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________________ azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI prAkRta-vidyA, aMka janavarI-mArca 1997 ( pR0 97) meM pro0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa ke vyAkhyAna ke samAcAroM ke sandarbha meM sampAdaka DA0 sudIpa jaina ne pro0 vyAsajI ko uddhRta karate hue likhA hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta ke prAcIna rUpa samrATa azoka ke giranAra zilAlekha meM milate haiN| kintu pro0 vyAsa jI kA yaha kathana bhrAmaka hai aura isakA koI bhI bhASAzAstrIya Thosa AdhAra nahIM hai| azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA aura vyAkaraNa ke sandarbha meM adhikRta vidvAn evaM adhyetA DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne apane grantha 'azoka ke abhilekha' meM gahana samIkSA kI hai| unhoMne azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA ko cAra vibhAgoM meM bA~TA hai1. pazcimottarI (paizAca-gAndhAra), 2. madhyabhAratIya 3. pazcimI mahArASTra, 4. dakSiNAvarta (aandhr-krnaattk)| azoka kI bhASA ke sandarbha meM vaha likhate haiM- mahAbhArata ke bAda kA bhAratIya itihAsa magadha sAmrAjya kA itihAsa hai| isalie zatAbdiyoM se uttara bhArata meM eka sArvadezika bhASA kA vikAsa ho rahA thaa| yaha bhASA vaidika bhASA se udbhUta laukika saMskRta se milatI-julatI thI aura usake samAnAntara pracalita ho rahI thii| azoka ne apane prazAsana aura dharma prasAra ke lie isI bhASA ko apanAyA, kintu isameM sandeha nahIM ki isa bhASA kA kendra magadha thA, jo madhya- deza (sthAnesara aura kajaMgala kI pahAr3iyoM ke bIca kA deza) ke pUrva bhAga meM sthita thaa| isaliye mAgadhI bhASA kI isameM pradhAnatA thI, parantu sArvajanika bhASA hone kAraNa dUsare pradezoM kI dhvaniyoM aura kahIM-kahIM zabdoM aura muhAvaroM ko bhI yaha AtmasAta karatI jA rahI thii| azoka ke abhilekha mUlata: magadha sAmrAjya kI kendrIya bhASA meM likhe gaye the| phira bhI yaha samajhA gayA ki dUrastha pradezoM kI janatA ke liye yaha prazAsana aura pracAra kI bhASA thor3I aparicita thii| isalie azoka ne isa bAta kI vyavasthA kI thI ki abhilekhoM ke mUla pAThoM kA vibhinna prAntoM meM AvazyakatAnusAra thor3A bahuta lipyantara aura bhASAntara kara diyA jaay| yahI kAraNa hai ki abhilekhoM ke vibhinna saMskaraNoM meM pATha-bheda pAyA jAtA hai| pATha bheda isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM vibhinna boliyA~ thIM, jinakI apanI vizeSatAeM thiiN| azoka ke abhilekhoM meM vibhinna boliyoM ke zabdarUpa ko dekhane se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki madhyabhAratIya bhASA hI isa samaya kI sArvadezika bhASA thI, mUlata:
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________________ 58 isI meM azoka ke abhilekha prastuta hue the| ise mAgadha athavA mAgadhI bhASA bhI kaha sakate haiN| parantu yaha nATakoM evaM vyAkaraNa kI mAgadhI se bhinna hai| jahA~ mAgadhI prAkRta meM kevala tAlavya 'za' kA prayoga hotA hai vahA~ azoka ke abhilekhoM meM kevala dantavya 'sa' kA prayoga hotA hai (azoka ke abhilekha... DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya pR0 22-23) / isase