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________________ bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nIti 0 upAcArya zrI devendra munijI ma. jisa prakAra dhArmika jIvana kA AdhAra AcAra hai, usI prakAra vyAvahArika jIvana kI rIDha nIti hai aura yaha bhI tathya hai ki binA naitika jIvana ke dhArmika jIvana kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| isa dRSTi se nIti, dharma kA AdhAra hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki pratyeka dharmapravartaka, dharmopadezaka aura dharmasudhAraka ne dharma ke sAtha nIti kA bhI upadeza diyA, jana sAdhAraNa ko naitika jIvana jIne ke preraNA dii| hA~, yaha avazya hai ki dharma, dharma ke mUlya, dharma ke siddhAnta sthAyI hai, sadA samAna rahate hai| unameM deza-kAla kI paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa parivartana nahIM hotA; jaise ahIsA dharma hai, yaha saMsAra meM sarvatra aura sabhI kAloM meM dharma hI rhegaa| kintu nIti, samaya aura paristhiti sApekSa hai, isameM parivartana A sakatA hai| jo nItisiddhAnta bhAratIya paristhitiyoM ke lie ucita hai, Avazyaka nahIM ki ve pazcimI jagat meM bhI mAnya kiye jAe~, vahA~ kI paristhitiyoM ke anusAra naitika siddhAnta bhinna prakAra ke bhI ho sakate hai| __ vyAvahArika jIvana se pramukhatayA sambandhita hone ke kAraNa nItisiddhAntoM meM parivartana A jAtA hai| jaina nIti ke siddhAnta yadyapi prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva dvArA nizcita kara diye gaye the aura ve dIrghakAla taka calate bhI rahe the; kintu una siddhAntoM ko yugAnukUla rupa pradAna karake bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nizcita kiyA aura yahI siddhAnta aba taka pracalita hai| isI apekSA se inhe 'bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nItI' nAma se abhihita karanA samIcIna hogaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma caitra zukla trayodazI ke dina kSatriyakuNDa grAma meM rAjA siddhArtha kI rAnI trizalAdevI kI kukSi se IsA pUrva 599 meM huA thaa| Apane 30 varSa gRhavAsa meM bitAye, taduparAnta zramaNa bne| 12.1/2 varSa taka kaThora tapasyA kI, kevalajJAna kA upArjana kiyA aura phira dharmatIrtha kA pravartana kiyaa| 30 varSa taka apane vacanAmRta se bhavya jIvoM ke lie kalyANa mArga batAyA aura AyusamApti para 72 varSa kI avasthA meM kArtikI amAvasyA ke dina nirvANa prApta kiyaa| ve jaina paramparA ke caubIsave aura antima tIrthaMkara hai| vartamAna samaya meM unhI kA zAsana cala rahA hai| bhAratIya aura bhAratIyetara sabhI dharmapravarttako, se bhagavAna mahAvIra kA upadeza viziSTa rahA, upadeza kI viziSTatA ke kAraNa hI unake dvArA nirdhArita nIti meM bhI aisI vizeSatAoM kA samAveza ho gayA jo anyatra upalabdha nahIM ho sktiiN| isa apekSA se bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nIti ko do zIrSako meM vibhAjita kIyA jA sakatA hai 1- bhagavAn mahAvIra kI viziSTa nIti 2- bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sAmAnya nItI sAmAnya nIti se abhiprAya nIti ke una siddhAntoM se hai, jinake Upara anya dArzanikoM, manISiyoM aura dharma-sampradAyake upadeSTAoM ne bhI apane vicAra prakaTa kiye hai| aise nIti-siddhAnta 212 akArya meM jIvana bitAnA guNI aura jJAnI jana kA kiMcita bhI lakSaNa nhiiN|
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________________ satya, ahiMsA Adi hai|kintu ina siddhAntoM kA yuktiyukta tarkasaMgata vivecana jaina granthoM me prApta hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unake anuyAyiyoM ne ina para gambhIra cintana kiyA hai| viziSTa nIti se abhiprAya una nIti-siddhAntoM se hai, jina taka anya manISiyoM kI dRSTi nahI pahu~cI hai| aise nIti-siddhAnta anAgraha, anekAnta, yatanA, samatA apramAda Adi hai| yadyapi yaha sabhI nIti-siddhAnta sAmAjika suvyavasthA tathA vyaktigata vyAvahArika sukhI jIvana ke lie the phira bhI anya rdhama pravartakoM ke cintana se yaha achUte raha gye| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura unake AjJAnuyAyI zramaNoM, manISiyoM ne nIti ke ina pratyayoM para gambhIra vicAra kiyA hai aura sukhI jIvana ke lie inakI upayogitA pratipAdita kI hai| jaina nIti ke mUla tatva / uparyukta sAmAnya aura viziSTa nIti ke siddhAntoM