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________________ bhAratIya kalA ke mukhya tattva bhAratIya kalA bhAratavarSa ke vicAra dharma, tatvajJAna aura saMskRti kA darpaNa hai / bhAratIya jana jIvana kI puSkala vyAkhyA kalA ke mAdhyama se huI hai| yahAM ke logoM kA rahana-sahana kaisA thA, unake bhAva kyA the, devatatva ke viSaya meM unhoMne kyA socA thA, unakI pUjAvidhi kaisI thI aura paMcabhUtoM ke dharAtala para unhoMne kitanA nirmANa kiyA thA isakA acchA lekhA-jokhA bhAratIya kalA meM surakSita hai| vAstu, zilpa, mUrtiyAM, citra, kAMsya pratimA, mRdbhAjana, daMtakarma, kASTha karma, maNikarma, svarNarajata karma, vastra Adi ke rUpa meM bhAratIya kalA kI sAmagrI prabhUta mAtrA meM pAyI jAtI hai| deza ke pratyeka bhAga meM kalA ke nirmANa kI dhvani sunAI par3atI hai / eka yuga se dUsare yuga meM kalAtmaka ke kendra dizA-dizAtroM meM chiTakate rahe, kiMtu yaha vividha sAmagrI samudita rUpa se bhAratIya kalA ke hI antargata hai / bhAratIya kalA ko dIrghakAlIna rUpa satra kahanA ucita hai, jisameM deza ke pratyeka bhU bhAga meM apanA arghya arpita kiyA hai / isa rUpa samRddhi meM aneka jAtiyoM ne bhAga liyA hai, kintu isakI mUla preraNA aura arthavyaMjanA mukhyataH bhAratIya hI hai / jaba bhAratIya saMskRti kA prasAra samudra pAra aura parvatoM ke usa pAra huA taba bhAratIya kalA ke rUpa aura usake artha bhI una 2 dezoM meM baddha mUla hue / subhAgya se vaha sAmagrI Aja bhI adhikAMza meM surakSita hai / aura bhAratIya kalA ke yazaH pravAha kI kathA kahatI hai / dvIpAntara yA hiMdeziyA se lekara maha-cIna yA madhya eziyA taka kA vizAla bhU-khaNDa bhAratIya kalA kI meghavRSTi se utpanna phuhAroM se bhara gayA / vaha Andolana kitanA gambhIra aura baliSTha thA / isase prAja bhI Azcarya hotA hai / bhAratIya kalA ke saMpUrNa vyaurevAra adhyayana ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki bhAratIya dharma, darzana aura saMskRti ke sAtha milAkara use dekhA jaay| jisakI sAmagrI veda, purANa, kAvya, piTaka, Agama yadi nAnAvidha bhAratIya sAhitya meM pAyI jAtI hai / tithi - -krama: kalA kI yaha sAmagrI deza aura kAla donoM meM mahA vistRta hai| isakA prArambha siMdhu upatyakA meM tRtIya sahasrAbdi IsvI pUrva se hotA hai aura lagabhaga 5 sahastra varSoM taka isakA itihAsa pAyA jAtA hai| isa tithi krama kA lagabhaga sunizcita prAdhAra isa prakAra hai / lagabhaga 2500 -- 1500 I0 pU0 1. siMdhu sabhyatA kI kalA 2. vaidika sabhyatA lagabhaga 2000 - 1000 I0 pU0 lagabhaga 1200 - 600 I0 pU0 3. mahAjanapada yuga 4. zeSanAga nanda yuga lagabhaga 600 - 326 I0 pU0 - - -
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________________ 244 ] yuga - lagabhaga 325 - 184 I0 pU0 ---- - lagabhaga 184 - 72 I0 pU0 5. maurya 6. zuraMga kAla 7. kArAva vaMza lagabhaga 72 - 27 I0 pU0 8. bAhUloka yavana aura bhadraka yavana - lagabhaga 250 9. zaharAta zaka - lagabhaga prathama I0 pUrva - 360 I0 10. sAtavAhana vaMza lagabhaga 200 I0 pU0 200 I0 11. zaka kuSAraNa 12. Andhra deza kA ikSvAkuvaMza - lagabhaga 80 I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI I0 tIsarI zatI IsvI 600 I0 13. gupta yuga lagabhaga 319 I0 -- - 14. cAlukya yuga lagabhaga 15. rASTrakUTa yuga-lagabhaga 753 60-673 I0 16. pallava vaMza - - lagabhaga 600 I0-750 I0 17. cola yuga - lagabhaga 100-1053 I0 18. pAMDya vaMza 12. hoyasala vaMza 12-13 vIM zatI 20. vijayanagara vaMza - lagabhaga 1336- 1565 I0 21. ur3IsA ke gaMga aura kesarI vaMza - 11vIM se 13vIM zatI 22. magadha kA pAla aura baMgAla kA senavaMza 23. gurjara pratihAra vaMza 750-650 I0 24. candela vaMza - 600-1000 I0 25. gAr3avAla --- 1085-1200 I0 26. solaMkI