do tathya phalita hote haiM, prathama to yaha ki azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA nATakoM aura vyAkaraNa kI mAgadhI prAkRta se bhinna hai aura usameM anya boliyoM ke zabda rUpa nihita hai| isalie hama ise ardhamAgadhI bhI kaha sakate haiN| yadyapi zvetAmbara AgamoM meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI kI apekSA yaha kiJcita bhinna hai| phira bhI itanA nizcit hai ki yaha digambara AgamoM kI athavA nATakoM kI zaurasenI prAkRta kadApi nahIM hai| digambara AgamoM kI zaurasenI ke do pramukha lakSaNa mAne jA sakate haiM-- madhyavartI 'ta' ke sthAna para 'da' kA prayoga aura dantya 'na' ke sthana, para mUrdhanya 'Na' kA pryog| azoka ke abhilekhoM meM madhyavartI 'ta' ke sthAna para 'da' kA prayoga kahIM bhI nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| zaurasenI prAkRta meM saMskRta 'bhavati' kA 'bhavadi' yA 'hodi' rUpa milatA hai jabaki azoka ke abhilekhoM meM eka sthAna para bhI 'hodi' rUpa nahIM pAyA jaataa| sarvatra hoti rUpa pAyA jAtA hai, jo ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa hai| isI prakAra 'pitR' zabda kA 'piti' yA 'pitu' rUpa milatA hai jo ki ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa hai, zaurasenI kI dRSTi se to usakA 'pid' rUpa honA thaa| isI prakAra 'AtmA' zabda kA zaurasenI prAkRta meM 'AdA' rUpa banatA hai, jabaki azoka ke abhilekhoM meM kahIM bhI 'AdA' rUpa nahIM milA hai| sarvatra atne, atnA yahI rUpa milate haiN| isI prakAra 'hita' kA zaurasenI rUpa 'hiMda' na milakara sarvatra hI hita zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| isI prakAra jahA~ zaurasenI dantya 'na' ke prayoga ke sthAna para mUrdhanaya 'Na' kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai vahA~ azoka ke madhyabhAratIya samasta abhilekhoM meM mUrdhanya Na kA pUrNata: abhAva hai aura sarvatra dantya 'na' kA prayoga huA hai, pazcimI abhilekhoM meM bhI mUrthanya 'Na' kA yadA-kadA hI prayoga huA hai, kintu sarvatra nhiiN| puna: yaha mUrdhanya 'Na' kA prayoga to mahArASTrI prAkRta meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA ke bhASAzAstrIya dRSTi se jo bhI adhyayana hue haiM unameM jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai, kisI eka bhI vidvAn ne unakI bhASA ko zaurasenI prAkRta nahIM kahA hai| yadi usameM eka do zaurasenI zabda rUpa jo anya prAkRtoM yathA ardhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI meM bhI 'kAmana' haiM, mila jAte haiM to usakI bhASA ko zaurasenI to kadApi nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| isIlie zAyada pro0 bholAzaMkara jI vyAsa ko bhI dabI jubAna se yaha kahanA par3A ki zaurasenI prAkRta ke prAcInatama rUpa samrATa azoka ke giranAra zilAlekha meM milate haiN| sambhavata: isameM itanA saMzodhana apekSita hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta ke kucha prAcIna zabdarUpa giranAra ke zilAlekha meM milate haiN| kintu yaha bAta dhyAna