ko bhalI bhA~ti hRdayaMgama karane ke lie yaha adhika upayogI hogA ki jaina nIti athavA bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nIti ke mUla AdhArabhUta tatvoM ko aura unake hArda ko samajha liyA jaay| __ jaina nIti ke mUla tatva hai, puNya, saMvara aura nirjraa| dhyeya haiM- mokss| Astrava, baMdha tathA pApa anaitika tatva hai| jaina nIti kA sampUrNa bhAga inhI para TikA huA hai| pApa anaitika hai, puNya naitika, Astrava anaitika hai, saMvara naitIka, baMdha anaitika hai nirjarA naitika isa sutra ke AdhAra para hi sampUrNa jaina niti ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| pApa aura puNya zabdoM kA prayoga to saMsAra kI sabhI nIti aura dharma-paramparAoM meM huA hai, sabhI ne pApa ko anaitika batAyA aura puNya kI gaNanA nIti meM kI hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unakI pApa evaM puNya kI paribhASAoM meM antara hai inakI paribhASAyeM unhoMne apanI-apanI kalpanAoM meM bA~dhakara kI hai| kintu Astrava, saMvara baMdha aura nirjarA zabda jaina nIti ke vizeSa zabda hai| inakA artha samajha lenA abhISTa hai| Astrava kA nItiparaka abhiprAya hai- ve sabhI kriyAe~ jinako karane se vyakti kA svayaM kA jIvana du:khI ho, jinase samAja meM avyavasthA phaile AtaMka bar3he viSamatA panape, samAja ke, deza ke, rASTra, rAjya aura saMsAra ke anya prANiyoM kA jIvana azAnta ho jAya, ve kaSTa meM par3a jaayeN| jaina-nIti ne AstroM ke pramukha pA~ca bheda mAne hai-1 mithyAtva (galata dhAraNA) 2. avirIta (AtmAnuzAsana kA abhAva), 3. pramAda (jAgarukatA kA abhAva-asAvadhAnI), 4. kaSAya (krodha, mAna, kapaTa, lobha) aura 5. azubha yoga (mana, vacana kAya kI niMdya evaM kutsita vRttiyaaN)| eka anya apekSA se bhI pAMca pramukha Asvava hai- 1. hiMsA, 2. mRSAvAda-asatya bhASaNa, 3. caurya 4. abrahma sevana aura 5. prigrh|| spaSTa hai ki ye sabhI Astrava anaitika hai, samAja evaM vyakti ke lie du:khadAyI hai, azAnti, vigraha aura (utpIDana karane vAle hai| ina AstravoM ko anaitikatAoM ko anaitika pravRttiyoM ko rokanA, inakA AcaraNa na karanA saMvara hai- nIti hai, sunIti hai| hiMsA Adi pA~coM AstravoM ko pApa bhI kahA jAtA hai, isIlie pApa anaitika hai| kisI kA dila dukhAnA, zAririka mAnasika coTa pahu~cAnA, jhUTha bolanA, corI karanA, dhana athavA vastuoM kA adhika saMgraha karanA Adi asAmAjikatA hai, anaitikatA hai| ananta pApa aura duSkarmoM ke bhAra se jinakA Atma-svarUpa tirohita ho jAtA hai, ve kabhI bhI satyatA ko samajha nahIM skte| 213
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________________ Aja samAja meM jo vigraha, vargasaMgharSa, arAjakatA Adi burAiyA~ tIvratA ke sAtha baDha rahI hai inakA mUla kAraNa uparyukta anaitika AcaraNa aura vyavahAra hI hai| eka aura dhana ke uMce parvata aura dUsarI aura nirdhanatA evaM abhAva kI gaharI khAI ne hI vargasaMgharSa aura asaMtoSa ko janma diyA hai, jisake kAraNa mAnava-mana meM viplava uTha khar3A huA hai| / isa pApa rupa anaitikatA ke viparIta anya vyaktiyoM ko sukha pahu~cAnA, abhAvagrastoM kA abhAva miTAnA, rogI Adi kI sevA karanA, samAja meM zAnti sthApanA ke kArya karanA, dhana kA adhika saMgraha na karatA, kaTu zabda na bolanA, mithyA bhASaNa na karanA, corI, herA-pherI Adi na karanA naitikatA hai, nItipUrNa AcaraNa hai| dharmazAstroM ke anusAra bandha kA abhiprAya hai- apane hI kiye karmoM se svayaM hI ba~dha jAnA, kintu nIti ke sandarbha me isakA artha vistRta hai| vyakti apane kAryoM ke jAla meM svayaM to phaMsatA hI hai, dUsaro ko bhI phaMsAtA hai| jaise makar3I jAlA bunakara svayaM to usameM phaMsatI hI hai, kintu usakI nIyata maccharoM Adi apane zikAra ko bhI usa jAla meM phaMsAne kI hotI hai ora pha~sA bhI letI hai| isI taraha koI vyakti jhUTha-kapaTa kA jAla bAte banAkara anya logoM ko apanI bAtoM meM pha~sAtA hai, unhe vacana kI DorI se bAMdhatA hai, bandhana rUpa hone se anaitika hai| aura nItizAstra ke dRSTikoNa se nirjarA hai, aise vAgjAlo meM kisI ko na pha~sAnA, jhuTha - kapaTa aura lacchedAra zabdoM me kisI ko na bAMdhanA / yadi pahale kaSAya Adi ke Avega meM kisI ko isa prakAra bandhana meM le liyA ho to use vacanamukta kara denA, sAtha hI svayaM usa bandhana se mukta ho jaanaa| isI bAta ko hemacandrAcArya