Advanced Apbhramsa Grammer Part 01

Author(s): Kamalchand Sogani, Shakuntala Jain
Publisher: Apbhramsa Sahitya Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006931/1

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Advanced Apabhraṁsa-Grammer
(Part - 1)
Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani
Smt. Shakuntala Jain
Wall
ঢাজতন্ত্রেী তাত্রী जैनविद्या संस्थान श्री महावीरजी
Apabhramsa Sähitya Academy
Jaina Vidya Samsthāna Digambara Jaina Atiśaya Kșetra Śrī Mahāviraji
Rajasthan

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Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar
( Part. I)
Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani
Director Smt. Shakuntala Jain
Assistant Director Apabhraṁsa Sahitya Academy,
Jaipur
Protect
श्री महावीरजी
Published by Apabhraṁsa Sahitya Academy
Jaina Vidya Saṁsthāna Digambara Jaina Atiśaya Kșetra Śrī Mahāviraji
Rajasthan

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Publisher: Apabhramsa Sahitya Academy (Jaina Vidyā Saṁsthāna) Digambara Jaina Atiśaya Kşetra Śri Mahaviraji Śri Mahaviraji - 322 220 (Rajasthan)
1.
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Subject
Diacritical Marks
Prelude
Table of Contents
Analysis of Sutras
Dedication
Introduction
Method of Analysis of Sutras
Section 1 Declension of Nouns
-
Sūtras 4/331 to 4/354 and 4/330
-
Section 2 Declension of Pronouns Sūtras 4/355 to 4/381
Appendix-1 Declensional Forms
A. Declensional Forms of Nouns B. Declensional Forms of Pronouns
Appendix-2 Rules of Combination Utilised in the Sūtras
Appendix-3 Summary of the Grammatical analysis of Sutras
Reference Books

Page No.
V
VII
XI
XIII
1
9
29
44
87
91
108

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ا
|
ه
ر
ر به
مر ه
لمر په
م د
ه
لمر
ور 5
م

_ (Anusvāra)
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-1)
(Visarga)
ه
لمر
الحر -
ا هر و
م
امر
لام به
به
لكر
ه
در
Consonants
अ आ इ ई a ai iu ù e ai o au
उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ
Vowels
Diacritical Marks
ام مد
فر >
مهر و
کمر و
م یه
ر ی
فر و

لر 3
بدر د.
ور د
لكر د
امير و

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Prelude
We feel great pleasure in placing the book 'Advanced Apabhramsa Grammar' Part-I in the hands of the readers.
It goes without saying that "Apabhraṁśa" language is one of the richest Indo-Aryan languages. It has come to us through Prākṛta, the most ancient and sacred language of India. The early Vedic literature is not averse to Prākṛta expressions, which indicate its ancient character. It is incontrovertible that Prākṛta was the mother-tongue of Mahavira and Buddha, who used this language as the medium of their sermons. Prākṛta, the flowing language gave rise to Apabhraṁśa in course of time.
Like Prākṛta, Apabhramsa is the language of the masses. Its vast literature in varied literary forms contributes to the dignity and excellence of the cultural heritage of Indian tradition. Svayambhů, Puspadanta, Dhanapāla, Vira, Nayanandi, Kanakāmara, Joindu, Rāmasimha, Hemacandra, Raidhu, etc. are the celebrated literary personalities of Apabhraṁśa language.
In the 6th century A.D., it was the lingua franca of Northern India. From East to West and Kasmir (North) to Mahārāṣtra (South), it has served the need of literary world as also of the common men. It is to the credit of Prākṛta language that it has given rise to Apabhraṁśa language from which the modern Indian languages like Sindhi, Pañjābi, Marāṭhi, Bengāli, Gujarāti, Kaśmiri, Maithili, Rājasthānī, Uḍiyā etc. have
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grown. Even the national language Hindi owes its origin to Prākṣta and Apabhraíśa. Most of the literary tendencies in Hindi literature flow from the glorious tradition of Prāksta and Apabhraṁsa language. Thus the relation between PräkstaApabhraíba and Hindi is very intimate. In consequence, the proper understanding of Prāksta and Apabhraṁsa language and literature is indispensible for comprehending the development of Hindi literature rightly and adequately.
Recognising the importance of Prákyta and Apabhraíśa language in the cultural history of India, the Managing Committee of Digambara Jaina Atiśaya Kșetra, Śri Mahaviraji established Apabhraíśa Sahitya Academy in 1988, which runs correspondence courses for teaching Prāksta and Apabhraṁsa languages. The Academy has published books for the implementation of these courses. Such books as the 'Apabhraíśa Grammar and Composition', (2005)‘Prakrta Grammar and Composition', (2006) Prakrta Exercise book' (2006), “Apabhraíśa Exercise book' (2006) and "Prāksta Prose and Verse' Part-1 (2008), 'Advanced Prakrta Grammar' Part-I (2009) and 'Advanced PrakrtaApabhraíśa Grammar' Part-Il” (2010) have been published for those desirous of learning Prāksta and Apabhraíśa language through English medium. For the purpose of teaching Prákyta and Apabhraíía, our new publication, 'Advanced Apabhraíśa Grammar' Part-I will facilitate the learning of Prākṣta-Apabhraṁsa to the students of the English language.
We offer our thanks to the learned researchers of the Saṁsthāna (Institute) especially to Smt. Shakuntala Jain, who has assisted us in preparing the analysis of Sūtras and
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translation of this book We would also like to thank Smt. Lynna Dhanani from the United States for taking the trouble of going through the manuscript and making important suggestions. We also offer our thanks to M/s Jaipur Printers Pvt. Ltd. for organising the publication of this book.
Naresh Kumar Sethi Prakash Chand Jain Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani President Secretary
Samyojaka Managing Committee
Jaina Vidya Samsthāna Samiti Digambara Jaina Atiśaya Kșetra
Jaipur Sri Mahāvīraji
17 October 2010
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Dedication
Late Smt. Kamla Sogani

