nirNAyaka vijaya huii| isake pazcAt auraMgajebakI mRtyuke AdhI zatAbdI bAda hI jaba baMgAlapara bhI aMgrejoMkA adhikAra ho gayA taba jahAjarAnIke adhiSThAtA aMgrejoMkI sAmarika zaktike Age samasta bhAratane ghuTane Teka diye aura dhIre-dhIre sArA bhArata lAla ho gyaa| aMgrejoMke AdhIna jahAjarAnImeM vizeSa pragati hii| bhAratameM aMgrejI jalasenAkI kahAnIkA prArambha sana 1613 I0se hotA hai| jabaki kampanIkI vyApArika rakSA evaM purtagAlI tathA samudrI DAka oMke bhayase eka 'skvAina'kI sthApanA kI gaI thI / san 1615meM ise sthAyI kara diyA gayA aura kucha hI samaya bAda 'bambaI merIna' ke nAmase bambaImeM jahAja nirmANa kArakhAnA bhI sthApita kara diyA gayA aura usakA nidezaka zrI Dablya peTako banAyA gyaa| isI samaya sUrata ke DAkyArDameM phemajI tathA jamazedajIke netRtvameM 100 Tana vajanake do jahAja nirmita hue| 19vIM zatIke Arambha taka ina pArasI parivAroMne aMgrejI sarakArake liye kevala sUratameM hI 9 vyApArika, 7 phrigeTa evaM 6 anya choTe jahAja banAye the| 1780meM maisUra nareza haidara alIke AkramaNoMse baMgAlake taTakI surakSA khataremeM par3a gaI ataH silahaTa, ciTagAMva evaM DhAkAmeM jahAja nirmANake kArakhAne khole gye| para isa kSetra meM sabase adhika khyAti ajita kI kalakattAne / 1781se 1800ke bIca kalakattAmeM 35 jahAjoMkA nirmANa huA aura isake pazcAta prati varSa lagabhaga 20 jahAja nirmita hote rhe| IsTa iMDiyA kampanIke isa jahAjI ber3ene prathama evaM dvitIya varmA yuddha tathA prathama cInI yuddha meM sakriya bhAga liyA aura lAla sAgara, parziyAkI khAr3I evaM pUrvI aphrIkAke kinAroM taka Toha lgaaii| 1840ke pazcAt kampanIkI jahAjarAnIkA patana prArambha ho gayA aura apraila 1863meM yaha pUrNarUpeNa banda kara diyA gayA jaba bhAratIya zAsana briTiza samrAT dvArA saMcAlita hone lagA / isa yugake pramukha jahAja prakAroMmeM 'greva' ( tIna patavAravAle nokIle jahAja ) 'pinAsI' yA 'yaca' ( eka mastUlavAlA para kaI kamaroMmeM vibhAjita ) 'pattoA' ( eka mastUlavAlA para kaI takhtiyoMpara nirmita ) Adi the| inake atirikta 'bauMgilsa, 'DonI', brika' Adi choTe jahAja bhI the| prArambhameM nau ber3A samudrake UparI tala taka lar3ane meM hI sImita thaa| prathama vizvayuddhane astra-zastrakI dizAmeM vyApaka preraNA dii| phalasvarUpa pratyeka kSetrameM zodha kiye gaye evaM bhayAnaka astroMkI racanA kI gii| isI samaya panaDubbiyoMkI khoja huI jisane nau ber3eke itihAsa meM krAnti lA dii| AkramaNa evaM rakSAtmaka donoM dRSTikoNoMse isakA mahattva bahuta thaa| panaDubbIkI kalpanA aThArahavIM zatIke ArambhameM DA0 eDamanDa helIne kI thI jo apane sAtha 5 AdamiyoMko 70 phITa pAnIke nIce le gaye the aura jahA~ ve 10 minaTa taka rahe the| isa kArya meM prayakta pahalI mazIna 'kArnoliyasa Debela'ne IjAda ko jisane jemsa prathamako 15 phITa pAnIke nIce vihAra karavAyA