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________________ apabhraza aura hindI meM jaina vidyA viSayaka anusaMdhAna kI saMbhAvanAe~ DaoN0 yogendranAtha zarmA 'aruNa' adyAvadhi saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza evaM hindI bhASAoM meM prApya jainavidyA kI vipula saMpadA jijJAsuoM dvArA prakAza meM lAI jA cukI hai, tathApi abhI bhI aneka kSetra aise haiM, jo sarvathA achUte haiM yA jinameM atyalpa mAtrA meM hI anusaMdhAna ho sakA hai| apabhraza ko gulerI jI ne 'purAnI hindI' kahA aura mahApaNDita rAhala jI ne apabhraMza ke mahAkavi svayaMbhUdeva ko 'hindI' kA Adi mahAkavi kahanA cAhA, jisake mUla meM apabhraMza bhASA evaM sAhitya ke prati lagAva' paidA karAne kI bhAvanA rahI hogI; yahI maiM mAnatA huuN| astu / jaina-sAhitya ke anusaMdhitsuoM ne isa sAhitya kI gaharI parakha ke bAda pAyA ki tatvataH sampUrNa jaina-sAhitya meM loka-bhAvanA kA sammAna sarvopari huA, phalataH ise vyApaka samarthana bhI milA / DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina kA kathana draSTavya hai-'jaina tIrthakara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne lokopakAra kI bhAvanA se subodha vANI ardhamAgadhI kA upayoga kiyA tathA unake gaNadharoM ne usI bhASA meM unake upadezoM kA saMkalana kiyaa| usa bhASA aura sAhitya kI ora jainiyoM kA sadaiva Adara bhAva rahA tathApi unakI yaha bhAvanA loka-bhASAoM ke sAtha nyAya karane meM bAdhaka nahIM hii|' jaina-kaviyoM meM jainetara loka mAnyatAoM kA sammAna karane kI jo pravRtti rahI, usane eka ora to jaina sAhitya ko samRddha banAne kI saMbhAvanAoM ke dvAra khola die aura dUsarI ora janetara vidvAnoM ko AkRSTa karane kI zakti arjita kii| jaina-sAhitya kI yaha udAratA avasaravAda se prerita na hokara jaina-dharma ke AdhArabhUta dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika matoM se saMpuSTa hai| rAma-lakSmaNa evaM kRSNa-balarAma ke prati hinduoM kI zraddhA dekhakara inheM 'triSaSTi zalAkApuruSoM meM sthAna dekara purANa-sAhitya 1. DA0 hIrAlAla jana : bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR0 3-4 / parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 318 jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana meM rakhanA isI 'udAratA' kA puSTa pramANa hai| jaina-mata ke digambara evaM zvetAmbaradonoM hI sampradAyoM meM vipula sAhitya racA gayA / digambara-mata ke AcAryoM ne zaura. senI meM tathA zvetAmbara mata vAloM ne mahArASTrI meM racanA kI hai|' apabhraMza meM upalabdha jaina-sAhitya ko adhyayana kI suvidhA hetu nimna rUpa se vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai : (1) Agama sAhitya --(i) mUla Agama-sAhitya (ii) Agama-TIkA-sAhitya (2) Agametara sAhitya-(i) jaina-dharma ke siddhAntoM se saMbaddha dhArmika sAhitya (ii) laukika sAhitya (iii) vyAkaraNa, chanda-zAstra Adi se saMbaddha sAhitya (1) Agama sAhitya jaina-Agama sAhitya meM prAcIna jaina-paramparAeM, anuzrutiyA~, lokakathAeM, rItirivAja, dharmopadeza Adi samAhita haiM, jinake zodhaparaka gambhIra adhyayana se aneka bikharI kar3iyoM ko jor3A jA sakatA hai| Agama-sAhitya meM chipA jaina-vAstuzAstra, saMgIta, nATya, prANivijJAna tathA vanaspativijJAna Adi hama zodha kI kasauTI para yadi kasa