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Introduction
Relating to Apabhramśa language, the following should be understood.
Alphabets of Apabhraíśa
31, a,
317
32, a,
Vowels
3, &, i, İ,
3,
ù,
5, e,
u,
o
af, ka,
Consonants
a, 1, 1, kha, ga, gha, na
3
ca, ट, ta
cha, ja,
ठ, , ड, tha, da,
jha, ña
ढ, dha, na
ण
ta,
tha,
da,
dha, na
pa, 9, ya,
pha,
?, ra,
ba, bha, ma . a . a la, va
sa, ha . . (Anusvāra) (Anunāsika) . m,
ñ It may be noted here that in. Apabhraíśa the use of na and ña occurs only in conjunct form. In Hemacandra Apabhraíśa Grammar the use of na and ña in conjunct form is traceable. The use of na is seen in conjunct and non-conjunct form. The alternative of ňa, ña, na in conjunct form is ń.
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Number :
In Apabhraíśa language, there are only two Numbers : 1. Singular
2. Plural Gender:
In Prakrta language, there are three Genders: 1. Masculine Gender
2. Feminine Gender 3. Neuter Gender Person :
In Apabhraíśa language, there are only three Persons : 1. First Person
2. Second Person 3. Third Person Case:
In Apabhraíśa language, there are eight Cases : . 1. Nominative Case
2. Accusative Case 3. Instrumental Case
4. Dative Case 5. Ablative Case
6. Genitive Case 7. Locative Case
8. Vocative Case Verb:
In Apabhraíśa language, there are only two kinds of Verbs : 1.Transitive
2. Intransitive Tense:
In Apabhramsa language, there are five type of Tenses : 1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense 3. Future Tense
4. Imperative 5. Conditional Words:
In Apabhraíśa language, six kinds of Words are in use : 1. a-ending
2. a- ending 3. i-ending
4. i-ending 5.u-ending
6.ŭ-ending
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Method of Analysis of Sūtras
It is an acknowledged fact that Acārya Hemacandra wrote the Sabda Anušāsana of which one section is devoted to Apabhraíśa Grammar. In composing the section on Apabhraíśa Grammar, he chose the Samsksta language as the medium of exposition. In order to make intelligible the Apabhraíśa Grammar, the established sútrastyle of Saṁskṛta Grammar was adopted. Although the Sūtras are expressed in Saṁskrta language, it should not imply that a special knowledge of Saṁskrta is required to understand Apabhraíśa Grammar. A thoughtful analysis of the Sūtras has shown us that a basic knowledge of Saṁskrta and Hindi or English will suffice to comprehend these Sūtras.
In Lesson 1, we shall decipher and explain the Sūtras concerning the formation of Nouns and Pronouns used in Apabhraíša Grammar. In order that the Sūtras may be properly assimilated, ordinary knowledge of Vowel combination, Consonant combination and Visarga combination in Saṁskrta is necessary. Additionally, the symbols that represent certain suffixes should be understood. In Apabhraíśa, there are two numbers Singular and Plural. Therefore, the Suffix-Symbols (S-S) are grouped into two columns, singular and plural, according to the cases as follows: Inflection S-S/Singular
S-S/Plural Nominative
Jas Accusative Am
Śas Instrumental Та
Bhis Dative Ne
Bhyas Ablative
Nasi Genitive .
Nas Locative
Sup
Si
Bhyas
Ám
Ni
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In each of the Sūtras, the Suffix-Symbols follow theinflectional patterns of certain masculine nouns in Saṁsksta. The following five points will give the various inflectional forms of Suffix-Symbols and some other words: 1 The inflection of 'si', 'nasi' and 'ni' will be according to the
Masculine Noun 'Hari'. For example, the inflection of 'si' in Locative case Singular will be ‘sau', in Instrumental case Singular will be 'sina'. The inflection of ‘nasi' in Genitive case Singular will be ‘naseh'. In this way, the other inflections may be
understood. 2 The inflection of 'am', 'jas', 'sas', 'bhis', 'bhyas', 'am'and
'sup'will be according to the consonent - ending Masculine Noun ‘Bhübhịt. For example, the inflection of 'bhis' in Locative case Singular will be ‘bhisi', the inflection of 'am' in Nominative case Singular will be ‘am’and so on. In this way, the other inflections
may be understood. 3 The inflection of 'ță' will be according to the Masculine Noun