ne ina zabdoM meM kahA hai - bichAkara lacchedAra aura khuzAmada bharI mIThI-mIThI bahalAtA hai, bhulAvA dekara unheM vAg jAla meM akaDatA hai to usake ye sabhI kriyA kalApa vAgjAla Astrava bhava kA hetu aura saMvara mokSa kA kAraNa hai| dUsare tathA saMvara naitika hai| yaha Arhata ( arihanta bhagavAn tathA unake saba isI kA vistAra hai| Astravo bhavahetuH syAt saMvaro mokSakAraNam / itIyanAtI dRSTiranyadasyA prapaMcanam // jaina dRSTi ke ina mUla AdhArabhUta tatvoM ke prakAza meM aba hama bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nIti ko samajane kA prayAsa kregeN| 214 bhagavAn mahAvIra ke anuyAyiyoM kA vargIkaraNa zramaNa aura zrAvaka ina do pramukha vargo meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina donoM hI vargoM ke lie bhagavAna ne AcaraNa ke spaSTa niyama nirdhArita kara diye hai| pahale hama zramaNoM kI hI leN| zramaNAcAra meM nIti vItarAga strotra zabdoM meM Astrava anaitika hai anuyAyiyoM kI) dRSTi hai| anya zramaNa ke lie spaSTa niyama hai ki vaha apanA pUrva paricaya - gRhastha jIvana kA paricaya zrAvaka ko de| sAmAnyatayA zramaNa apane pUrva jIvana kA paricaya zrAvakoM ko dete bhI nahIM, kintu kabhI-kabhI paristhiti aisI utpanna ho jAtI hai ki paricaya denA anivArya ho jAtA hai, anyathA zramaNoM ke prati AzaMkA ho sakatI hai| ise eka dRSTAnta se samajhiye asadjJAna mAnava ko sukhAbhAsa ke bhramajAla meM phaMsAkara janma-janma kI vedanAoM meM galAkara bhava bhramaNa karavAtA hai| For Private Personal Use Only
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________________ bhagavAn neminAtha ke ziSya chaha muni the- anIkasena aadi| ye chahoM sahodara bhrAtA the, rupa raMga Adi meM itanI samAnatA thI ki inameM bheda karanA bar3A kaThina thaa| do-do ke samUha meM vaha chahoM anagAra devakI ke mahala meM bhikSA ke lie phuNce| devakI ke hRdaya meM yaha zaMkA utpanna ho gaI ki ye do hI sAdhu mere ghara bhikSA ke lie tIna bAra Aye hai, jabaki zramaNa niyama se eka hI dina meM eka ghara meM do bAra bhikSA ke lie nahIM jaataa| devakI kI isa zaMkA ko miTAne ke lie sAdhuoM ne apanA pUrva paricaya diyA, jo ki usa paristhiti meM anivArya thaa| isalie bhagavAna ne sAdhu ke lie utsarga aura apavAda - do mArga batAye hai| utsargamArga meM to pUrva paricaya sAdhaka detA nahIM, lekina apavAda-mArga meM, yadi viziSTa paristhiti utpanna ho jAya to de sakatA hai| yaha apavAda-mArga jaina sAdhvAcAra meM nIti kA dyotaka hai| isI prakAra kezI zramaNa ne jaba gautama gaNadhara se bha. pArzvanAtha kI sacelaka aura bha. mahAvIra kI acelaka dharmanIti ke bheda ke viSaya meM prazna kiyA to gaNadhara gautama kA uttara nIti kA paricAyaka hai| unhoMne batAyA ki samyaka jJAna darzana cAritra tapa kI sAdhanA hI mokSa mArga hai| veSa to loka-pratIti ke lie hotA hai| isI prakAra ke anya dRSTAnta zramaNAcAra sambandhI diye jA sakate hai, jo sIdhe vyAvahArika nIti athavA lokanIti se sambandhita hai| aba hama bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nIti kA- viziSTa nIti kA varNana kareMge, jisa para anya vicArakoM ne bilkula bhI vicAra nahIM kiyA hai, aura yadi kiyA bhI hai to bahuta kama kiyA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI viziSTa nIti bhagavAn mahAvIra kI viziSTa nIti ke mUlabhUta pratyaya hai - anAgraha, yatanA, apramAda, upazama aadi| samAja deza athavA rASTra kA eka varga apane hI dRSTikoNa se socatA hai usI ko ucita mAnatA hai tathA anyoM ke dRSTikoNa ko anucit| vaha unake dRSTikoNa kA Adara nahI karatA, isI kAraNa pArasparika saMgharSa hotA hai| Arya skandaka ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se puchA - loka zAzvata hai yA azAzvata, anta sahita hai yA anta rahita? isI prakAra ke aura bhI prazna kiye| bhagavAna ne usake sabhI praznoM ko anekAMta nIti se uttara diyA, kahA loka zAzvata bhI hai aura azAzvata bhii| yaha sadA kAla se rahA hai, aba bhI hai aura bhaviSya meM rahegA, kabhI isakA nAza nahIM hogaa| isa apekSA se yaha zAzvata hai| sAtha hI isameM jo dravya-kAla-bhAva kI apekSA parivartana hotA hai, usa apekSA se azAzvata bhI hai| isI prakAra bhagavAna ne skandaka ke sabhI praznoM ke uttara diye| isa anekAMtanIti se prApta hue uttaroM se skandaka saMtuSTa huaa| yadi bhagavAn anekAMta nIti se utara na dete to skandaka bhI saMtuSTa na hotA aura satya kA bhI apalApa hotaa| satya yaha hai ki vastu kA svabhAva hI aisA hai| vastu sthira bhI rahatI hai aura usI kSaNa usameM kAla Adi kI apekSA parivartana bhI 1. antagaDa sutra, 2. uttarAdhyayana sutra 13/29-32, 3. bhagavatI 2, 9. sadjJAna ke binA siddhi nhiiN| 215