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________________ dene yogya hai ki yaha zabda rUpa prAcIna ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI meM bhI milate haiM, ata: mAtra do-cAra zabda rUpa mila jAne se azoka ke abhilekha zaurasenI prAkRta ke nahIM mAne jA sakate haiN| kyoMki unameM zaurasenI ke viziSTa lakSaNoM vAle zabda rUpa nahIM milate haiN| usake Age samAdaraNIya bholAzaMkara jI vyAsa ko uddhRta karate hue DA0 sudIpa jaina ne likhA hai ki isake bAda parizuddha zaurasenI bhASA kapAyapAhur3asutta, SaTakhaNDAgamasutta, kundakunda sAhitya evaM dhavalA, jayadhavalA Adi meM prayukta milatI hai| isakA artha to yaha huA ki azoka ke abhilekhoM kI mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI se hI digambara jaina sAhitya kI parizuddha zaurasenI vikasita huI hai| maiM yahA~ spaSTa rUpa se yaha jAnanA cAhU~gA ki kyA azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA meM digambara jaina sAhitya kI tathAkathita parizuddha zaurasenI athavA nATakoM kI zaurasenI athavA vyAkaraNa sammata zaurasenI kA koI bhI viziSTa lakSaNa upalabdha hotA hai? jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai ki azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA anya pradezoM ke zabda rUpoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI prAkRta hai| vaha mAgadhI aura anya prAdezika boliyoM ke zabdoM rUpoM se mizrita eka aisI bhASA hai, jisakI sarvAdhika nikaTatA jaina AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI se hai| use zaurasenI kahakara jo bhrAnti phailAI jA rahI hai vaha suniyojita SaDyaMtra hai| vastuta: digambara Agama tulya granthoM kI jisa bhASA ko parizuddha zaurasenI kahA jA rahA hai vaha vastuta: na to vyAkaraNa sammata zaurasenI hai aura na nATakoM kI zaurasenI- apitu ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI kI aisI khicar3I hai, jisameM inake mizraNa ke anupAta bhI pratyeka grantha aura usake pratyeka saMskaraNa meM bhinna-bhinna haiN| isakI carcA maiMne apane lekha jaina AgamoM kI mUlabhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI meM kI hai| zaurasenI kA sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM taba taka janma hI nahIM huA thaa| nATakoM evaM digambara paramparA meM Agama rUpa meM mAnya granthoM kI bhASA to usake tIna-cAra sau varSa bAda astitva meM AI hai| vastuta: dillI, mathurA evaM AgarA ke samIpavartI usa pradeza meM jise zaurasenI kA janmasthala kahA jAtA hai, azoka ke jo bhI abhilekha upalabdha haiM, unameM zaurasenI ke lakSaNoM yathA 'ta' kA 'da', 'na' kA 'Na' Adi kA pUrNa abhAva hai| mAtra yahI nahIM usameM 'lAjA' (rAjA) jaisA mAgadhI kA zabda rUpa spaSTataH pAyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra giranAra ke abhilekhoM meM bhI zaurasenI ke vyAkaraNasammata lakSaNoM kA abhAva hai| unameM ardhamAgadhI ke ve zabda rUpa, jo zaurasenI meM bhI pAye jAte haiM dekhakara yaha kaha denA ki azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA kSetrIya prabhAvoM se yukta zaurasenI meM hai, yaha ucita nahIM hai| use ardhamAgadhI to mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu zaurasenI kadApi nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| pAThakoM ko svayaM nirNaya karane ke lie yahA~ dillI ToparA ke azoka ke abhilekhoM kA mUlapATha prastuta hai