vaMza - 765-1200 I0 550 I0 - 642 I0 - lagabhaga 1251 0 1310 I0 - bhAratIya kalA ke mukhya tattva - 150 I0 pU0 lagabhaga 6vIM se 12vIM zatI kalA ke AMdolana eka samaya janma lekara phUlate phalate aura vRddhi ko prApta hote haiN| jala taraMgoM kI bhAMti ve apanA vega dUsare yuga kI preraNAoM ko sauMpa kara vilIna ho jAte haiN| kalA ke tithikrama ko isI udAra bhAva se dekhanA cAhie / rAjAoM ke chatra yA nRpAvalI ke paryavasAna ke sAtha kalAkA pravAha Thappa nahIM ho jAtA / Upara jisa tithi krama kA ullekha hai, usameM siMdhu ghATI se lekara nanda yuga vaMza ke pUrva taka bhAratIya kalA kA yA yuga hai / taduparAnta maurya kAla se harSa ke samaya taka usakA madhya yuga hai, jo usake samudIrNa yauvana kA yuga hai| isake bhI do bhAga ho jAte hai| yuga, karAva aura pUrva sAta vAhana yuga kI mahAna kalA kRtiyAM haiN| isa pUrva yuga meM pradezoM meM uThAva le rahe the| sAranAtha, bharahuta, sAMcI, bodhagayA, amarAvatI, bhAjA, eka ke antargata maurya, kalA ke aMkura bhinna 2 usI ke rUpa haiN| isa
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________________ zrI vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla 245 ] yuga ke uttarArtha meM prathama zatI IsvI se lekara lagabhaga 7vIM zatI taka arthAt kaniSka se harSa taka kI kalAkRtiyAM AtI hai / yaha bhAratIya kalA kA prAdya yuga hai isameM kalA kI praur3hatA rASTrIya stara para deza ke cAroM khUToM meM phaila jAtI hai / usakA bAhya rUpa aura bhItarI artha donoM rASTra sammata stara para mAnyatA prApta karate haiM aura na kevala svadeza meM kiMtu videzoM meM bhI bhAratIya kalA kA pramaviSNu rUpa vyApta ho jAtA hai / ina 700 varSo meM bhAratavarSa meM kalA, sAhitya, darzana aura jIvana kA sarvocca vikAsa huA aura janatA ke mana meM isa prakAra kI dhAraNA banI - na bhArata samaM varSa pRthivyAmasti bho dvijAH- yaha kathana bahuta aMzoM meM satya thA / usa yuga meM bhArata, cIna, IrAna aura roma ina cAroM kA ekAdhipatya sAmrAjya thA aura inake zAsaka jagadekanAtha samajhe jAte the / kintu inameM bhI bhArata kI zrI samasta jambUdvIpa meM sarvopari thI / harSa yuga ke bAda bhAratIya kalA kA carama yuga prAtA hai, jise madhya kAla ( 700 - 1200 ) bhI kahate haiM / usake bhI 2 bhAga haiM- pUrva madhyakAla ( 700-600 I0 ) aura uttara madhyakAla ( 100-1200 I0 ) / kAla ke isa dIrgha patha para bhAratIya kalA ke satata aura dRDha padacinha mahAna kRtiyoM ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane haiM, mAno saundarya kA koI virAT devatA pUrva pacchima, uttara, dakSiNa cAroM dizAoM meM calA ho aura apane pIche nAnA prakAra kI zilpa, vAstu, citrAdi sAmagrI bharatA gayA ho| isa kalA kI kathA eka ora sarala hai kyoMki usameM eka sUtra piroyA huA hai / dUsarI ora jaTila hai kyoMki usake tAne bAne meM nAnAvidha tantunoM kA samAveza hai| bhAratIya kalA ke pArakhI itihAsavettA ko cAhie ki jahAM jo sthAnIya, prAdezika aura rASTrIya saMdarbha vitAna, rUpa, zailI, alaMkaraNa, prabhAva aura artha hai unako alaga pahacAna kara unakI vyAkhyA kareM / prApti sthAna prApti sthAna aura tithi krama ye donoM kalA vastu ke adhyayana meM sahAyaka hote haiM / inakA zrAdhAra prakhyAtmaka hotA hai aura sAvadhAnI se prApti sthAna sambandhI sUcanA kA saMgraha karanA cAhie / adhikAMza avazeSoM aura vastuoM ke prAti sthAna vidita hote haiM / unake dvArA kalA kI vastuoM kA saMdarbha suvijJAta ho jAtA hai / isake atirikta pASANa pratimAnoM aura vAstu khaMDoM ke lie patthara kI jAti aura raGga se hI unase saMdarbha kA saMketa milatA hai / udAharaNa ke lie siMdhu ghATI meM kIra-thara pahAr3I kI khadAnoM kA sapheda khar3iyA patthara yA maulAbhATA kAma meM lAyA jAtA