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________________ hote rahate hai| Aja ko vijJAna bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kara cukA hai, tabhI AinsTIna Adi vaijJAnikoM ne anekAMta nIti kI sarAhanA kI hai, ise bhagavAn mahAvIra kI anupama dena mAnA hai, aura zAMtipUrNa saha astitva ke lie ise bahuta upayogI svIkAra kiyA hai| AinsTIna kA Theory of relativity to spaSTa sApekSavAda athavA anekAMta hI hai| yatanA-nIti yatanA kA abhiprAya hai- saavdhaanii| nIti ke saMdarbha meM sAvadhAnI jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM Avazyaka hai| bhagavAna ne batAyA hai ki sote, jAgate, calate, uThate, baiThate bolate-patyeka kriyA ko yatanApUrvaka4 karanA caahie| sAvadhAnI pUrNa vyavahAra se vigraha kI sthiti nahIM AtI, paraspara mana-muTAva nahIM hotA, kisI prakAra kA saMgharSa nahIM hotaa| AtmA kI sarakSA bhI hotI hai| samatA-nIti samatA bhAva athavA sAmyabhAva bhagavAn mahAvIra yA jaina dharma kI viziSTa nIti hai| AcAra aura vicAra meM yaha ahiMsA kI parAkASThA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne AcAra-vyavahAra kI nIti batAte hue kahA appasame mamanina chappi kAe / chaha kAya ke prANiyoM ko apanI AtmA ke samAna smjho| chaha kAya se yahA~ abhiprAya manuSya, pazu, pakSI, deva choTe se choTe kRmi aura yahAM taka ki jala, banaspati, peDa paudhe Adi prANimAtra se hai| jaina dharma ina sabhI meM AtmA mAnatA hai aura isIlie inako du:kha denA, anIti meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai, tathA ina sabake prati samatvabhAva rakhanA jaina nIti kI vizeSatA hai| krUra, kumArgagAmI, apakArI vyaktiyoM ke prati bhI samatA kA bhAva rakhanA cAhiye, yaha jaina rIti hai| bhAgavAn pArzvanAtha para unake sAdhanAkAla meM kamaTha ne upasarga kiyA aura dharaNendra ne isa upasarga ko dUra kiyA, kintu prabhu pArzvanAtha ne donoM para hI sama bhAva rkhaa| manovijJAna aura prakRti kA niyama hai ki kriyA kI pratikriyA hotI hai aura phira pratikriyA kI prtikriyaa| isa prakAra yaha kriyA pratikriyA kA eka cakra hI calane lagatA hai| isako toDane kA eka hI upAya hai- kriyA kI pratikriyA hone hI na dI jaay| kesI eka vyakti ne dUsare ko gAlI dI, satAyA, usakA apakAra kiyA yA usake prati duSTatApUrNa vyavahAra kiyaa| usakI isa kriyA kI pratikriyA svarupa vaha dUsarA vyakti bhI gAlI de athavA duSTatApUrNa vyavahAra kare to saMgharSa kI, kalaha kI sthiti bana jAye aura yadi vaha samatA kA bhAva rakhe, samatA nIti kA pAlana kare to saMgharSa zAnti meM badala jaayegaa| samAjavyavahAra, tathA loka meM zAnti hetu samatA kI nIti kI upayogitA sabhI ke jIvana meM pratyakSa hai, anubhavagamya hai| samatAnIti kA hArda hai- sabhI prANiyoM kA sukha-duHkha apane hI sukha-du:kha ke samAna smjhnaa| sabhI sukha cAhate hai, du:kha koI bhI nahIM caahtaa| isakA Azaya yaha hai ki aisA koI bhI kAma na karanA jisase kisI kA dila dukhe| aura yaha samatAnIti dvArA hI ho sakatA hai| 4. dazavaikAlika, 5. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 216 sadzAMta ke binA mukti nhiiN| sadjJAna ke binA ananta sukhA kI bhI upalabdhi nhii|
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________________ anuzAsana evaM vinayanIti vinaya evaM anuzAsana saMsAra kI jvalaMta samasyAyeM hai| anuzAsana samAja meM suvyavasthA kA mUla kAraNa hai aura vinaya jIvana meM sukha-zAnti pradAna karatA hai| yadyapi vinaya tathA anuzAsana ko sabhI ne mahatva diyA hai, kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ise jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga batAyA hai| unhoMne to vinaya ko dharma kA mUla - "viNayamUlo dhammo' kahA hai| vinaya kA lokavyavahAra meM atyadhika mahatva hai| eka bhI avinayapUrNa vacana kalaha aura keza kA vAtAvaraNa utpanna kara detA hai, jabaki vinaya-niti ke pAlana se saMgharSa kI ani zAMta