sakeM, to jJAna ke nae kSitija khuleMge "chedasUtra" to Agama-sAhitya kA prAcInatama mahAzAstra hI hai, jisameM zramaNa-saMskRti evaM zramaNAcAra kA tAttvika rUpa nihita hai| mUla Agama-sAhitya ke zodha kI mukhya sambhAvita dizAe~ mere matAnusAra nimna ho sakatI haiM (1) bhASAzAstrIya zodha bhASAzAstrIya zodha se jainAgamoM kI mUlabhUta pravRtti jAnI jA sakatI hai aura vibhinna pAThAntaroM kI samasyA kA samAdhAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / bhASA kI samarUpatA. zabda-prayoga, dhvani-parivartana evaM artha-vijJAna kI dRSTi se Agama-sAhitya kA zodhaparaka mUlyAMkana hamAre yuga kI mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi ho sakatI hai| 1. DA0 rAmasiMha tomara : prAkRta evaM apabhraMza sAhitya, pR0 5 / 2. DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina : prAkRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 43 / parisaMvAda-4
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________________ apabhraMza aura hindI meM jaina-vidyA viSayaka anusaMdhAna kI saMbhAvanAeM (2) kAla-nirNaya sambandhI zodha --Agama-sAhitya kI prAcInatA para nirantara prazna-cihna lagate rahe haiM, ataH yaha zodha kI eka naI dizA hai| kisa 'vAcanA' meM kitane Agama saMgrahIta hue, isakA nirNaya AgamoM ke tulanAtmaka bhASA-vaijJAnika zodha dvArA karanA hogA aura sAtha hI, AgamoM ke prAmANika, pUrNa evaM AlocanAtmakasaMskaraNa taiyAra karAnA bhI jarUrI hai| ( 3 ) lokatAttvika zodha-Agama-sAhitya ke zodha kI sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa dizA 'lokatAttvika anuzIlana' hI merI dRSTi se hai| Agama-sAhitya 'loka-kathAoM kA ajasra srota' hai aura lokatattva ke kAraNa hI yaha lokagrAhI banA hogA, merI yaha har3ha mAnyatA hai| pratyeka Agama grantha kA "loka-tattva" kI dRSTi se mUlyAMkana viziSTa zodha dizA hogI, yadyapi yaha vyaya evaM zramasAdhya kArya hogaa| "jaina-AgamoM kI loka kathAe~" tathA "AgamoM meM abhivyakta loka-dharma evaM loka-saMskRti" Adi aneka viSaya isa dRSTi se zodhArthiyoM kI pratIkSA kara rahe haiN| (ii) Agama-TIkA-sAhitya-sampUrNa TIkA-sAhitya ko bhI uparyukta AdhAroM para bhASAzAstrIya, kAla-nirNaya sambandhI, vastuvarNana viSayaka, sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika dRSTiyoM se zodha kI kasauTI para kasA jAnA caahie| jainAgamoM para upalabdha vipula vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya, jisameM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI evaM TIkA sAhitya hai, svatantra mahattva kA hai, jisakA artha-vaijJAnika, zailI-vaijJAnika evaM lokatAttvika zodhaparaka anuzIlana jaina-vidyAoM evaM jaina-darzana ke vikAsa meM nae kIrtimAna sthApita karegA, yaha merA nizcita abhimata hai| Agametara-jaina-sAhitya-jaina-siddhAntoM evaM dArzanika tattvajJAna ko nirUpita karane ke lie jaina-cintakoM evaM kaviyoM ne vipula aura vividhamukhI sAhitya racA hai, jo Aja bhI jaina-bhaNDAroM meM bharA par3A hai| vastutaH Agametara-jaina-sAhitya kI vipula saMpadA ko ujAgara karane kA mahattara dAyitva jainavidyAoM ke anusaMdhAtAoM ko pUrNa karanA hai| isa saMpUrNa sAhitya ko maiM nimna rUpoM meM rakhakara zodha-saMbhAvanAeM dekhUgA-- (1) jaina-tattva-cintana se saMbaddha dhArmika sAhitya (2) laukika sAhitya 1. DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina : prAkRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa pR0 194/195 / parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 320 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana (3) loka-kathA-sAhitya (4) vyAkaraNa, chanda-zAstra evaM kalA viSayaka sAhitya uparyukta Agametara-sAhitya kA vividhamukhI vaibhava zodhArthiyoM ke lie ananta saMbhAvanAoM se paripUrNa hai, jo lagabhaga 1500 varSoM kI sudIrgha paramparA ko sameTe hue hai| (i) jaina-tattva-cintana mUlaka sAhitya isa prakAra kA sAhitya apabhraMza aura hindI meM upalabdha hai, jisameM tattvajJAna, jainAcAra, kriyA-kANDa, tIrtha evaM aitihAsika prabandhoM kA vivecana atyanta vyavasthita rUpa meM zvetAmbaroM tathA digambaroM dvArA nibaddha kiyA gayA hai| darzana evaM tattva nirUpaNa kI dRSTi se digambara-paramparA zvetAmbara paramparA se bhinna ho gaI hai|' isa sAhitya meM (1) sAmAnya-graMtha, (2) darzana-khaNDana-maNDana-grantha, (3) siddhAnta-grantha, (4) karma-siddhAnta-grantha, (5) zrAvakAcAra viSayaka grantha, (6) prakaraNa grantha, (7) samAcArI grantha evaM (8 vidhi-vidhAna viSayaka grantha mukhyataH Ate haiN| isa jaina-tattvamUlaka sAhitya meM dharma, darzana, AcAra, karmakANDa Adi ke prakAzana se sambaddha zodha kI ananta sambhAvanAeM nihita haiN| jainAcAra evaM zrAvakAcAra Adi ke tAttvika vizleSaNa ke lie zodha mahattvapUrNa hogaa| (ii) laukika sAhitya--apabhraMza tathA hindI meM racA gayA Agametara jainalaukika sAhitya sarvAdhika mUlyavAn nidhi hai, jisane Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sAhitya ko aneka rUpoM meM prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| IsA kI prathama zatI se satrahavIM zatI taka isa prANabhUta sAhitya kI avicchinna dhArA pravAhita huii| jaina kaviyoM kA laukika sAhitya itanA hai ki kaI zatAbdiyoM taka zodhakartA isakA mUlyAMkana anavarata kara sakate haiN| isa kSetra meM eka-eka sAhitya-vidhA kA vividha dizAoM meM zodhaparaka anuzIlana kiyA jA sakatA hai| maiM katipaya pramukha vidhAoM ko le rahA hU~ (1) kathA-sAhitya (2) purANa-sAhitya yA carita-sAhitya (3) prabandha kAvya-(i) premAkhyAnaka kAvya, ( ii ) khaNDa kAvya (4) nATaka sAhitya (5) muktaka sAhitya / (6) rUpaka-kAvya (7) sphuTa racanAeM upayukta laukika sAhitya meM jIvana dhar3akatA hai aura sAMskRtika cetanA mukhara hai| 1. DA0 hIrAlAla jaina : bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina-dharma kA yogadAna, pR0 84 parisaMvAda-4
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________________ apabhraMza aura hindI meM jaina-vidyA viSayaka anusaMdhAna kI saMbhAvanAe~ (ka) kathA-sAhitya-saMskRta evaM prAkRta bhASA se calakara kathA-kAvyoM kI paramparA apabhraza evaM hindI taka avirala calatI hai| apabhraza kA kathA-sAhitya loka jIvana tathA dhArmika jIvana se viziSTa saMyojita hai|' apabhraMza evaM hindI ke jainakathA-sAhitya kA kAvyAtmaka mUlyAMkana vartamAna zodha kI sarvathA achUtI dhArA hai / jaina-sAhitya ke vidvAn DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina kA abhimata hai ki jaina-kathA-sAhitya kA bhASA-vaijJAnika zodha mahattvapUrNa hai, jisase prAkRta-apabhraMza zabdoM