thaa| pAnIke andara AkramaNako saMbhAvanAko sabase pahale 'DeviDa buzanala'ne khojA jisane 'TarTila' nAmaka mazIna taiyAra kI para Adhunika panaDubbiyoMke svarUpakI racanAkA samasta zreya 'rAbarTa' phulTana' ko hai| sAdhAraNatayA ye panaDubbiyAM DIjala yA baiTarIse calatI hai para aba aNucAlita panaDubbiyoMkA bhI vyApaka rUpase prayoga hone lagA hai| yaha pAnIke Upara evaM kAphI nIce taira sakatI hai, eka sthAnapara sthira raha sakatI haiM evaM punaH satahapara vApasa A sakatI haiN| inameM aise Adhunikatama yantra lage haiM ki rAtameM bhI ye berokaToka cala sakatI haiM, pAnIke andarase hI satahapara calanevAle jahAjoMko naSTa kara sakatI haiM, dUrase hI zatruke bandaragAhoMko dhvasta kara sakatI haiM evaM Upara ur3anevAle gaganavihArI vAyuyAnoMko hamezAke liye jalasamAdhi dilA sakatI haiN| yadyapi aba inheM naSTa karaneke liye 'TArapIDo' evaM 'ainTI sabamerina'kA bhI prayoga hai para vizvake lagabhaga tIsa lAkha vargamIlameM vistRta jala kSetrakI atala gaharAIse eka panaDubbIko 40 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-prantha
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________________ DhUMr3ha nikAlanA utanA hI duSkara hai kitanA anAjake Dherase khoI huI eka suii| aba satahake Upara calanevAle bhArI bharakama evaM pUrNarUpeNa yuddhAstroMse sajjita jalayAnoMke lie nirantara khatarA banA haA hai| koI bhI panaDubbI, kisI bhI samaya evaM kisI bhI dizAse inapara AkramaNa kara sakatI hai aura jalamagna honepara vivaza kara sakatI hai| dvitIya vizvayuddha ke pUrva nober3ekA mukhya sAdhana 'yuddhapota' thaa| isakI racanA itanI sudRr3ha thI ki yaha eka kilekI bhAMti thaa| isameM prahArake liye zaktizAlI to evaM 'tArapIDo' lage the| panaDubbI evaM vimAnake AkramaNoMse surakSAke liye isake sAtha 'phrigeTa' 'DesTrAyara' (dhvaMsaka) evaM krUsara hote the jo choTe honeke kAraNa adhika gatizIla the| briTenake do vizAlakAya topa "priMsa : Apha velsa' evaM 'ripalsa' jinheM vigata yuddhameM siMgApura bhejA gayA thA inhIM upakaraNoMke abhAvameM jApAnI vimAnoMkA zikAra bana gye| isameM prayukta topeM evaM hathiyAra niSkriya rahe / yuddhake liye prayoga kiye jAnevAle naupotoMke nirmANake bIca santulana rakhanA Avazyaka hai| udAharaNArtha tIna-cAra hajAra Tana vajanake eka jahAjakI yadi surakSAmeM hI dhyAna diyA jAya to vaha kSatigrasta honese to baca jAyegA para zatruke jahAjoMko kSati pahuMcAne meM asamartha rahegA isake viparIta yadi rakSArtha upakaraNa nahIM hai to saMhAra zakti prabala hone para bhI saMbhava hai zatrukA pahalA golA hI use naSTa kara de ataH santulana nitAnta Avazyaka hai| jala yuddha prAyaH samAna vargavAle nopotoMke madhya hotA hai / yuddhapota yuddhapotase, krUsara-krUsarase evaM anya vargoke naupota apane samakakSa naupotoMse TakarAte haiN| jahA~ aise sAdRzyakA abhAva hotA hai vahA~ 'krUsara' jaise do aura tIna jahAja milakara eka yuddhapotakA mukAbalA karate haiN| isakA kAraNa spaSTa hai eka yuddhapota eka Tanase adhika vajanakA visphoTaka golA prAyaH 70 mIlakI dUrI taka pheMka sakatA hai aura krUsara usase kama dUrI taka pheMka sakatA hai aura 'DresTrAyara' evaM 'phrigeTa' to kevala 50 pauMDakA golA 7 mIla taka hI pheMka sakate haiN| yadi koI 'DesTAyara' kisI 'yaddhapota'se bhiDa jAye to 'DesTAyara' kI mArase parva hI vaha yuddhapota dvArA vinaSTa kara diyA jaayegaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki nausainika yuddhameM jahAja apane vargake potoMse hI bhir3ate haiN| vartamAna yugameM nausainika yuddhakA svarUpa pUrNarUpeNa badala gayA hai| aba sudRr3hatA evaM AtmarakSAkI kSamatA ghaTAye bagaira teja panaDubbiyoM dvArA AkramaNako sahana karanekI kSamatAko bar3hAnA anivArya ho gayA hai| nau ber3ekI choTI 'yUniToMne apane Upara 'panaDubbI dhvaMsaka' tathA 'vibhAna dhvaMsaka'kA kAma bhI le liyA hai / yaha kAma 'phrigeTa' karate haiM jo zatrukI panaDubbiyoMse apanI rakSA karate haiN| samudrI bandaragAhoM evaM zatrukI taTavartI senAke bIca saMkaTa utpanna karaneke liye 'krUsara' nAmaka jalayAnoMkA prayoga hotA hai / para naubeDekI kahAnIkA antima caraNa 'vimAna vAhaka' hai| aba svataMtra bhAratIya sarakAra bhI nausenAke mahattvako samajhane lagI hai / 26 janavarI, san 1950 meM gaNatantrakI ghoSaNAke sAtha hI hamArI 'nausenA'kA bhAratIyakaraNa kara diyA gayA evaM usameMse 'rAyala' zabda haTAkara ise 'bhAratIya nausenAke nAmase sambodhita kiyA gyaa| 27 maI, 1951 meM tatkAlIna rASTrapati DaoN. rAjendra prasAdane sazastra senAke kamANDarake rUpameM nausenAko rASTrapatikI dhvajA pradAna kii| sabase pahale sana 1948 meM briTenase 7130 Tana vajanakA eka yaddhapota 'eca0 ema0 esa0 ecalisa' ma~gAyA gayA jisakA nAma badala kara 'Ai0 ena0 esa0 dehalI' rakhA gyaa| isa jahAjane pichale yuddha meM 'liTa' nadI para kAphI itihAsa aura purAtattva : 41
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________________ sarAhI kAma kiyA thaa| isake pazcAt bhAratIya sarakArane tIna vidhvaMsaka jahAja prApta kiye inake nAma 'saMdarahama', 'riDAuTa' aura 'aiDarabATa' ko badalakara kramazaH 'rAjapUta', raNajIta 'aura rANA' rakhe gye| isake sAtha hI hanTa zreNIke anya tIna vidhvaMsaka jahAja rAyala nevIse kharIde gaye jinake nAma' godAvarI', 'gomatI' aura 'gaMgA' nAmaka nadiyoMke nAma para rakhe gaye / bhAratIya nauber3ekI AdhunikIkaraNakI dizA meM vividha prakArake navIna jahAja bhI ma~gavAye gaye / isameM kaiyana, phrigeTa aura suraMga saphA karanevAle jahAja the / 1957 ke antima dinoMmeM 'kAlonI zreNIkA yuddhapota ' AI0 ena0 esa0 maisUra zAmila huA / 8700 Tana vajanake isa jahAjakA pUrvavartI nAma eca0 ema0 esa0 