ho jAtI hai, vaira kA dAvAnala sauhArda meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| vinaya jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM saphalatA kI kuMjI hai| lekina vinayanIti kA pAlana vahI kara pAtA hai, jo anuzAsita ho, anuzAsana pAkara kupita na ho| isIlie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA aNusAsio na kupijjA aura viNae Thavija appANaM / / vinaya meM sthita rahe, vinaya nIti kA pAlana kre| gurujanoM, mAtA-pitA Adi kA vinaya parivAra meM sukha-zAMti kA vAtAvaraNa nirmita karatA hai tathA mitroM, sambandhiyoM, samAja ke sabhI vyaktiyoM ke prati vinayayukta vyavahAra yaza-kIrti tathA prema evaM unnati kI sthiti ke nirmANa meM sahAyaka hotA hai| mitratA (Friendship) ko saMsAra ke sabhI vicAraka zreSTha nIti svIkAra karate haiM, kintu unakI dRSTi sirpha apanI hI jAti taka sImita raha gaI, kucha thor3e Age bar3he to unhoMne sampUrNa mAnava jAti ke sAtha mitratA nIti ke pAlana kI bAta khii| kintu bhagavAn mahAvIra kI maitrI-nIti kA dAyarA bahuta vistRta hai, ve prANImAtra ke sAtha mitratA kI nIti kA pAlana karane kI bAta kahate haiM mittiM bhUesu kppe| prANImAtra ke sAtha maitrI kA mitratA kI nIti kA saMkalpa kre| bhagavAn kI isI AjJA ko hRdayaMgama karake pratyeka jaina yaha bhAvanA karatA hai prANImAtra ke sAtha merI maitrI (mitratA) hai, kisI ke sAtha vairabhAva nahIM hai| mittI me savvabhUesu, veraM majjhaM na kennii| mitratA kI yaha nIti svayaM ko aura apane sAtha anya sabhI prANiyoM ko Azvasta karane kI nIti hai| sAmUhikatA kI nIti sAmUhikatA athavA ekatA sadA se hI saMsAra kI pramukha AvazyakatA rahI hai| bikharAva alagAva kI pravRtti anaitika hai aura paraspara sadbhAva-saudAda-mela-milApa naitika hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sAmUhikatA tathA saMgha-aikya kA mahattva sAdhuoM ko btaayaa| unake saMketa kA anugamana karate hue sAdhu bhojana karane se pahale anya sAdhuoM ko nimantrita karatA aura kahatA hai ki yadi mere lAye bhojana meM se kucha grahaNa kareM to maiM saMsAra-sAgara se tira jaauuN| sAhU huz2Ami tArio dazavaikAlikasUtra ke ina zabdoM se yahI nIti parilakSita hotI hai| vaidika paramparA meM bhI sAmUhikatA athavA 5. uttarAdhyayanasutra6. uttarAdhyayana su,7. uttarAdhyayana sutra 6/2, 8. uttarAdhyayana sutra 6/2, 9. Avazyaka sutra, 10. dazavaikAlikasUtra 5/125 kiMtu jaba asadjJAna ko sadjJAna aura sajJAna ko asadjJAna mAna pUjA karate hai taba ve duHkha ke dAvAnala kI sRSTi karate hai| 217
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________________ saMgaThana kI mahattA svIkRta kI gaI hai| 'saMghe zakti: kalau yuge' kaliyuga meM saMgaThana meM hI zakti hai| ina zabdoM meM sAmUhikatA kI hI nIti mukhara ho rahI hai| Adhunika yuga meM pracalita zAsanapraNAlI prajAtantra kA AdhAra to sAmUhikatA hai hii| prajAtantra kA pramukha nArA hai-United we stand divided we fall. --sAmUhika rUpa meM hama vijayI hote haiM aura vibhAjita.hone para hamArA patana ho jAtA hai| sAmUhikatA kI nIti deza, jAti, samAja sabhI ke lie hitakara hai| svahita aura lokahita svahita aura lokahita naitika cintana ke sadA se hI mahattvapUrNa pahalU rahe haiN| vidura11 aura cANakya ne svahita ko pramukhatA dI hai aura kucha anya nItikAroM ne parahita athavA lokahita ko pramukha mAnA hai, kahA hai- apane lie to sabhI jIte haiM, jo dUsaroM ke lie jIe, jIvana usI kA hai|13 yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai jisa jIvana meM lokahita na ho usakI to mRtyu hI zreyaskara hai|14 isa prakAra kI paraspara virodhI aura ekAMgI nIti-dhArAe~ nIti-sAhitya meM prApta hotI haiN| lekina bhagavAna mahAvIra ne svahita aura lokahita ko paraspara virodhI nahIM maanaa| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki bhagavAn kI draSTi vistRta AyAma taka pahu~cI huI thii| unhoMne svahita aura lokahita kA saMkIrNa artha nahIM liyaa| svahita kA artha svArtha aura lokahita kA artha parArtha svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| apitu svahita meM parahita aura parahita meM svahita sannihita maanaa| isalie ve svahita aura lokahita kA sundara samanvaya janatA-janArdana aura vidvAnoM ke samakSa rakha ske| __ unhoMne apane sAdhuoM ko sva-para