thA / : maurya kalA ke lie cunAra kI khadAnoM kA halke gulAbI raGga kA Thosa baluA patthara kAma meM lAyA gyaa| mathurA kalA meM majIThI raMga kAcidAra baluhA patthara jo sIkarI, bayAnA yAdi sthAnoM meM milatA hai prayukta kiyA gayA / gandhAra kalA meM nIlI jhalaka kA saleTI yA papar3iyAM yA paratahA tilakuTa patthara kAma meM lAyA jAtA thA / gupta-kAla meM sthAnIya lachauMha yA mayavarI patthara kA prayoga hotA thA / pAla yuga meM kAle yA gahare nIle raGga kA nayAvAla teliyA patthara nIlApana, ( Black Basalt) kAma meM lAyA gayA / cAlukya kalA meM pIle raMga kA baluhA patthara kAma meM AtA thA / amarAvatI aura nAgAdinIkuDA Adi ke stUpoM meM vizeSa prakAra kA zveta khar3iyA patthara (Limestone ) kAma meM AtA thA, jise vahAM kI bhASA meM amRta zilA kahate haiM aura jo hamAre yahAM ke saMgamaramara se milatA hai| isI prakAra ur3IsA ke madiroM meM rAjA
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________________ 246 ] bhAratIya kalA ke mukhya tattva rAniyAM yA muganA (Crcrite) patthara, kahI kuDathA (Granite) aura kahI DhusariyA patthara (Late rite) aura kahIM sela khar3I yA saMgajarAhata (Alabaster) aura kahIM saMgamaramara (saMskRta muktA zaila) kAma meM lAyA gayA / isa prakAra bhinna 2 pattharoM kI cAla se kalAtmaka sAmagrI ke sthAnIya bhedoM kA nirpakSa mila jAtA hai| kAla nirdhAraNa vastuoM kA kAla nirdhAraNa prAyaH utkIrNa lekhoM ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| jaise stUpa, maMdira, zilApaTTa yA mandira kA caukI para utkIrNa lekha sambadhita sAmagrI ke kAla kI sUcanA detA hai / isa sAkSI ke abhAva meM zailI hI samaya kA saMketa batAtI hai| purAtatva kI khudAI meM prApta sAmagrI ko jaise lekha, mudrA, mRtapAtra, khilaune ko pUrvAparIya staroM ke AdhAra para jAMca kara unakA samaya nizcita karate haiN| kalA sAmagrI ke bahiraGga adhyayana kA uddazya usakI aitihAsika aura sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi kA avadhAraNa karanA hai jisake lie prApti-sthAna, samaya aura zailI ina tInoM ke paricaya kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| artha-vyaMjanA kalAtmaka vastu kI bahiraMga parIkSA hameM usa biMdu para le jAtI hai, jahAM usakI aMtaraMga parIkSA vA artha kI vyAkhyA prArambha hotI hai / pratyeka kalA vastu kisI manogata bhAva kA sthUla pratIka hai / ataeva sacce kalA pArakhI kI ruci kalA dvArA bhAva yA artha kI vyajaMnA meM hai| bhAratIya sauMdarya zAstra ke anusAra kalA aura kAvya ke 4 tatva yA aMga mAne gae hai -- 1. rasa, 2. artha, 3. chanda, aura 4. zabda (kAvya ke lie) yA rUpa (kalA ke lie)| rasa rasa kalA kI AtmA hai / yaha avyAtma guNa hai jisameM kRti kA sthAyI mUlya nihita rahatA hai| ise maulika, Avazyaka aura atayaM divya guNa kahanA cAhie, jo pratyeka saccI kAvya kRti yA kalA kRti meM pAyA jAtA hai| maghRSya kA mana bhAvoM kA samudra hai / bhAvoM kI samaSTi se hI rasa kA udaya hotA hai / manuSya ke mana meM jo nAnA bhAva janma lete haiM, unheM hI kalA aura kAvya dvArA vyakta kiyA jAtA hai| kAvya ke paMDita pAlaMkArikoM ke anusAra kAvya meM 8 yA 6 raNa mAne gae hai, jinake pRthaka pRthaka bhAva haiN| kalA kRti se rasika ke mana meM bhAvoM kA udvega hotA hai| kavi aura kalAkAra sarvaprathama apane mAnasa meM rasa yA bhAva vizeSa kI ArAdhanA karate haiM aura phira use zabda yA rUpa ke dvArA sthUla yA idriya gAhI mAdhyama se vyakta karate haiM / artha mana meM rasa kA smaraNa hone para kavi aura kalAkAra usa artha yA viSaya ko cunate haiM jisake dvArA rasa yA bhAva sphuTita hote haiN| artha kA abhiprAya varNa yA Alekhya gata viSaya se hai| bhAratIya kalA kI artha-saMpatti ke aMtargata nAnA deva aura deviyoM kA vistAra hai, jo vizva kI divya aura bhautika zaktiyoM ke pratIka haiN| ina deva-deviyoM ke viSaya meM vedoM aura purANoM meM aneka mahAkhyAna haiM / unakA uddezya jyoti aura tama, sata aura asata, amRta aura mRtyu ke dvandva kI vyAkhyA karanA hai| prAcIna