nAijIriyA thA / hamAre pAsa bhArI sAmAnoM, TraikTaroM, bulDojaroM tathA anya bRhadAkAra mazInoM ko eka sthAna se dUsarI jagaha le jAnekI samasyAkA samAdhAna 'AI0 ena0 esa0 magara' ke dvArA huaa| isa jahAjane dvitIya vizvayuddha meM bhI saphalatApUrvaka pradarzana kiyA thA / yaha apane tarahakA bhArata meM akelA 'lINDaga zipa TaiMka' nAmaka jahAja hai / sabase antameM bhAratIya ber3e meM sammilita honevAlI vikhyAta jahAja AI0 ena0 esa0 vikrAnta hai / yaha 20,000 Tana vajanakA 'vimAnavAhaka' jahAja hai aura isakA pUrvavartI nAma 'eca0 ema0 esa0 harakulisa' thA / mArca, 1961 meM ise bhAratIya nausenAne iMglaMDameM buka karAyA thA jo 3 navambara, 1961 ko bambaI pahu~cA / yaha 'maijisTika' zreNIkA 'vimAnavAhaka' hai aura ise pUrNarUpeNa Adhunikatama zastrAstroMse lesa kiyA gayA hai / isa vimAnameM sI0 hAka 'jeTa lar3AkU vimAna', brekveTa elije' nAmaka Toha lagAnevAlA vimAna aura suraMga bhedI vimAna hai / yaha bhAratIya nausenAkA 'phlegazipa' hai / aba jahAja nirmANakI dizAmeM bhI bhArata Atmanirbhara honeke liye saceSTa hai | pUnAse kucha dUra sthita khar3agavAsalAmeM sthita rASTrIya pratirakSA ekeDamIkA 1949 meM punargaThana kiyA gayA jahA~ senAke tInoM aMgoM bhAvI aphasaroM ko prazikSaNa diyA jAtA hai / isake sAtha hI AI0 ena0 esa0 zivAjI lonAvAlA ( pUnAke nikaTa ) meM mekenika prazikSaNa saMsthAna tathA AI0 ena0 esa balasurA ( ilekTrika skUla, jAmanagara ) Adi meM bhI dezakI AvazyakatA pUrI karane meM saMlagna hai / isa samaya kocInakA kendra sabase bar3A hai jahA~ sabhI tarahakI TreniMga kI jAtI hai / yaha kendra Adhunikatama sAja sAmAnoMse susajjita hai / aba yahA~ kAmanaveltha tathA anya videzI rASTroMke chAtra bhI TreniMga lene Ate haiM / aba bandaragAhoM evaM DAkayArDoM para bhI sudhAra kiyA jA rahA hai / bambaI DAkayArDako kAphI Adhunikatama banAyA gayA hai| aba yahA~ 'krUsara evaM phrigeTa' ke jAnekI bhI vyavasthA hai| maI, 1953 meM kocInameM 'zora besDa phlITa rikvAyaramenTa yUniTa' sthApita kI gaI thI jisakA bhAratIya nAma 'AI0 ena0 esa0 garur3a ' rakhA gayA hai| yaha yUniTa bandaragAhoMkI samasyAoM kA adhyayana karatA hai| prAraMbha meM usake pAsa 'sI lainDa' evaM 'phrIphlAI' nAmaka eyarakrAphTa hI the para aba isameM vaimpAyara jeTa bhI zAmila kara liye gaye haiM tAki nausenA saMbaMdhita havAI TreniMga bhI dI jA sake / kocIna meM katipaya anya eyara TreniMga skUla bhI khole gaye haiM sAtha hI jala - nabhakI bar3hatI huI AvazyakatAoMko pUrA karaneke liye dakSiNa bhAratake koyambaTUra nAmaka sthAna meM 'AI0 ena0 esa0 haMsa' nAmaka eka eyara sTezana sthApita kiyA gayA thA jise aba govAmeM sthAnAntarita kara diyA gayA hai| isa yojanAko, nausenika jahAja bhAratameM hI bane, prAraMbha to tabhI kara diyA gayA thA jaba yahA~ eka 'sarve - zipa' ( Toha lenevAle jahAja ), eka mUriMga jahAja evaM katipaya 'AksalarI navala krAphTa' bane the / ye sabhI vizAkhApaTTama kalakattA meM nirmita hue the / aba DisTraoNyara evaM phrigeTa jaise sAmarika mahatva ke jahAjoMko 42 : abhinandana grantha nAhaTA agaracanda