kalyANakArI banane kA sandeza diyaa| isI kAraNa jaina zramaNoM kA yaha eka vizeSaNa bana gyaa| zramaNajana apane hita ke sAtha lokahita bhI karate haiN| bhagavAn kI vANI lokahita ke lie hai|15 pAMcoM mahAvrata svahita ke sAtha lokahita ke lie bhI haiN|16 ahiMsA bhagavatI lokahitakAriNI hai|17 'NamotthuNaM' sUtra meM to bhagavAn ko lokahitakArI batAyA hI hai| bhagavAn svayaM to apanA hita kara hI cuke hote haiM; kintu parihantAvasthA kI sabhI kriyAe~, upadeza Adi lokahita hI hotI haiN| __sAdhu jo nirantara (navakalpI) paidala hI grAmAnugrAma vihAra karate haiM, usameM bhI svahita ke mAyAlokahita sannihita hai| hI zrAvakavarga aura sAdhAraNatA dete haiN| siddhAntoM meM lokahita zramaNa sAdhuoM ke samAna hI zrAvakavarga aura sAdhAraNa jana bhI, jo bhagavAn mahAvIra kI AjJApAlana meM tatpara rahate haiM, svahita ke sAtha lokahita ko bhI pramukhatA dete haiN| yaha kahanA atizayokti nahIM hogI ki bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA nirdezita siddhAntoM meM lokahita ko sadaiva hI ucca sthAna prApta huA hai aura unakA anuyAyIvarga svahita ke sAtha-sAtha lokahita kA bhI avirodhI rUpa se dhyAna rakhatA hai tathA isa nIti kA pAlana karatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ina viziSTa nItiyoM ke atirikta satya, ahiMsA, karuNA--jIva-mAtra para dayA Adi sAmAnya nItiyoM kA bhI mArga prazasta kiyA tathA inheM parAkASThA taka phuNcaayaa| nIti ke sandarbha meM bhagavAna ne ise zramaNa nIti aura zrAvaka nIti ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyaa| zrAvaka cUMki samAja meM rahatA hai, sabhI prakAra ke vargoM ke vyaktiyoM se usakA sambandha rahatA 11. viduranIti 16, 12. cANakyanIti 1/6: paMcatantra 1/387 13. subhASita, uddhRta nItizAstra kA sarvekSaNa pR. 208, 14. vahI, pRSTha 205 15. praznavyAkaraNasUtra sphadha 2, a. 1, sU. 21 16. praznavyAkaraNasUtra skandha 2, a. 1, sU., 17. zakastaba-AvazyakasUtra 18. zrAvaka vrata aura unake aticAroM ke nItiparaka vivecana ke lie dekheM lekhaka kI jaina nItizAstra pustaka kA saiddhAntika khaNDa (aprakAzita) 218 pApa kA udayakAla hotA hai taba puNya bhI staMbhita ho jAtA hai| puNya ke udayakAla meM pApa staMrmita ho jAtA hai|
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________________ hai, ata: isake lie samanvayanIti kA vizeSa prayojana hai| sAtha hI dharmAcaraNa kA bhI mahattva hai| use laukika vidhiyoM kA bhI pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai| isIlie kahA gayA hai sarva eva hi jainAnAM, pramANaM laukiko vidhiH / yatra samyaktvahAnirna, yatra na vrtduussnnm|| -somadevasari : upAsakAdhyayana --jainoM ko sabhI laukika vidhiyA~ pramANa haiM, zarta yaha hai ki samyaktva kI hAni na ho aura vratoM meM doSa na lge| zrAvaka-vratarUpI sikke ke do pahalU hote haiM--1. dharmaparaka aura 2. niitiprk| zrAvaka vratoM ke aticAra bhI isI rUpa meM sandarbhita haiN| unameM bhI nItiparaka tattvoM kI vizeSatA hai| ThANAMgasUtra meM jo anukaMpAdAna, saMgrahadAna, abhayadAna, dharmadAna, kAruNyadAna, lajjAdAna, gauravadAna, adharmadAna, kariSyatidAna aura kRtadAna--yaha dasa prakAra ke dAna16 batAye gaye haiM, ve bhI pramukha rUpa se lokanItiparaka hI haiN| unakI upayogitA lokanIti ke sandarbha meM asaMdigdha hai| isI prakAra ThANAMgasUtra meM varNita dasa dharmo 20 meM se grAmadharma, nagaradharma, rASTradharma, kuladharma Adi kA pratyakSa sambandha nIti se hai| ukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki jaina naitika draSTibindu svahita ke sAtha-sAtha lokahita ko bhI lekara calatA hai| gRhastha-jIvana meM to lokanIti ko svahita se adhika U~cA sthAna prApta huA hai| __ bhagavAn ke upadezoM meM nihita isI samanvayAtmaka bindu kA prasArIkaraNa evaM puSpanapallavana bAda ke AcAryoM dvArA huaa| AcArya haribhadrakRta dharmabinduprakaraNa21 aura AcArya hemacandrakRta yogazAstra22 meM mArgAnusArI ke jo 35 bola 23 diye gaye haiM ve bhI sadgRhastha ke naitika jIvana se sambandhita pravacanasArodvAra meM zrAvaka ke 21 guNoM meM bhI lagabhaga sabhI guNanIti se hI sambandhita haiN| isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA nirdhArita nIti-siddhAntoM kA lagAtAra vikAsa hotA rahA aura aba bhI ho rahA hai| yadyapi