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________________ zrI vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla 247 ] paribhASA meM isa dvandva ko devAsura kahA gayA hai, arthAt devoM aura asurAM ke zAzvata saMgrAma kI parikalpanA se saMgrAma itihAsa kI kAla bijar3ita ghaTanAyeM nhii| kiMtu divya bhAvoM kI nitya lIlAyeM haiM, jo deza aura kAla meM sadA aura sarvatra ghaTita hotI hai| buddha, mahAvIra prAdi mahApuruSa aura indra, ziva, viSNukumAra Adi deva prakAza aura satya ke pratIka haiM / isake viparIta vRta, mAra mahiSa, tripurAsura aura tArakAsura asata yA andhakAra ke pratIka hai| artha hI kalA kA saccA cakSa hai| pratyeka kalA kI kRti ke lalATa para usakI artha lipi aMkita rahatI hai| use usI prakAra paDhanA cAhie jisa prakAra kI arthabattA ke lie usake nirmAtAoM ne use likhA thaa| bhAratIya kalA ke sAMskRtika uddezya ke jJAna ke lie usake partha kA paricaya kA jJAna atyAvazyaka hai / artha kI jijJAsA hameM kalA ke pratIkAtmaka svarUpa ke samIpa le jAtI hai / jaise cakrapUrNa ghaTa, svAstika, padma, zrI lakSmI, aSTa maMgala athavA aSTottara zata maMgala cinha evaM garur3a, nAga, yakSa Adi kalA ke pratIkoM dvArA artha kI pratIka kalA sambandhI adhyayana kA samIcIna kSetra hai| dvandva purANoM meM kahA hai ki yaha vizva kI racanA dvandva saSTi hai| isake mUla meM eka virATa dvandva tAla, laya, yA mAtrA hai| usI dvandva se saundarya tatva ke lie Avazyaka sAmanjasya aura saMpujana evaM santulana evaM saMmati kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai / ataeva bhAratIya kalA kI Avazyaka aMga tAla mAMga hai / vizva kI pratIka vastu pramANa suniyata hai / vahI kalAkAra ke lie pramANa yA namUnA banatI hai / jise vaha dhyAna kI zakti se citta meM utAratA hai aura phira vaha aMkana lekhana yA varNana meM lAtA hai| rUpa yA zabda kalA kA cauthA aMga bhAva ko bhautika dharAtala para lAnA hai| ise kAvya ke lie zabda aura kalA ke lie rUpa kahate haiM / zilpa, citra, vAstu ko vyakta karane ke mAdhyama alaga haiM, kiMtu ve saba bhAvoM ke bhUrta rUpa haiM / unakI bhASA pratyakSa hotI hai, aura ve idriyoM ke mAdhyama se bhava para prabhAva DAlate haiN| kalA ke isa tatva catuSTaya ke sambandha meM gosvAmI jI kA artha saMghAnAn varNAnAm rasAnam dvandvasAmapi yaha smaraNIya hai| citta kA mahatva manobhAva aura kalA ke bAhya rUpa ina donoM ko jor3ane vAlA mAdhyama kalA hai| mana ke bhAva ko adhikatama saundarya ke sAtha mRta rUpa meM prakaTa karanA hI kalA hai| kalA ke dvArA manobhAvoM kI chApa bhautika padArthoM para aMkita kI jAtI hai| isI vizeSatA ke kAraNa kalA mAnavIya hRdaya ke itanI nikaTa hotI hai / jo kucha mana meM hai vaha kalA meM zrAtA hai kiMtu sarvAtizAhI saundarya guNa ke sAtha jaise madhura saMgIta se zrotra vaise hI rUpa se netra tRpta hote hai aura ve bhAva hRdaya meM pahuMca kara vicitra prakAra ke mUkSma rasa ko utpanna karate haiM / saccA kalA pArakhI rasika, sahRdaya yA vicakSaNa kalA ke saurabha kA dera taka anubhava karatA hai aura usake amRta prAnanda kA pAna karatA rahatA hai| isa prakAra kalA kI saundarya se mugdha ho jAne kI jo mAnasI zakti hai use hI saMvega kahate haiM /