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________________ dillI TopArA stambha prathama abhilekha (dharma pAlana se ihaloka tathA paraloka kI prApti) (uttarAbhimukha) 1. devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAja hevaM AhA (1) saDuvIsati2. vasa abhisitena me iyaM dhaMmalipi likhApitA (2) hidatapAlate dusaMpaTipAdaye aMnata agAyA dhamakAmatAyA 4. agAya palIkhAyA agAya susUyAyA agena bhayena agana usAhenA (3) esa cu kho mama anusathiyA dhaMmA6. pekhA dhamakAmatA cA suve suve vaDitA vaDIsati cevA (4) 7. pulisA pi ca me ukasA cA gevayA cA majhimA cA anuvidhIyaMtI saMpaTipAdayaMti cA alaM capalaM samAdapayitave (5) hememA aMta9. mahAmAtA pi (6) esa hi vidhi yA iyaM dhamena pAlanA dhamena vidhAne 10. dhaMmena sukhiyanA dhaMmena gotI ti (7) dvitIya abhilekha (uttarAbhimukha) (dharma kI kalpanA) 1. devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAja 2. hevaM AhA (1) dhame sAdhU kiyaM dhame ti (2) apAsinave vahukayAne 3. dayA dAne socaye (3) cakhudAne pi me bahuvidhe dine (4) dupada4. catupadesu pakhivAlicalesu vividhe me anugahe kaTe A pAna5. dAkhinAye (5) aMnAni pi ca me bahUni kayAnAni kaTAni (6) etAye me 6. aThAye iyaM dhamalipi likhApitA hevaM anupaTipajaMtu cilaM7. thitikA ca hotU tIti (7) ye ca hevaM saMpaTipajIsati se sukaTaM kachatI ti| tRtIya abhilekha (uttarAbhimukha) (AtmanirIkSaNa) 1. devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAja hevaM ahA (1) kayAnaM meva dekhati iyaM me
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________________ 61 2. kayAne kaTe ti (2) no mina pApaM dekhati iyaM me pApe kaTe ti iyaM vA Asinave 3. nAmAti (3) dupaTivekhe cu kho esA (4) hevaM cu kho esa dekhiye (5) imAni AsinavagAmIni nAma atha caMDiye niThaliye kodhe mAne isyA 5. kAlanena va hakaM mA palibhasayisaM (6 esa bADha dekhiye (7) iyaM me 6. hidatikAye iyaMmana me pAlatikAye caturtha abhilekha (pazcimAbhimukha) (rajjukoM ke adhikAra aura kartavya) 1. devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAja hevaM AhA (1) saDuvIsativasa2. abhisitena me iyaM dhamalipi likhApitA (2) lajUkA me 3. bahUsu pAnasatasahasesu janasi AyatA (3) tesaM ye abhihAle vA pavatayevU janasa jAnapadasA hitasukhaM upadahevU pavata 4. daMDe vA atapatiye me kaTe kiMti lajUkA asvatha abhItA 5. kaMmAni pavatayevU janasa jAnapadasA hitasukhaM upadahevU anugahinevu ca (4) sukhIyanaM dukhIyanaM jAnisaMti dhaMmayutena ca 7. viyovadisaMti janaM jAnapada kiMti hidataM ca pAlataM ca 8. AlAdhayevU ti (5) lajUkA pi laghati paTicalitave maM (6) pulisAni pi me chaMdanAni paTicalisaMti (7) te pi ca kAni viyovadisaMti yena maM lajUkA . 10. caghaMti AlAdhayitave (8) athA hi pajaM viyatAye dhAtiye nisijitu 11. asvathe hoti viyata dhAti caghati meM pajaM sukhaM palihaTave 12. hevaM mamA lajUkA kaTA jAnapadasa hitasukhAye (9) yena ete abhItA 13. asvatha saMtaM avimanA kaMmAni pavatayevU ti etena me lajUkAnaM 14. abhihAle va daMDe vA atapatiye kaTe (10) ichitaviye hi esA kiMti 15. viyohAlasamatA ca siya daMDasamatA cA (11) ava ite pi ca me Avuti 16. baMdhanabadhAnaM munisAnaM tIlitadaMDAnaM patavadhAnaM tini divasAni me 17. yote dine (12) nAtikA va kAni nijhapayisaMti jIvitAye tAnaM
