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________________ apabhraMza ke khaNDa aura muktaka kAvyoM ko vizeSatAe~ DaoN. Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti' maMgala-kazala, alIgar3ha apabhraMza kA bhAratIya vAGmaya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai|' prasiddha bhASAvidoM kA mata hai ki apabhraMza prAkRta kI antima avasthA hai| chaThI zato se lekara gyArahavIM zatI taka isakA deza-vyApI vikAsa parilakSita hotA hai| apabhraMza bhASA kA lAlitya, zailIgata sarasatA aura bhAvoM ke sundara vinyAsa kI ora vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkarSita huA hai| cariu, mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya tathA muktaka kAvyoM se apabhraMza vAGmaya kA bhaNDAra bharA par3A hai| yahA~ hama apabhraMza ke khaNDa tathA muktaka kAvyoM kI vizeSatAoM kA saMkSepa meM adhyayana kreNge| apabhraMza ke mahAkAvyoM meM nAyaka ke samagra jIvana kA citra upasthita na karake usake eka bhAga kA citra aMkita kiyA jAtA hai|" kAvyopayukta sarasa aura sundara varNana mahAkAvya aura khaNDakAvya donoM meM hI upalabdha hote haiN| apabhraMza meM aneka cariu grantha isa prakAra ke haiM jinameM kisI mahApuruSa kA caritra kisI eka dRSTi se hI aMkita kiyA gayA hai| aise caritra-citraNa meM kavi kI dhArmika bhAvanA kI abhivyakti haI hai| apabhraMza meM dhArmika bhAvanA ke atirikta aneka khaNDakAvya aise bhI upalabdha hai jinameM dhArmika carcA ke lie koI mahattva nahIM diyA gayA hai / dhArmika bhAvanA ke pracAra kI dRSTi se likhe gaye kAvyoM meM sAhityika rUpa aura kAvyatva avika prasphuTita nahIM ho sakA hai| isa prakAra ke kAvya hameM do rUpoM meM upalabdha hote hai| eka to ve kAvya jo zuddha aihilaukika bhAvanA se prerita kisI laukika jIvana se sambaddha ghaTanA ko aMkita karate haiM, dUsare ve kAvya aitihAsika tattvoM se paripUrNa hai jisameM dhArmika yA paurANika nAyaka ke sthAna para kisI rAjA ke guNoM aura parAkrama kA varNana hai aura usI kI prazaMsA meM kavi ne samUce kAvya kI racanA kI hai| isa dRSTi se apabhraMza vAGmaya meM tIna prakAra ke khaNDakAvya prastuta haiM- yathA (i) zuddha dhArmika dRSTi se likhe gae kAvya, jinameM kisI dhArmika yA paurANika mahApuruSoM ke caritra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| (ii) dhArmika dRSTikoNa se rahita aihilaukika bhAvanA se yukta kAvya, jinameM kisI laukika ghaTanA kA varNana hai / (iii) dhArmika yA sAmpradAyika bhAvanA se rahita kAvya, jisameM kisI rAjA ke carita kA varNana hai / apabhraMza vAGamaya meM prathama prakAra ke khaNDakAvya pracuratA se milate haiN| 'NAyakumAra ceriu' puSpadaMta dvArA racita hai jisameM nau sandhiyAM haiN| sarasvatI bandanA se kathA prArambha hotI hai| kavi magadha deza ke rAjagRha aura vahA~ ke rAjA zreNika kA kAvyamaya zailI meM varNana kara batalAtA hai ki eka bAra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne gRharAja meM bihAra kiyA aura vahA~ ke rAjA zreNika unakI abhyarthanA meM upasthita hue| unhoMne tIrthaGkara mahAvIra se zruta paMcamI vrata kA mAhAtmya pUchA / mahAvIra ke ziSya gautama unake AdezAnusAra vrata se sambaddha kathA kahate haiM, jise kavi ne sarala tathA subodha zailI meM abhivyakta kiyA hai| kavi puSpadanta dvArA racita cAra sandhiyoM/sarga kA 'jasaharacariu' nAmaka khaNDakAvya hai jisameM jaina jagat kI suvikhyAta kathA yazodharacarita ko kAvyAyita kiyA gayA hai / kavi se pUrva aneka jaina kaviyoM ne saMskRta kAvya meM isa carita ko abhivyaJjita kiyA hai ; vAdirAja kRta yazodhara carita isa dRSTi se ullekhanIya kAvyakRti hai| kavivara mayanandI kRta 'sudaMsaNacariu' dvAdaza saMdhiyoM meM racita khaNDakAvya hai / pratyeka saMdhi ko puSpikA meM kavi ne apane guru kA nAma liyA hai| 'vItarAgAya namaH' se maMgalAcaraNa prArambha huA hai| tadanantara eka dina kavi mana meM socatA hai ki sukavitva, tyAga aura pauruSa se saMsAra meM yaza phailatA haiM / sukavi meM maiM akuzala hU~, dhanahIna hone se tyAga karane kI sthiti meM nahIM hU~ aura rahA vIratA pradarzana kA so eka tapasvI ke lie upayukta nahIM / aisI paristhiti meM bhI