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________________ 248 ] bhAratIya kalA ke mukhya tattva saccI kalA ke eka zAzvata rUpa satra hai / usakA saundarya chIjatA nahIM / usake lAvaNya kI dhvani phira 2 kara mana meM AtI hai / samasta kalA mAnasI zilpa hai, kiMtu vaha deva zilpa kI anukRti hai / kalAkAra ke hRdaya meM jo devI preraNA prAtI hai vahI zabda aura rUpa evaM artha ko divya saundarya se plAvita kara detI hai / alaMkaraNa bhAratIya kalA alaMkaraNa pradhAna hai| Arambha se hI kalAkAroM ne apanI kRtiyoM kA aneka bhAMti alaMkaraNoM se sajjita karane meM ruci lii| alaMkaraNa sAja-sajjA ke abhiprAya tIna prakAra ke haiM - 1, rekhAkRti (pradhAna), 2 - pattavallarI pradhAna, aura 3 - IhAmRga yA kalpanA prasUta pazu-pakSiyoM kI AkRtiyAM ina abhiprAyoM ke mUla rUpa prAkRtika jagata se lie gae hai kiMtu kalAkAroM ne apanI kalpanA ke bala para unheM aneka rUpoM meM vikasita kiyA hai| kahIM gauNa prAkRti ke rUpa meM, kahIM mUla arcA yA pratibhA ko cAroM ora se susajjita karane ke lie, kahIM rikta sthAna ko rUpAkRti se bhara dene ke lie alaMkaraNoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai jinakA uddezya kalA meM saundarya kI abhivRddhi hai / kiMtu zobhA ke atirikta abhiprAyoM ke do uddezya aura the, eka to prArakSA ke yA maMgala ke lie - dUsare vizeSa arthoM kI abhivyakti ke lie ina alaMkaraNoM ko bhAratIya parIbhASA meM mAMgalya cinha kahA gayA hai aura unakI racanA kA dvividha uddezya mAnA hai - zobhanArtha evaM prArakSArtha / zobhA yA saundarya kA uddezya to spaSTa hI hai / ArakSA kA tAtparya hai amaMgala yA azubha se mukti / bhAratIya saundarya zAstra ke anusAra zUnya yA rikta sthAna meM asuroM kA bAsA ho jAtA hai kiMtu yadi vRhAdika AvAsa yA deva gRha meM mAMgalika cinha likhe jAMya to davIzrI aura rakSA sthAna meM avatIrNa hotI hai / svastika pUrNa ghaTa yA kamala kA phullA ( padumaka) ko jaba hama dekhate haiM to unase nAnA prakAra ke mAMgalika artha mana meM bhara jAte haiM / isa prakAra ke mAMgalika cinha aneka haiM ve saba bhagavAna kI vibhUtiyoM ke kalAtmaka rUpa haiM / unameM se icchA anusAra eka yA aneka kA varaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / udAharaNa ke lie eka gaja cinha indra ke zveta airAvata ke dyotaka hai, azva uccaizravA azva kA pratIka hai jo samudra maMthane se utpanna huA thA aura svarga loka kA mAMgalika pazu hai / sabake jIvana meM praviSTa hai / jaba hama gau mAnA ke darzana karate haiM jise vedoM meM gau kA rUpa hai / isa prakAra bhAratIya kalA gupta yuga meM latA kI sarala aura pecIdI ghamekha stUpa ke prAcchAdana zilA paTToM para sUrya hI to vaha virAT grazva hai jo kAla yA saMvatsara ke rUpa meM kA alaMkaraNa utkIrNa karate haiM to usa deva praditi saMjJaka deva kahA gayA hai / aise hI nara rUpa meM gau vahavRSama hai jo indra yA rudra ke sundara abhiprAya dharma aura saMskRti kI pRSThabhUmi meM sArthaka haiN| AkRtiyAM banAne kI bahuta prathA thii| unake kaI acche namUne surakSita haiM / eka mUla se uTha kara latAoM ke pratAna pecaka banAte hue kahIM se kahIM jA milate haiM / evaM vallariyoM kA vaha bikharA huA kiMtu saMSliSTa rUpa netroM ko atyanta priya lagatA hai| unase kalI ko nayI ramaNIyatA prApta hotI hai| isa prakAra kI patra racanA se utkIrNa eka zilApaTTa kA bhI bahuta mahatva sama nA cAhie / isakA mUla bhAva yahI thA ki prakRti kI jo virAT prAraNAtmaka racanA paddhati hai usI ke aGga-pratyaGga pazu-pakSI, vRkSa aura phala-phUla yakSa, vAmana, kugjaka, manuSAdi haiM / saccA manuSya jIvana vahI hai jo ina saba meM ruci letA hai / bANabhaTTa ne likhA hai ki rAnI vilAsavatI ke prasUti graha kI bhittiyoM ko patra latAoM kI mAMgalika prAkRtiyoM se bhara diyA gayA thA jina para dRSTi DAlane se rAnI ke netroM ko sukha
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________________ The Mulaprasada (fig 1) pp.231