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________________ 18. nAsaMtaM vA nijhapayitA vA naM dAhaMti pAlatikaM upavAsaM va kachaMti (13) 19. ichA hi me hevaM niludhasi pi kAlasi pAlataM AlAdhayevU ti (14) janasa ca 20. bar3hati vividha dhaMmacalane saMyame dAnasavibhAge ti (15) paJcama abhilekha (dakSiNAbhimukha) (jIvoM kA abhayadAna) 1. devAnaMpriye piyadasi lAja hevaM ahA (1) saDuvausativasa2. abhisitena me imAni jAtAni avadhiyAni kaTAni seyathA 3. suke sAlikA alune cakavAke haMse naMdImukhe gelATe 4. jatUkA aMbAkapIlikA daLI anaThikamache vedaveyake 5. gaMgA pupuTake saMkujamache kaphaTasayake paMnasase simale saMkaDe okapiMDe palasate setakapote gAmakapote 7. save catupade ye paTibhAgaM no eti na ca khAdiyatI (2) ............. ri 8. eLakA cA sakUlI cA gabhinI vA pAyamInA va avadhiya pa take 9. pi ca kAni AsaMmAsike (3) vadhikukuTe no kaTaviye (4) tuse sajIve 10. no jhApetaviye (5) dAve anaThAye vA vihisAye vA no jhApetaviye (6) 11. jIvena jIve no pusitaviye (7) tIsu cAtuMmAsIsu tisAyaM punamAsiyaM 12. tini divasAni cAvudasaM paMnaDasaM paTipadAye dhuvAye cA 13. anuposathaM mache avadhiye no pi viketaviye (8) etAni yevA divasAni 14. nAgavanasi kevaTabhogasi yAni aMnAni pi jIvanikAyAni 15. na haMtaviyAni (9) aThamIpakhAye cAvudasAye paMnaDasAye tisAye 16. punAvasune tIsu cAtuMmAsIsu sudivasAye gone no nIlakhita viye 17. ajake eDake sUkale e vA pi aMne nIlakhiyati no vaulakhitaviye (10) 18. tisAye punAvasune cAtuMmAsiye cAtuMmAsi pakhAye asvasA gonasA 19. lakhane no kaTaviye (11) yAvasaDuvIsativasa abhisitena me etAye 20. aMtalikAye paMnavIsAte baMdhanamokhAni kaTAni (12)
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________________ SaSTha abhilekha (a-pUrvAbhimukha) (dharmavRddhiH dharma ke pratianurAga) 1. devAnAMpiye piyadasi lAja hevaM ahA (1) duvADasa 2. vasa abhisitena me dhaMmaliTi likhApitA lokasA hitasukhAye se taM apahaTA taM taM dhaMmavaDi pApo vA (?) 4. hevaM lokasA hitasukheti paTivekhAmi atha iyaM nAtisu hevaM patiyAsanesu hevaM apakaTesu kima kAni sukhaM avahAmI ti tatha ca vidahAmi (3) he me vA 7. savanikAyesu paTivekhAmi (4) sava pAsaMDA pi me pUjitA 8. vividhAya pUjAyA (5) e cu iyaM atanA pacUpagamane 9. se me mokhyamate 6) saDuvisati vasa adhisitena me 10. iyaM dhamalipi likhApitA (7) saptama abhilekha (a) pUrvAbhimukha (dharmapracAra kA siMhAvalokana) 1. devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (1) ye atikaMtaM aMtalaM lAjAne husu hevaM ichisu kathaM jane dhaMmavaDiyA vaDheyA no cu jane anuluSAyA dhaMmavaDiyA vaDithA (2) etaM devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (3) esa me huthA (4) atikaMtaM ca aMtalaM hevaM ichisu lAjAne kathaM jane anulupAyA dhamavaDiyA vaDheyA ti no ca jane anulupAyA 7. dhaMmavaDiyA vaDithA (5) se kinasu jane anupaTipajeyA (6) 8. kinasu jane anulupAyA dhaMmavaDiyA vaDheyA ti (7) kinasu kAni 9. abhyunAmayehaM dhaMmavaDiyA ti (8) devAnaMpiye pidadasi lAjA hevaM 10. AhA (9) esa me huthA (10) dhamasAvanAni sAvApayAmi dhaMmAnusathini 2.