ke rUpoM, vyutpattizAstra kI TUTI paramparAoM tathA artha-vijJAna kI gutthiyoM ko sulajhAyA jA sakatA hai| kathA-sAhitya kA samAjaparaka adhyayana vizeSa upAdeya hai, kyoMki sAmAjika yathArtha-bodha, dhArmika-riveza, jAtIya-paramparA evaM loka-vizvAsoM kI vilakSaNa abhivyaMjanA jaina-kathA-sAhitya meM huI hai, jisake udghATana se madhyakAlIna AryabhASAsamAja kI lupta pravRttiyoM kA bhI udghATana hogaa| madhyakAlIna bhAratIya-saMskRti ke navIna tattvoM ke prakAzana hetu kathA-sAhitya ke sAMskRtika zodha kI dizA sarvAdhika mUlyavAn siddha hogii| jaina-kathA-grathoM kA sampAdana svayaM meM viziSTa saMbhAvanA se paripUrNa hai| zailIgata saundarya vivecana ke lie zodha bhI naI dizA degaa| jaina-kathAoM meM aihikatA ke sAthasAtha dharmopadeza kI viziSTa paramparA kA mUlyAMkana manovaijJAnika aura zailI vaijJAnika zodha kI apekSA rakhatA hai| jaina-kathA-sAhitya kA prabhAva hindI, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI kI kathAoM para bhI par3A hai, ataH tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna kI saMbhAvanAeM bhI kama nahIM haiM / isa saMdarbha meM jAna harTala kA abhimata ullekhya hai-jaina-kathA-sAhitya kevala saMskRta tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAoM ke adhyayana ke lie hI upayogI nahIM, balki bhAratIya sabhyatA ke itihAsa para isase mahattvapUrNa prakAza par3atA hai| (kha) purANa-sAhitya yA carita sAhitya-mahAkavi svayaMbhUdeva, puSpadanta, raidhU, hemacandra Adi dvArA sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, dhArmika, dArzanika Adi paristhitiyoM ko 1. DA0 devendra kumAra zAstrI : apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kI zodha-pravRttiyA~, pR0 3 / 2. DA. jagadIzacandra jaina : prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 372 / / dezI bhASA ke aneka mahattvapUrNa zabda isa sAhitya meM yatra-tatra bikhare par3e haiM, jinakA bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se adhyayana atyanta upayogI hai| 3. jAna harTala : Ana da liTarecara Apha da zvetAmbara jainsa ( prA0 sA0 i0 ) pR0 376 / parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 322 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayane AdhAra banAkara racA gayA carita sAhitya zodha kI anekAneka saMbhAvanAoM se paripUrNa hai / antaH evaM bAhya parivezoM ke AdhAra para tulanAtmaka zodha kI dizA mahattvapUrNa hai / svayaMbhUdeva evaM puSpadanta ke jIvana-darzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, puSpadanta evaM raidhU ke kAvya-siddhAntoM kI tulanA jaise antaH tulanAtmaka zodhaviSayoM ke sAtha-sAtha svayaMbhU praNIta riTThamicariu evaM sUrasAgara kI tulanA, puSpadanta evaM tulasI ke kAvyAdarzoM kI tulanA, apabhraMza rAma-kRSNa kAvya evaM hindI - rAmakRSNa kAvya kI mUla cetanA kI tulanA jaise aneka zodha viSaya achUte par3e haiM / vastutaH apabhraMza kI caritrakAvya-paramparA kA vizad prabhAva AdikAla, bhaktikAla aura rItikAla ke hindI kAvyoM para gaharA hai, ataH yahA~ ananta saMbhAvanAeM bharI par3I haiM / sarvAdhika achUtI dizA hai kAvya zAstrIya zodha kI, cU~ki saMskRta kI TUTI kAvyazAstrIya paramparA ko ina graMthoM meM hI DhUMr3ha kara hindI - kAvyazAstra kA AdhAra khojA jA sakatA hai / apabhraMza ke carita-kAvyoM kA dhvani - siddhAnta, alaMkAra - siddhAnta, vakroktisiddhAnta evaM rasa - siddhAnta ke AdhAra para viziSTa anuzIlana bhI zodha kI sarvathA navIna dizA ho sakatI hai / ina carita-kAvyoM meM lokatattva pracura parimANa meM hai, ataH loka-saMkRti, loka-vizvAsa, loka-dharma Adi zodha-binduoM para bhI saphalatApUrvaka anusaMdhAtA cala sakatA hai / caritra-citraNa zilpa evaM manovijJAna ke AdhAra para bhI inakA svataMtra evaM tulanAtmaka zodha saMbhAvita hai / (ga) jaina - prabaMdha kAvyadhArA - prabandha-zailI jaina kaviyoM kI viziSTa zailI rahI hai, jisake antargata apabhraMza ke premAkhyAnaka kAvya evaM khaNDakAvya Ate haiM / apabhraMza kI premAkhyAna - paramparA hindI ke madhyakAla taka calI hai aura laukikatA ke samAveza se yaha lokapriya bhI huI / isa paramparA meM vilAsa aura zrRMgAra kI pradhAnatA nizcaya hI jaina dharma meM vyApta niSedhoM kI pratikriyA kA manovaijJAnika pratiphalana rahA hogA / mere matAnusAra yaha sarvathA anUThA zodha viSaya rahegA ki dharma, AcAra evaM vidhiniSedhoM ke kaThoratama pratibandhoM meM zrRMgAra kaise phUTa par3A aura akSuNNa banA rahA / premAkhyAna - prmpr| meM nAyaka-nAyikA ke nirdvandva prema-citraNa meM paramparita kAvya-vyApAroM evaM kavi samayoM kA prayoga vivecya hai / aba taka bhI jaina premAkhyAnaka kAvyoM kA zodhaparaka mUlyAMkana zeSa hI hai, jahA~ manovaijJAnika anuzIlana ke sAthasAtha kAvya-rUr3hiyoM ke svarUpa evaM prayoga jaise zAstrIya viSayoM para bhI uccastarIya parisaMvAda- 4
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________________ apabhraMza aura hindI meM jaina-vidyA viSayaka anusaMdhAna kI saMbhAvanAe~ 323 zodha saMbhava hai| khaNDa-kAvya-paramparA meM saMdeza rAsaka jaise aneka kAvya graMthoM kA sampAdana evaM vivecanAtmaka anuzIlana pratIkSita hai| tulanAtmaka zodha bhI yahAM saMbhava hai| (gha) nATaka sAhitya-apabhraMza ke nATakoM para adyAvadhi dRSTi hI nahIM gaI hai| jaina racanAkAroM ne nATya-vidyA kA prayoga na kiyA ho, yaha saMbhava nhiiN| prAkRta kI viziSTa saTTaka paramparA apabhraza meM kahA~ calI gaI ? hindI ke raMgamaMca ko apabhraza se kyA milA ? abhinaya, vezabhUSA evaM maMca Adi kI paramparA ko niyojita kiyA jAnA isI zodha se saMbhava hogaa| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki jaina-sAhitya meM nATakoM kI kamI kA kAraNa vastutaH jaina-muniyoM ke vinoda Adi kAryoM meM bhAga lene kA niSedha hI hai| isa tathya ke sandarbha meM nATaka-sAhitya kA mUlyAMkana bahuta mahattvapUrNa hogaa| (ca) muktaka racanAe~-apabhraMza evaM hindI ke jaina-muktaka sAhitya meM hameM jisa 'rahasyavAdI bhAvadhArA' ke darzana hote haiM, usane bhaktikAla evaM Adhunika chAyAvAdI kAvya ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| isa sAhitya meM jaina-dharma kA tattvacintana bhI samAhita hai| kabIra, jAyasI, prasAda, panta, nirAlA Adi kI rahasyavAdI cetanA kA jaina-muktakakAroM se tulanAtmaka zodha bahuta upAdeya hogaa| joindu, kanakAmara, muni rAmasiMha evaM suprabhAcArya prabhRti kavi-cintakoM kI muktaka racanAoM kA 'darzana, nIti, samAja-cetanA' Adi ke saMdarbha meM anuzIlana Avazyaka hai| jaina muktakakAroM kI mUlabhUta vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve jana-dharma se sambaddha hokara bhI sAdhanA meM vyApaka evaM udAra dRSTi rakhate haiN| muktaka-kAvya ko eka dUsarI dhArA upadezAtmaka hai, jisameM dohA chanda meM gRhasthoM ke lie upadeza haiN| isa dhArA kA samAjaparaka evaM dharmaparaka zodhAtmaka anuzIlana vizeSa upayogI rhegaa| dArzanika AdhAra para bhI isa kAvya kI parakha jarUrI hai| (cha) sphuTa racanAeM-apabhraMza ke sAhitya bhaNDAroM meM sphuTa racanAoM kI bharamAra hai| stuti, stotra, pUjA-kAvya se lekara bhAvanA, kulaka, phAgu, rAsa, chappaya aura vivAhalu Adi ke rUpa meM aura caryAgIta, caryApada Adi rUpoM meM yaha sAhitya 1. DA0 hIrAlAla jainaH bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM jaina-dharma kA yogadAna, pR0 179 / 2. DA. rAmasiMha tomara : prAkRta evaM apabhraMza sAhitya, pR0 70 / parisaMvAda-4
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________________ jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana upalabdha hai| isa saMpUrNa sAhitya kA kAvyazAstrIya, vizeSataH 'chanda-zAstra evaM alaMkAra vidhAna' kI dRSTi se aura bhASA-zAstrIya, vizeSataH zailI-vijJAna viSayaka anuzIlana mahattvapUrNa hogaa| mahAkavi tulasI kI 'pArvatI maMgala evaM jAnakI-maMgala jaisI racanAoM kA jaina racanAkAroM kI 'vivAhalu' racanAoM se kyA sambandha hai ? AdikAlIna 'rAso kAvya paramparA' kA vikAsa khojA jAnA isI AdhAra para saMbhava skegii| ina racanAoM meM prayukta loka 'zabdAvalI kA bhASAzAstrIya anusaMdhAna' sarvathA achUtI dizA siddha hogii| (ja) vyAkaraNa evaM chandazAstra se sambaddha sAhitya-vyAkaraNazAstra ke vikAsa kI chinna-bhinna zRkhalAoM ko jor3ane ke lie 'jaina-vyAkaraNazAstra' kA anusaMdhAna bhale hI kaSTasAdhya, samayasAdhya evaM dhanasAdhya hai, lekina hai anivArya hii| jaina-sAhitya mUlataH janabhASA meM racA gayA aura jaba bahuta sA sAhitya nirmita hI ho gayA hogA, to svabhAvataH nAnA prayogoM tathA zabdarUpoM ko anuzAsita karane ke lie vyAkaraNa-zAstra kI AvazyakatA huI hogii|' apabhraMza-vaiyAkaraNoM kI vyAkaraNakRtiyoM kA 'kAlakramAnusAra zodha' Aja kI AvazyakatA hai| hemacandrAcArya ke 'zabdAnuzAsana' meM bhASA ke tatvoM kA vivecana jaina-vyAkaraNa kI supuSTa paramparA kA dyotaka hai| jaina-vicArakoM kA dhyAna chandazAstra evaM kozavijJAna para bhI gayA hai, phalataH chandazAstra kI sudIrgha paramparA apabhraMza meM upalabdha hai, jisane AdikAla, bhaktikAla evaM rItikAla ko prabhAvita kiyA thaa| svayaMbhU kRta 'svayaMbhU chanda' jaise aneka grantha sampAdana evaM vivecana kI apekSA rakhate haiN| koza-vijJAna ko atyAdhunika dizA mAnane vAloM ko apabhraMza kI 'koza-paramparA' kA jJAna karAnA anusaMdhAtAoM kA dAyitva hai| jaina-vidyA se saMbaddha apabhraMza evaM hindI ke jaina-sAhitya meM zodha kI vyApaka saMbhAvanAe~ pratyeka kSetra meM parivyApta haiM aura vizva kI zodhaprajJA ke lie yaha khulA AmaMtraNa banakara prastuta hai| isa sAhitya ke zodha se jaina-dharma, darzana, saMskRti, kalA, samAja, rAjanIti evaM anyAnya kSetroM meM navIna tathyoM ke udghATana kI saMbhAvanA se kise inkAra ho sakatA hai| 1. DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina : bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa ma jaina-dharma kA yogadAna, pR0 181 / parisaMvAda-4