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________________ The Mulaprasada--South wall (fig. 2) pp. 231 Star
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________________ The Mulaprasa da-South West part of the wall (fig. 3) pp. 231
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________________ Saraswati, western Bha dra Gudhamandapa (fig 4) pp. 231
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________________ Cakresvari-east Bhadra S1106 (fig 5) pp. 231 690
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________________ Jivantswami Mahavira, front karna, west Gudhamandapa (fig. 6) pp. 231 Sin ucation international
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________________ . Standing Kayotsarga, Jina front karna east Gudhamandapa (fig. 7) pp. 231
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________________ Devakulikas around the Rangamanda pa (fig 8) pp. 232
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________________ zrI vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla 246 ] milatA thA aura jinake dvArA prAsurIzUnyatA se usakI rakSA hotI thii| guptakAlIna kalA zilpa, citra aura sthApatya isa prakAra ke alaMkaraNoM se bahuta bharI huI hai| kuSANa kAla kI kalA IhAmRga yA vikRtAkRti pazuoM se bharI huI hai kyoMki isa prakAra ke aiThe geMThe zarIra vAle pazutroM meM zakoM ko svayaM bahuta rucI thii| sAMskRtika jIvana bhAratIya kalA kI eka vizeSatA usameM aMkita sAMskRtika jIvana kI sAmagrI hai| rAjA aura donoM ke jIvana kA hI khula kara citraNa kiyA gayA hai| kalA mAno sAhityika varNanoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta karatI hai / koI cAhe to kalA kI sAmagrI se hI bhAratIya jIvana aura rahana-sahana kA itihAsa likha sakatA hai| bhAratIya veza-bhUSA, keza vinyAsa, AbhUSaNa, zayanAsana, Adi kI sAmagrI citra zilpa Adi meM milatI hai| choTI miTTI kI mUrtiyAM bhI isa viSaya meM sahAyaka haiN| unameM to sAmAnya janatA ko bhI sthAna milA hai| bharahUta, sAMcI, amarAvatI nAgArjunI kuDA Adi ke mahAna stUpoM para mAnoM janatA ke jIvana kI zata sAhastrI saMhitA hI mAno likhI haI hai| bhAratIya kalA sadA jIvana ko sAtha le kara calI hai / ataeva usameM sama sAmayika jana jIvana kA pratibimba pAyA jAtA hai| dhArmika jIvana deza meM samaya-samaya para jo mahAn dhArmika AMdolana hae haiM aura jinhoMne loka jIvana para gaharA prabhAva DAlA hai unase bhI kalA ko preraNA milI aura unakI kathA kalA ke mUrta rUpoM meM surakSita huI hai / usa viSaya meM kalA kI sAmagrI kahIM to sAhitya se bhI adhika sahAyaka hai| yakSoM aura nAgoM kA bahuta acchA paricaya bharahuta, sAMcI aura mathurA kI kalA meM milatA hai| isI prakAra uttara kuru ke viSaya meM jo loka vizvAsa thA usakA bhI utsAhapUrNa aMkana bhAjA, bharahuta, sAMcI Adi meM huA hai| mithuna, kalpavRkSa, kalpalatA Adi alaMkaraNa usI se sambandhita hai jinakA varNana jAtaka, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi meM pAyA hai| dukUla vastra, panasAkRti pAtroM meM bharA hayA uttama madhU, AmrAkRti pAtroM meM bharA huA lAkSA rasa, sira, kAna, grIvA, bAhu aura pairoM ke AbhUSaNa evaM, strI puruSoM kI mithuka mUrtiyAM-sabakA janma kalpa vRkSa aura kalpa latAoM se dikhAyA gayA hai| vastutaH pratyeka vyakti kA samasta jIvana hI eka kalpa vRkSa hai jisakI chAyA meM vaha apanI icchA ke anusAra phUlatA phalatA hai| pratyeka kA mana hI mahAna kalpa vRkSa hai, kalpanA yA saMkalpa jisakA sundara rasa hai / kalA ke pratIkAtmaka viSaya bhAratIya kalA ke jo varNya viSaya haiM vastUtaH unakA mahatva sabase adhika hai| unameM bhAratIya jIvana aura vicAroM kI