nIti ke siddhAnta vahI haiM, kintu unameM nirantara yugAnukUla parimArjana aura pariSkAra hotA rahA hai, yaha dhArA vartamAna yuga taka calI AI hai| mahAvIra-yuga kI naitika samasyAe~ aura bhagavAn dvArA samAdhAna bhagavAn mahAvIra kA yuga saMgharSoM kA yuga thaa| usa samaya AcAra, darzana, naitikatA, sAmAjika 19. dasavihe dANe paNNatte, taMjahAaNukaMpAsaMgahe ceva, bhaye kAluNiye iy| lajjAe gAraveNa ya, ahamme puNa sttme| dhamme ya achame kutte kahIi ya kataMti y| -ThANAMga 10/745 20. dasavihe dhamme paNNatte taMjahA(1) gAmadhamme, (2) nagaradhamme, (3) raTTedhamme, (4) pAsaMDadhamme, (6) gaNadhamme, (7) saMghadhamme, (8) suyadhamme, (9) carittadhamme, (10) asthikaaydhmme| -ThANAMga 10/760 21. AcArya haribhadra-dharmabinduprakaraNa 1, 22. AcArya hemacandra-yogazAstra 1/47-56 23. mArgAnusArI ke 35 boloM aura zrAvaka ke 21 guNoM kA nItiparaka nivecana anyatra kiyA gayA haiN| 24. pravacanasAroddhAradAra 239, gAthA 1356-1358. saMpUrNa sukha meM rahane vAlA mAnava jaba duHkha ke dAvAnala ke bIca phaMsa jAtA hai taba vaha duHkha kA mukAbalA kara nahIM sktaa| 219
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________________ U~ca-nIca kI dhAraNAe~, dAsa-dAsI-prathA Adi aneka prakAra kI samasyAe~ thiiN| sabhI varga unameM bhI samAja meM uccatAprApta brAhmaNavarga apane hI svArthoM meM lIna thA, mAnavatA pada-dalita ho rahI thI, krUratA kA bolabAlA thA, naitikatA ko loga bhUla se gaye the| aise kaThina samaya meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne una samasyAoM ko samajhA, una para gahana cintana kiyA aura ucita samAdhAna diyaa| 1. naitikatA ke do dRSTikoNoM kA ucita samAdhAna usa samaya brAhmaNoM dvArA pratipAdita hiMsaka yajJa eka ora cala rahe the to dUsarI aura deha daNDarupa paMcAgni tapa kI paramparA pracalita thii| yadyapi bha. pArzvanAtha ne tApasaparamparA ke pAkhaMDa ko miTAne kA prayAsa kiyA kintu ve ni:zeSa nahIM hae the| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne yajJa, yAga, zrAddha Adi tathA paMcAgni tapa ko anaitika (pApamaya) kahA aura batAyA ki naitikatA kA sambandha sampUrNa jIvana se hai, isameM pApakArI pravRttiyoM nahIM honI caahie| unhoMne vicAra aura AcAra ke samanvaya kI nIti sthApita kii| unhoMne pratipAdita kiyA ki zubha vicAroM ke anusAra hI AcaraNa bhI zubha honA caahie| tathA zubha AcaraNa ke anurUpa vicAra bhI zubha hoN| yoM unhoMne naitikatA ke bahirmukhI aura antarmukhI donoM pakSoM kA samanvaya karake mAnava ke sampUrNa (antarbAhya) jIvana meM naitikatA kI pratiSThA kii| 2. sAmAjika asamAnatA kI samasyA usa yuga meM jAti evaM varNa ke AdhAra para mAnava-mAnava meM bheda thA hI, eka ko U~cA aura dUsare ko nIcA samajhA jAtA thA, kintu isa U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA meM dhana bhI eka pramukha ghaTaka bana gayA thaa| dhanI aura sattAdhIzoM ko sammAnita sthAna prApta thA, jabaki nirdhana sattAvihIna loga nimna koTi ke samajhe jAte the| zUdroM-dAsoM kI sthiti to bahuta hI dayanIya thii| ve pazu se bhI gaye bIte mAne jAte the| yaha sthiti sAmAjika dRSTi se to viSama thI hI, sAtha hI isameM naitikatA ko bhI nimnatama stara taka pahu~cA diyA gayA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa anaitikatA ko todd'aa| unhoMne apane zramaNasaMgha meM cAroM vargoM aura sabhI jAti ke mAnavoM ko sthAna diyA tathA unake lie mukti kA dvAra khola diyaa| cANDAlakulotpanna sAdhaka harikezI25 kI yajJakartA brAhmaNa rudradeva para uccatA dikhAkara naitikatA ko mAnavIya dharAtala para pratiSThita kiyaa| isI prakAra candanabAlA26 ke prakaraNa meM dAsa-prathA ko naitika dRSTi se mAnavatA ke lie abhizApa siddha kiyaa| magadha samrAT zreNika7 kA nirdhana pUNiyA ke ghara jAnA aura sAmAyika ke phala kI yAcanA karanA, naitikatA kI pratiSThA ke rUpa meM jAnA jAyegA, yahA~ dhana aura sattA kA koI mahattva nahIM hai, mahattva hai naitikatA kA, pUNiyA ke nItipUrNa jiivnkaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne janma se varNavyavasthA ke siddhAnta ko nakAra kara karma se varNavyavasthA28 kA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA aura isa pratipAdana meM naitikatA ko pramukha AdhAra bnaayaa| usa yuga meM brAhmaNoM dvArA pracArita yajJa ke bAhya svarUpa ko nirdhArita karane vAle lakSaNa ko bhramapUrNa batAkara nayA AdhyAtmika lakSaNa diyA, jisameM naitikatA kA tattva spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai| mAnava kI jakar3ana se mukti usa yuga kA mAnava do prakAra ke niviDa bandhanoM se jakar3A huA thA- (1) Izvara kartRtvavAda 25. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 12 vA~ harikezIya adhyayana, 26. mahAvIracariyaM, guNacandra 27. zreNikacaritra, 28. uttarAdhyayanasUtra a. 25, gA. 27, 21 aadi| 29. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 12/44 220 sAdhu pUruSoM ke prabhAva se aneka pApI AtmAyeM satya mArgapara vicaraNa karatI haiN|
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________________ aura (2) sAmAjika dhArmika tathA naitika rUr3hiyoM se| ina donoM bandhanoM se grasta mAnava chaTapaTA rahA thaa| ina. bandhanoM ke duSpariNAmasvarUpa naitikatA kA hAsa ho gayA aura anaitikatA ke prasAra ko khulakara phailane kA avasara mila gyaa| IzvaravAda tathA IzvarakartRtvavAda ke siddhAnta kA lAbha uThAkara brAhmaNoM aura kSatriyoM ne apanI viziSTa sthiti banA lii| sAtha hI Izvara ko mAnavIya bhAgya kA niyaMtraka aura niyAmaka mAnA jAne lgaa| isase mAnava kI svatantratA kA hAsa huA, naitikatA meM bhI girAvaTa aaii| bhagavAn ne mAnava ko svayaM apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA batAkara mAnavatA kI pratiSThA to kI hI, sAtha usameM naitika sAhasa bhI jgaayaa| - isI prakAra isa yuga meM snAna (bAhya athavA jala snAna) eka naitika kartavya mAnA jAtA thA, ise dhArmikatA kA rupa bhI pradAna kara diyA gayA thA, jaba ki bAhya snAna se zuddhi mAnanA sirpha ruDhivAditA hai| bhagavAna ne snAna kA nayA AdhyAtmika lakSaNa30 dekara isa ruDhivAditA ko toddaa| brAhmaNoM ko dAna denA bhI usa yuga meM gRhastha kA naitika-dhArmika karttavya banA diyA gayA thaa| isa viSaya meM bhI bhagavAna ne naI naitika dRSTi dekara dAna se saMyama ko zreSTha btaayaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA ki pratimAsa sahastroM gAyoM kA dAna dene se saMyama zreSTha hai|31 vastuta: bhagavAna mahAvIra dAna ke virodhI nahIM hai, apitu unhoMne to mokSa ke cAra sAdhano meM dAna, zIla, tapa aura bhAva meM dAna ko prathama sthAna diyA, kintu usa yuga meM brAhmaNoM ko dAna denA eka ruDhi bana gaI thI, isa ruDhigrastatA ko hI bhagavAna ne toDakara mAnava kI svatantratA tathA naitikatA kI sthApanA kI thii| bhagavAna ke kathana kA anumodana dhammapada 32 me bhI milatA hai aura gItA ke zAMkara bhASya33 meM bhii| upasaMhAra isa sampUrNa vivecana se sapaSTa hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nIti ke naye AdhArabhUta siddhAnta nirdhArita kiye| saMvara Adi aise dhaTaka hai jina para anya vidvAnoM kI dRSTi na jA skii| unhoMne anAgraha, anekAMta, yatanA, apramAda, samatA, vinaya Adi nIti ke viziSTa tatva mAnava ko diye| sAmUhikatA ko saMgaThana kA AdhAra batAyA aura zramaNa evaM zrAvaka ko usake pAlana kA saMdeza diyaa| sAmAnyatayA, sabhI anya dharmo ne dharma tatva ko jAnane ke lie mAnava ko buddhi-prayoga kI AjJA nahIM dI, yahI kahA ki jo dharma-pravartako ne kahA hai, hamAre zAstroM meM likhA hai, usI para vizvAsa kara lo| kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra mAnava ko aMdhavizvAsI nahIM banAnA cAhate the, ata: 'pannA samikkhae dhamma' kahakara mAnava ko dharmatatva meM jijJAsA aura buddhi-prayoga ko avakAza dekara usake naitika dharAtala ko U~cA utthaayaa| Atmahita ke sAtha-sAtha lokahita kA bhI upadeza diyaa| tatkAlIna ekAMgI vicAradhArAoM kA samyaka samanvaya kiyA, sAmAjika dhArmika dRSTi se rasAtala meM jAte hue naitika mUlyoM kI Thosa AdhAra para pratiSThA kii| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nIti ke aise dizAnirdezaka sUtra diye jinakA sthAyI prabhAva huA aura samasta naitika cintana para unakA prabhAva Aja bhI spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| 30. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 12/46, 31. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 9/40, 32. dhammapada 106 33. dekhie, gItA 4/26-27 para zAMkara bhASya saMsAra meM aise bhI pUruSa hai jo Apatti ke AMdhI-tUphAna kA pAna kara lete haiN| 221