‘Gopa'. For example, the inflection of 'ță' in Locative case Singular will be 'ti', Genitive case Singular will be 'țah', and Instrumental case Singular will be 'ța'. In this way, the other
inflections may be understood. 4 The inflection of 'ut''u', 'ot' +'', 'et' + 'e', 'it'+'i', and
'at'a', will be according to consonent - ending ‘Bhübhịt.
Similarly, the word 'luk'will be inflected. 5 Other words have been used in the Sūtras. For some of the words,
the inflection will be according to 'Rama', whereas others to ‘Stri' and 'Guru'. The inflections of the remaining words can be referenced in the declension tables provided or in an elementary Saṁskṛta Grammar book.
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The language in the Sūtras is always written in a concise form. In order to make clear the meaning , each sutra has been analyzed in the following five steps: 1 Combination (sandhi) 2 Inflection (vibhakti) 3 A literal translation (in italics) 4. A contextual translation 5 Examples and notes
The declensional forms of Nouns and Pronouns in Apabhraíśa will be understood through a careful examination of the Sūtras. The following vowel-ending Nouns and Pronouns illustrate the declensional forms discussed in the Sutras (other words have been made known as well):
Nouns
Masculine Nouns:
Neuter Nouns :
(Deva, Hari, Gamani, Sāhu, Sayambhú) a-ending: Deva (God) i-ending: Hari (Name of deity) i-ending: Gámaņi (Headman of village) u-ending: Sähu (Saint) ü-ending: Sayambhú (Self-made person) (Kamala, Vāri, Mahu) a-ending:Kamala (Lotus) i-ending:Vāri (Water) . u-ending: Mahu (Honey) (Kahā, Mai, Lacchi, Dheņu, Bahú) å-ending:Kahā (Story), i-ending : Mai (Understanding) i-ending: Lacchi (Wealth) u-ending : Dheņu (Cow) ů-ending : Bahu (Daughter-in-law)
Feminine Nouns :
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Pronouns
Masculine Pronouns: (Savva, Ta, Ja, Ka, Eta, Ima,
Āya, Amu, Kavaņa) a-ending: Savva (All), Ta (He),
Ja (Who), Ka (Who), Eta (This), Ima (This), Aya (This) Kavaņa.
(Who, What, Which) (Inflection according to Savva) u-ending :Amu (That)
(Inflection according to Sähu) Neuter Pronouns: (Savva, Ta, Ja, Ka, Eta, Ima,
Āya, Amu, Kavana) a-ending: Savva (All), Ta (That),
Ja (Which), Ka (Who), Eta (This), Ima (This), "Aya (This) Kavaņa
(Who, What, Which) (Inflection according to Savva) u-ending: Amu (That)
(Inflection according to Mahu) Feminine Pronouns: (Savvā, Tā, Jā, Kā, Etā,
Imā, Ayā, Amu, Kavaņā) å-ending: Savvā (All), TX (That)
Jā (Which), Kā (Who), Etā (This), Imā (This), Ayā (This) Kavaņā
(Who, What, Which) (Inflection according to Savvä) u-ending :Amu (That)
(Inflection according to Dheņu) In all the Genders: Amha (1),Tumha(You)
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As the inflection of Suffix-Symbols and other words in the Sutras have follow the same declensional forms of Samskrta, the declension tables of some of these Samsksta Nouns have been given in the following pages. Finally, a list of abbreviations used in the Sutras also provided.
1.
Hari (Name of a deity)
Singular Number
Dual Number
Plural Number
Nominative Harih
Hari
Accusative Harim Instrumental Hariņā Dative. Haraye Ablative Hareh Genitive Hareh Locative Harau Vocative He Hare
Hari Haribhyām Haribhyām Haribhyam Haryoḥ Haryoḥ He Hari
Harayaḥ Harin Haribhih Haribhyaḥ Haribhyaḥ Hariņām Harişu He Harayaḥ
2.
Bhabht (King
Singular Num
Dual Number
Plural Number
Nominative Bhūbhrt Bhūbhrtau Accusative Bhūbhrtam Bhūbhịtau Instrumental Bhūbhrtā Bhübhrdbhyām Dative Bhūbhrte Bhūbhsdbhyam Ablative
Bhūbhrtaḥ Bhūbhsdbhyām Genitive Bhūbhstaḥ Bhūbhrtoh Locative Bhūbhști Bhübhặtoh Vocative He Bhūbhrt He Bhūbhrtau
Bhūbhịtaḥ Bhübhịtaḥ Bhūbhrdbhiḥ Bhūbhsdbhyaḥ Bhūbhsdbhyaḥ Bhūbhrtām Bhūbhrtsu He Bhūbhrtaḥ
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3.
4.
6
Gopa (Milkman)
Nominative Gopāḥ
Accusative Gopām
Instrumental Gopā
Dative
Gope
Ablative Gopaḥ
Genitive
Gopaḥ
Locative
Gopi
Vocative
He Gopāḥ
Rāma (Rama)
Singular
Number
Nominative Rāmaḥ
Accusative Rāmam
Dative
Ablative
Genitive
Instrumental Rāmena
Rāmāya
Rāmāt
Locative
Vocative
Singular
Number