vyAkhyA hI milatI hai| bhAratIya jIvana kI pUrI chApa kalA para par3I hai / isakI eka vizeSatA to yaha thI ki sAmAnya janatA ke dhArmika vizvAsa kalA meM buddha, mahAvIra, ziva aura viSNu ke uccatara dharmoM ke sAtha milakara parigrahIta hue haiN| koI bhI dharma janatA ke vizvAsoM se itanA Upara nahIM uTha gayA ki unameM AkAza pAtAla kA antara ho jAya aura ve eka dUsare se alaga jA pdd'e| bhAratIya dharma kI pUrI bArahakhar3I meM eka aura buddha, rudraziva yA nArAyaNa viSNu kA tatvajJAna bhI hai aura dUsarI aura una aneka devatAoM kI pUjA mAnyatA bhI hai jo mAtAbhUmi se sambandhita the aura bhaya, vrata yA yAtrA
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________________ 250 ] kahe gae haiM, jaise yavakhabhaha, nAgamaha yUkamaha, nadImaha, sAgaramaya, dhanurmaha candamaha, suruja maha, indramaha, khandamaha (skanda ) ruddamah, rukkhamaha, cetIyamaha, Adi / devapUjA ke ye prakAra jaise loka meM the vaise hI kalA meM bhI apanAe gae / isa prakAra mahAjana aura sAmAnya jana donoM kI dhArmika mAnyatAoM kA samAdara bhAratIya kalAoM meM huA / buddha kalA meM lokottara buddha kA mAnavIya arthoM se Upara divya aitihAsika gautama buddha kA jIvana jaisA bhI tathyAtmaka rahA ho jIvana hI liyA gayA hai aura usakA ghaniSTa sambandha una pratIkoM se thA jo arthoM kI ora saMketa karate haiN| udAharaNa ke liye tuSita svarga se buddha kI pravakrAnti, zveta hastI ke rUpa meM mAyA devI ko svapna aura garbha praveza / mAtA kI kukSi se tirazcIrNa janma, sapta pada, nandopananda nAgoM dvArA prathama snAna, caturmahArAdika devoM dvArA cAra pAtoM ko lekara buddha kA eka pAtra banAnA, agni aura jala sambandhI pratihArya yA camatkAra kA pradarzana, nala giri nAmaka matta hastI kA damana, sahastra buddhAtmaka rUpa kA pradarzana triparivarta, dvAdazAkAra dhArmya dharmacakra kA pravartana, sahastratriza devoM ke svarga meM mAtA ko dharmopadeza, aura sone, cAMdI aura tAMbe kI sIr3hiyoM se punaH pRthvI para AnA ityAdi ye kalA ke aMkana buddha ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM pratIkAtmaka kalpanA prastuta karate haiM jisakA sambandha aitihAsika buddha se na ho kara lokottara arthAt buddha ke divya svarupa se hai / ziva bhAratIya kalA ke siMdhughATI se lekara aitihAsika yugoM taka liMga vigraha yA puruSa vigraha ke rUpa meM ziva kA pAyA jAtA hai / ina donoM kA vizeSa artha bhAratIya dharma aura tatvajJAna ke sAtha jur3A huA hai / eka ora loka vArtA meM pracalita ziva ke svarupoM ko grahaNa kiyA gayA kintu dUsarI ora unake sAtha naye-naye arthoM ko jor3akara unheM dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM nayI pratiSThA dI gii| tatva kA cintana karane vAle AcArya aura kalAkAra, donoM ne prati pUrvaka samAna uddezya kI pUrti kI / udAharaNa ke lie kalA meM ziva ke nimnalikhita rUpa milate haiM - pazupati, ardhanArIzvara, naTarAja kAmAntaka, gaMgAdhara, harihara, yamAntaka, candrazekhara, yogezvara, nandIzvara, umAmahezvara, jyotiliMga, rAvaNAnugraha paMcabrahma, dakSiNAmUrti, aSTamUrti ekAdaza rudra, mRga-vyAdha, mRtyunjaya aadi| kalA ke ina rUpoM kI vyAkhyA bhAratIya dharma tatva meM prApta hotI hai aura yadi ThIka prakAra se dekhAjAya to kalA aura dharma kA eka hI srota jAna par3atA hai / deva rUpa aura artha kI ekatA mukhya tattva bhAratIya kalA devatattva ke caraNoM meM eka samarpaNa hai| yUpa, stUpa evaM prAsAdhya devagRha meM sarvatra devatA nivAsa karate haiM / stUpa evaM yUpa kA UparI bhAga ye tInoM devasadana hai / rUpoM meM bheda hone para bhI artha eka hI hai| eka hI devatatva aneka deva aura siddha yoniyoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai / gandharva, apsarA kumbhANDa, nAga, yakSa, nadI devatA siddha vidyAdhara prAdi jitane jaMtara devatA haiM saba eka hI mahAna deva ke vibhinna rUpa haiM / bhAratIya kalA ke adhyayana ke kaI dRSTikoNa ho sakate haiM, jaise purAtatva gata sandarbha kA