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________________ bhI pUrNarUpeNa bhAratameM hI banAnekI yojanA vicArAdhIna hai| yaha kArya briTiza jahAja nirmANa karanevAlI kampaniyoMke sAtha bhAratIya 'maz2agAMva zipayArDa limiTeDa' ko sauMpA gayA hai| kalakattAkI 'gArDana rIca varkazApa' ne bhI nevIke liye kaI 'AksIlarI krAphTa' banAye haiN| isa dizAmeM sabase sarAhanIya kArya kiyA hai 'di hindustAna zipayArDa', vizAkhApaTTama ne jisane bhAratIya navokA sarvaprathama 'hAiDrogrephika' jahAja AI0 ena0 esa0 darzakakA nirmANa kiyA hai / 21 pharavarI, 1965 ko isa jahAjakA vidhivat udghATana tatkAlIna nausenAdhyakSa pI0 esa0 somanane kiyaa| bhAratIya sAgara evaM khAr3iyoMkA sarvekSaNa nausenAkA uttaradAyitva hai jisa kAraNa 'darzaka' kI prApti eka prasiddha upalabdhi hai kyoMki isase sarvekSaNake liye Adhunikatama upakaraNoMkA upayoga karane meM nausenAko kAphI suvidhA ho jaayegii| isameM Toha lagAneke liye eka helIkApTarakI bhI vyavasthA hai jisake liye jahAjameM vizeSa ur3Ana Deka evaM haiMgara banAye gaye haiN| 27,000 TanavAlA yaha jahAja bhAratIya nausenAkA prathama vAtAnukUlita jahAja hai| isameM 22 aphasaroM evaM 270 javAnoMke rahanekI vyavasthA hai / pratyeka javAnakA eka alaga baMka ( sAmAna rakhane evaM sonekA kakSa ) hai| isa jahAja ke karmacAriyoMkA kAma sAgarI rAstoMke nakze banAnA hai tAki nausainika evaM vyApArika jahAja apane-apane mArgoM para binA kisI hicakicAhaTa evaM bhayake A jA skeN| lambA samudra taTa hone ke kAraNa bhArata jaise dezake liye nirantara caukasI kI AvazyakatA hai kyoMki samudrI tUphAnoM, bAlUke TIloM, ma~gekI caTTAnoM evaM jvAlAmukhI pahAr3oMke nirantara parivartanoMse mArga avaruddha hotA rahatA hai| isa zAkhAkA pradhAna kAryAlaya deharAdUna meM hai para grISmakAlameM nakze nirmANakA kArya dakSiNa bhAratakI nIlagiri pahAr3iyoMmeM sthita 'konAra' nAmaka pradezakA Aphisa karatA hai / hAiDrogrephika zAkhAke tIna anya jahAja 'yamunA', 'satalaja' evaM 'inavesTIgeTara' haiM jinheM vizeSa taurase bhAratIya taToM evaM isake nikaTavartI pradezoMke nirIkSaNArtha niyukta kiyA gayA hai evaM ye apanA kArya bar3I mustaidIse kara rahe haiN| isa taraha bhAratIya nausenAkI kahAnI eka gauravamayI gAthA hai| ye preraNAke ve pAvana prasUna hai jinake antarAlameM vizva-zakti, vyApArika utthAna, antarrASTrIya sauhArdra evaM Arthika pragati sannihita hai sAtha hI hai eka udghoSa ki bhArata apanI AtmarakSAmeM pUrNa sajaga hai aura AkrAntAoMko ananta jalasamAdhi dilAnekI pUrNa kSamatA rakhatA hai| itihAsa aura purAtattva : 43