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________________ 428 paM0 jaganmohanalAla zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha [khaNDa mujhameM yaza-aiSaNA vidyamAna hai astu maiM jina zakti ke anusAra aisA kAvya racatA hU~ jo paddhaDiyA chanda meM nibaddha hai / kAvya meM jina stavana karane se sArI bAdhAyeM visajita ho jAtI hai| isake atirikta muni kanakAmara viracita dasa sandhiyoM meM 'karakaNDa cariu', padakIti viracita aThAraha sandhiyoM kA 'pAsa cariu', zrIdhara racita bAraha sandhiyoM kA 'pAsaNAhacariu', SaT sandhiyoM meM 'sukUmAlacariu', dhanapAla' praNIta 'bhavisayattakahA' jisameM zrutapaMcamI vrata aura usake mAhAtmya kA vivecana ullikhita hai| devasena gaNi viracita aThAisa sandhiyoM kA 'sulocanAcariu', haribhadra viracita 'sanatkumAracariu'; kavi lakkhaNa kRta gyAraha sandhiyoM meM 'jinadattacariu'; lakhamadeva kRna cAra sandhiyoM kA 'nemiNAhacariu'; dhanapata racita aThAraha sandhiyoM kA 'bAhubalicariu'; yazakIrti kRta gyAraha sandhiyoM kA 'candappaha cariu'; raidhU kRta 'sukosalacariu', pApaNAhacariu, 'dhaNNakumAracariu' tathA bhagavatI dAsa viracita 'migAMka lekhAAcariu' Adi cariu grantha apabhraMza vAGmaya meM vikhyAta haiM / upaGkita cariu-khaNDakAvyoM ke kathAnakoM meM dhArmika tattvoM kI pradhAnatA hai| yadi koI premakathA hai to vaha bhI dhArmika AvaraNa se AvRtta hai| yadi kisI kathA meM sAhasa tathA zaurya vRtti vyaJjita hai to vaha bhI usI AvaraNa se AvRtta hai| isa prakAra ina vivecya khaNDakAvyoM meM dhArmika dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana karanA ina kaviyoM ko iSTa rahA hai| dharmasApekSa khaNDakAvyoM ke atirikta katipaya dharma-nirapekSa laukika prema bhAvanA se otaprota khaNDakAvyoM kI racanA apabhraMza vAGmaya meM upalabdha haiN| ye kAvya-jana samAja ke sacce lekhe haiM / inameM vibhinna rUpoM meM vaNita sAmAjika svarUpa tathA mAnava kI lokamUlaka kriyAoM aura vibhinna dRzyoM ke sundara citra prApta hote haiN| isa dRSTi se zrI addahamANa kA 'sandezarAsaka' eka saphala khaNDakAvya hai| samagra apabhraMza vAGmaya meM yahI eka aisA kAvya hai jisakI racanA eka musalamAna kavi dvArA huI hai / kavi kA bhAratIya rItyAnubhava, sAhityika tathA kAvyazAstrIya nikaSa naipuNya prastuta khaNDakAvya meM pramANita hotA hai / 'sandezarAsaka' eka sandezakAvya hai| anya khaNDakAvyoM kI bhAMti isakA kathAnaka sandhiyoM meM vibhakta nahIM hai| isakI kathA tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai jise 'prakrama' kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| isameM do sau teisa pada haiN| prathama prakrama prastAvanA rUpa meM hai / dvitIya prakrama se vAstavika kathA prArambha hotI hai aura tRtIya prakrama meM SaDaRtu varNana hai / vidyApati racita 'kotilatA' eka aitihAsika carita kAvya hai jisameM kavi ne apane prathama AzrayadAtA kItisiMha kA yazogAna kiyA hai| apabhraMza vAGmaya meM isa prakAra kA eka mAtra yahI kAvya upalabdha hai| carita kAvyoM ke sAtha hI apabhraMza meM aneka aise muktaka kAvyoM' kI racanA bhI huI hai jinameM kisI vyakti vizeSa ke jIvana kA ullekha huA hai / aiso kRtiyoM meM dharmopadeza kA prAdhAnya hai / ye racanAyeM mukhyatayA jainadharma, bauddhadharma tayA siddhoM ke siddhAntoM se anuprANita haiM / apabhraMza meM racita muktaka kRtiyoM ko nimnaphalaka meM vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-yathA apabhraMza muktaka kAvya dhArmika sAhityika (prema, zRGgAra, vIra rasAdi sambandhI jainadharma sambandhI bauddhadharma sambandhI AdhyAtmika ___Adhibhautika Adhibhautika siddhAnta pratipAdaka siddhAnta pratipAdaka khaNDana-maNDanAtmaka