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________________ 251 / zrI vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla nizcaya, nirmANa kI vidhi, zailI, tithikrama, sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi, aura sarvopari usa kalA vastu kA pratIkAtmaka artha jaise pleTo ke saundaryatatva meM, vaise hI bhAratIya saundaryatatva meM bhI kalA kA sarvopari mahatva hai / bAhya rupa kA bhI nijI mahatva hai kintu vaha bhAboM kI abhivyakti kA sAdhana mAtra hai| rUpa ko zarIra kahA jAya artha kalA kA prAraNa hai| kAlidAsa ne zabda yA rUpa ko jaganmAtA aura artha ko jagatpitA kaha kara kalA kI sarvAdhika abhyarthanA kI hai-- vAgarthAvita sampRtau / vAgarthapratittaye jagataH pitarau vande pArvatI prmeshvrau| jo jagata ke mAtA pitA haiM ve hI kalA ke artha aura rUpa ke janaka jananI haiN| artha amRta loka kA aura rUpa martya jagata kA pratinidhi hai| donoM hI bhagavAn viSNu ke do rUpa haiN| eka parama rUpa aura dUsare ko vizva rUpa kahA gayA hai| (viSNu purANa 67 / 54) samasta vizva ke nAnA padArthoM ke mUla meM arthatatva hI niyAmaka hai jise bhAvanA kahate haiM arthAt manuSyoM ke hRdaya meM jo manobhAva rahate haiM ve hI kalA aura sAhitya meM mUrta hote haiM / yaha bhAvanA tIna prakAra kI hotI hai (1) brahma bhAvanA-jisakA tAtparya hai vizvAtmaka parama eka aura abhinna manobhAva jo brahma ke samAna nirapekSa aura sarvopari hai / vahI to saba rasoM aura manobhAvoM kA mUla srota hai| (2) karmabhAvanA-uccatama devoM se lekara manuSya evaM itara prANiyoM taka ke jo prAkRta manobhAva haiM ve isake aMtargata Ate haiN| ubhaya bhAvanA : isameM vizvAtmaka brahma tatva aura mAnuSI karma ina donoM kA saMyoga Avazyaka hai| kevala karmabhAvanA paryApta nahIM hai| yadi kalA kI sImA vahIM taka ho to kalA kA sotA sUkha jAyegA / aura vaha citroM ke samAjana nirjIva ThaTharI raha jaayegii| kalA prANavanta tabhI banatI hai jaba usake rUpAtmaka pArthiva zarIra meM bhAvAtmaka devAMza praveza karatA hai / kalAtmaka rUpa meM bhAvAtmaka deva kI pratiSThA hI kalA kI saccI prANa pratiSThA hai| mAnuSI karma ke sAtha brahma jJAna ke sammilana se hI rAma, kRSNa, buddha, mahAvIra, banate haiM jo kalA ke sacce ArAdhya haiN| kalA ke rUpoM ke mUla meM chipe hae sukSma artha kA paricaya prApta karane se kalA kI saundaryAnubhUti pUrNa aura gambhIra banatI hai yahI bhAratIya mata hai / adhyAtma ke binA kevala saundarya yA cArutatva saubhAgya vihIna hai| usa avasthA meM kalA kI sthiti usa strI ke samAna hai jo apanA pati na pA sakI ho / kevala rUpa ko kavi ne nindita kahA hai kintu madhyAtma artha ke sAtha vahI pUjanIya bana jAtA hai jaise vizvarUpoM ke bhItara jo bhagavAna kA adhyAtma rUpa hai usIke dhyAna se prAtmazuddhi hotI hai| jaise agni ghara meM praviSTa hokara use dagdha kara detA hai vaise hI kalA ke AdhAra se citta meM jo bhAva anuprANita yA yA prerita hote haiM unase mana kA maila haTa jAtA hai---- tad rUpaM vizvarUpasya tasya yoga yujAnRpa, cintyamAtya vizuddhayartha sarva kilviSa nAzanam / yathAgni ruddhata zikhaH kakSaMdahati sAnilaH, tathA citasthitoviSNuH yoginAM sarva kilvipam / / (viSNu purANa 617173-74 kalA kAra aura rasika donoM kevala dhyAna aura magana kI zakti se hI kalA kI cArutA kA pUrA phala prApta kara sakate hai / pratyeka mUrti kA Adi anta dhArmika yA prAdhyAtmika abhivyakti meM hai arthAt vaha devatatva kI pratIka mAtra hai|