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________________ 64 11. anusAsAmi (11) etaM jane sutu anupaTIpajIsati abhyunamisati 12. dhaMmavaDiyA ca vADaM vaDisati (12) etAye me aThAye dhaMmasAvanAni sAvApitAni dhaMmAnusathini vividhAni Ana pitAni ya........... sA pi bahune janasi AyatA e te paliyo vadisaMti pipavilisati pi (13) lajUkA pi bahukesu pAnasahasesu AyatA te pi me anapitA hevaM ca hevaM ca paliyovadAtha 13. janaM dhaMmayutaM (14) devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (15) etameva me anuvekhamAne dhaMmathaMbhAni kaTAni dhaMmamahAmAtA kaTA dhaMma......kaTe (16) devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (17) magesu pi me nigohAni lopApitAni chAyopagAni hosaMti pasumunisAnaM aMbAvaDikyA lopApitA (17) aDhakAsikyAni pi me udupAnAni 14. khAnApApitAni nisiDhayA ca kAlApitA (18) ApAnAni me bahukAni tata tata kAlapitAni paTIbhogAye pasumunisAnaM (19) la.....esa paTIbhoge nAma (20) vividhAyA hi sukhApanAyA pulimehi pi lAjIhi mamayA ca sukhayite loke (21) imaM cu dhaMmAnu paTIpatI anupaTIpajaMtu ti etadathA me 15. esa kaTe (22) devAnaMpiye piyadasi hevaM AhA (23) dhaMmamahAmAtA pi me te bahuvidhesu aThesu Anugahikesu viyApaTAse pavajItAnaM ceva gihithAnaM ca sava.........Desu pi ca viyApaTAse (24) saMghaThasi pi me kaTe ime viyApaTA hohaMti ti hemeva bAbhanesu AjIvikesu pi me kaTe 16. ime viyApaTA hoMhati ti nirgaThesu pi me kaTe ime viyApaTA hohaMti nAnApAsaMDesu pi me kaTe ime viyApaTA hohaMti ti paTivisiThaM paTIvisiThaM tesu tesu te......mAtA (25) dhaMmamahAmAtA cu me etesu ceva viyApaTA savesu ca pAsaMDesu (26) devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (27) 17. ete ca aMne ca bahakA mukhA dAna-visagasi viyApaTAse mama ce va devinaM c| savasi ca me olodhanasi te bahuvidhena A (kA) lena tAni tAni tuThAyatanAni paTI (pAdayaMti) hida eva disAsu c| dAlakAnAM pi ca me ktte| aMnAnaM ca devi-kumAlAnaM ime dAnavisagesu viyApaTA hohaMti ti 18. dhaMmApadAnaThAye dhaMmAnupaTipatiye (28) e hi dhaMmApadAne dhaMmapaTIpati ca yA iyaM dayA dAne sace socave ca madave sAdhave ca lokasa hevaM vaDisati ti (29) devAnaMpiye pa......sa lAjA hevaM AhA (30) yAni hi kAnici mamiyA sAdhavAni kaTAni taM loke anupaTopane taM ca anuvidhiyati (31) tena vaDitA ca 19. vaDisaMti ca mAtApitusu sususAyA gulusu sususAyA vayomahAlakAnaM anupaTIpatiyA
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________________ 65 bAbhanasamanesu kapanavalAkesu Ava dAsabhaTakesu saMpaTIpatiyA (32) devAnaMpiya........yadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (33) munisAnaM cu yA iyaM dhaMmavaDi vaDitA duvehi yeva AkAlehi dhamaniyamena ca nijhatiyA ca (34) 20. tata cu lahu se dhamaniyame nijhatiyA va bhuye (35) dhamaniyame cu kho esa ye me iyaM kaTe imAni ca imAni jAtAni avadhiyAni (36) anAni pi cu bahukaM.........dhamaniyamAni yAni me kaTAni (37) nijhatiyA va cu bhuye bhunisAnaM dhaMmavaDi vaDitA avihiMsAye bhutAnaM 21. anAlaMbhAye pAnAnaM (38) se etAye athAye iyaM kaTe putApapotike caMdamasulipike hotu ti tathA ca anupaTIpajaMtu ti (39) hevaM hi anupaTIpajaMtaM hidata pAlate Aladhe hoti (40) satavisativasAbhisitena me iyaM dhamalivi likhApApitA ti (41) etaM devAnaMpiye AhA (42) iyaM 22. dhaMmalibi ata athi silArthabhAni vA silA phalakAni vA tata kaTaviyA ena esa cilaThitike siyA (43)