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________________ apabhraMza ke khaNDa aura muktaka kAvyoM kI vizeSatAe~ 429 jainadharma para AdhArita muktaka kAvyoM jA jahA~ taka prazna hai pahile yahA~ AdhyAtmika kAvyoM kI carcA kreNge| AdhyAtmika racanA karane vAle kavi prAyaH jaina dharmAvalambI hI haiN| isa prakAra ke kAvyoM meM jainadharma kI jo abhivyaJjanA huI hai, usameM dhArmika saMkIrNatA, kaTTaratA aura anya dharmoM ke prati vidveSa bhAvanA ke abhidarzana nahIM hote| ina kaviyoM kA lakSya manuSya ko sadAcArI banAkara usake jIvana stara ko UMcA UThAkara zreyaskara banAnA thaa| inameM bAhya AcAra, kama-kalApa, tIrthayAtrA vrata Adi kI upekSA jIvana meM sadAcAra evaM Antarika zuddhi ke kie prerita kiyA hai| inhoMne batAyA ki paramatatva isI zarIra-maMdira meM sambhava hai aura usI kI upAsanA se mAnava zAzvata sukha ko prApta kara sakatA hai| apabhraMza ke ina kaviyoM kA jIvana dhArmika thaa| ye pahale santa the pIche kavi / inake kAvya meM bhAvoM kI pradhAnatA rahI hai aura kalApakSa vastutaH gauNa hai| kavivara yogIndra kRta 'paramAtma-prakAza' tathA 'yogasAra' nAmaka kAvya vikhyAta haiN| ina kAvyoM meM kavi ne bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai sAtha hI paramAtmA ke dhyAna para bala diyA hai| sAMsArika bandhanoM tathA pApa-tuNyoM ko tyAga kara AtmadhyAna lIna hI mokSa ko prApta kara sakatA hai| muni rAmasiMha racita 'dohApAhuDa' jisameM adhyayana cintana hai, apabhraMza kA AdhyAtmika kAvya hai / kavi ne isa vikhyAta racanA meM AtmAnubhUti aura sadAcaraNa ke vinA karmakANDa kI nissAratA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| saccAsukha, indriyanigraha AtmadhyAna meM vidyamAna hai / isake atirikta suprabhAcArya kRta "vairAgyasAra" Adi ullekhanIya muktaka kAvya upalabdha hai| dvitoya koTi meM Adhibhautika racanAe~ parigaNita kI jA sakatI hai, jinameM sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie nIti, sadAcAra sambandhI dharmopadezoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se devasena kRta 'sAvayadhammadohA' jisameM AdhyAtma vivecana ke sAtha zrAvakoM, gRhasthoM ke lie AcAra saMhitA kA pratipAdana huA hai / graMthArambha meM maMgalAcaraNa hai sAtha hI khalavaMdanA bhI hai / isakA aparanAma 'zrAvakAcAra dohaka' bhI hai| jinadattasUri kRta 'upadesa rasAyanarAsa' mahattvapUrNa kRti hai jinameM kavi ne AtmoddhAra se manuSya janma saphala hone kI bAta kahI hai| somaprabhAcArya kRta 'dvAdazabhAvanA' nAmaka kAvya graMtha meM sAMsArika anityatA aura kSaNabhaMguratA kA samyak vivecana huA hai / 'saMyamamaMjarI' mahezvara sUri viracita 35 dohoM kI choTo kRti ullekhanIya hai / isake atirikta 31 padyoM kI laghu racanA 'cUnaDI' bhaTTAraka vinayacandra muni racita hai| isameM kavi ne dhArmika bhAvanAoM aura sadAcAroM se raMgI huI cUnar3I or3hane kA saMketa diyA hai| ___ jaina kaviyoM kI bhA~ti buddha, siddhoM dvArA bhI apabhraMza meM muktaka kAvyoM kI racanA huI hai / siddhoM ke aneka dohoM aura gItoM kA saMgraha rAhula jI dvArA sampAdita 'hindI kAvyadhArA' meM prApta hai / viSaya kI dRSTi se use do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-yathA (i) siddhAnta pratipAdanavAlI rcnaaeN| (ii) karmakANDa kA khaNDana karane vAlI rcnaaeN| kAvyakalA kI dRSTi se siddha kaviyoM kI racanAe~ cAhe adhika mahattva kI na ho tathApi unaka kathya apanA sthAI mahattva rakhatA hai aisI racanAoM ke dvArA cAhe prANI meM Anandodreka na hotA ho tathApi jAgatika unmArga se sanmArga kI ora samyak preraNA hotI / sarahapA, luIyA, kANhapA tathA sAntipA nAmaka siddha kaviyoM dvArA aneka muktaka kAvyoM kI racanA huI hai| apabhraMza vAGmaya meM vividha sAhityika muktaka kAvyoM kI racanA bhI draSTavya hai| aise muktaka kAvyoM kA kathya sAdhAraNa jIvana kI ghaTanAoM aura caryAoM para AdhArita hai| ye muktaka prabandha kAvyoM meM cAraNa, gaupa Adi pAtroM dvArA subhASitoM aura sUktiyoM ke rUpa meM vyavahRta hai / jahA~ taka subhASita rUpa meM prApta muktaka padyoM kA prazna hai unake aghidAni nimna racanAoM meM sahaja ho jAte haiM-yathA ,
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________________ 430 paM0 jaganmohanalAla zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha [ khaNDa 1-vikramorvazIya nATya caturtha aMka ( kaalidaas)| 2-prAkRtavyAkaraNa ( hemacandra kRt)| 3-kumArapAlapratibodha ( somprbhaacaary)| 4-prabandhacintAmaNi ( merutuNgaacaary)| 5-prabandhakoza ( rAjazekhara ) / 6-prAkRta paiMgalam / inake atirikta dhvanyAloka (AnandavarddhanakRta), kAvyAlaMkAra (rudraTkRta), sarasvatI kANThAbharaNa (bhojakRta), dazalapaka (dhanaMjaya kRta) alaMkAra graMthoM meM bhI katipaya apabhraMza ke padya upalabdha hote haiM / ina padoM zRMgAra, vIra, vairAgya, nIti-subhASita, prakRticitraNa, anyokti, rAjA yA kisI aitihAsika pAtra kA ullekha Adi viSaya aMkita hue haiN| ina padyoM meM kAvyatva hai, rasa hai, camatkAra hai aura hRdaya ko sparza karane kI apUrva kSamatA hai| uparyaGkita vivecana ke AdhAra para yaha sahaja meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki carita tathA prabandha-kAvyoM ke atirikta apabhraMza kA khaNDa tathA muktaka-kAvya bhAva tathA kalA kI dRSTi se kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| sAhitya ke unnayana ke lie apabhraMza vAGmaya ke svAdhyAya kI Aja parama AvazyakatA hai / sandarbha-saMketa 1-nATyazAstra 18182 2-(i) bhArata kA bhASA sarvekSaNa, DaoN. griyarsana, 243 / purAnI hindI kA janmakAla, zrI kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla, nA0pra0 sa0, bhAga 8, aMka 2 / (iii) apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya, DaoN. devendra kumAra jaina, pRSTha 23-25 / / 3-(i) hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI pRSTha 20-21 / (ii) tIrthaGkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, bhAga 4, DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI, pRSTha 93 / 4-apabhraMza ke khaNDa aura muktaka kAvyoM kI vizeSatAeM, Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', ahiMsAvANI, mArca-apraila 1977 I0, pRSTha 65-67 / 5-hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana, bhAga 2. nemicandra jaina. paSTha 24 / 6-bhavisayattakahA kA sAhityika mahattva, DaoN0 Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', jainavidyA, dhanapAla aMka, pRSTha 29 / 7-apabhraMzasAhitya, harivaMzakochar3a, paSTha 129 / 8-dhanapAla nAma ke tIna kavi, janasAhitya aura itihAsa, paM0 nAthUrAma premI, pRSTha 467 / 9-apabhraMza kAvya paramparA aura vidyApati, DaoN0 ambAdatta panta, pRSTha 249 / 10-sAhitya sandeza, varSa 16, aMka 3, pRSTha 90-93 / 11-(1) dhvanyAloka 37 / (ii) kAvyamImAMsA, pRSTha 114 / 12-jaina zodha aura samIkSA, DaoN. premasAgara jaina, pRSTha 58-59 / 13-hindI sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, DaoN0 rAmakumAra varmA, pRSTha 83 / 14-saMskRta TIkA ke sAtha jainasiddhAnta bhAskara, bhAga 16, kiraNa disambara 1949 I0 chapA hai| 15-jaina zodha aura samIkSA, DaoN. premasAgara jaina, pRSTha 60 / 16-kumArapAla pratibodha, pRSTha 311 / 17-apabhraMza sAhitya, harivaMza kochar3a, pRSTha 295 / 18-jaina hindI sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa, zrI kAmatA prasAda jaina pRSTha 7. /