Rāmasya
Råme
He Rāma
Dual
Number
Gopau
Gopau
Gopābhyām
Gopābhyām
Gopābhyām
Gopoḥ
Gopoḥ
He Gopau
Dual Number
Rāmau
Rāmau
Rāmābhyām
Rāmābhyām
Rāmābhyām
Rāmayoḥ
Rāmayoḥ
He Rāmau
Plural
Number
Gopāḥ
Gopaḥ
Gopābhiḥ
Gopābhyaḥ
Gopābhyaḥ
Gopām
Gopāsu
He Gopāḥ
Plural Number
Rāmāḥ
Rāmān
Rāmaiḥ
Rāmebhyaḥ
Ramebhyaḥ
Rāmāṇām
Rāmeşu
He Rāmāḥ
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5. Stri (Woman)
Singular Number
Dual Number
Plural Number
Nominative Stri Accusative Striyam, Strim Instrumental Striya Dative Striyai Ablative Striyāḥ Genitive Striyāḥ Locative Striyām Vocative He Stri
Striyau Striyau Strībhyām Strībhyām Stribhyām Striyoḥ Striyoḥ He Striyau
Striyaḥ Striyaḥ,Strīḥ Stribhiḥ Strībhyaḥ Strībhyaḥ Striņām Strișu He Striyaḥ
6. Guru (Guru)
Singular Number
Dual Number
Plural Number
Nominative Guruḥ Accusative Gurum Instrumental Guruņā Dative Gurave Ablative Ġuroḥ Genitive Guroh Locative
Gurau Vocative He Guro
Gurū Gurú Gurubhyām Gurubhyām Gurubhyām Gurvoḥ Gurvoḥ He Gurú
Guravaḥ Gurun Gurubhiḥ Gurubhyaḥ Gurubhyaḥ Gurūņām Guruşu He Guravaḥ
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Abbreviations and method of Grammatical analysis A = Indeclinable
indicates the original word • [0) + ( ) + (.....) indicates the joining together of words • [(- () - (.....) indicates the compounding of words • Where only Numbers 1/1,2/1, etc. are written outside brackets, the word inside the bracket indicates the Noun. 1/1 Nominative Case / Singular Number 1/2 Nominative Case / Dual Number 1/3 Nominative Case / Plural Number 2/1 Accusative Case / Singular Number 272 Accusative Case / Dual Number 2/3. Accusative Case / Plural Number 3/1 Instrumental Case / Singular Number 3/2 Instrumental Case / Dual Number 3/3 Instrumental Case / Plural Number 4/1 Dative Case / Singular Number 4/2 Dative Case / Dual Number 473 Dative Case /Plural Number 5/1 Ablative Case / Singular Number 5/2 Ablative Case / Dual Number 5/3 Ablative Case / Plural Number 6/1 Genitive Case / Singular Number 6/2 Genitive Case / Dual Number 6/3 Genitive Case / Plural Number 7/1 Locative Case / Singular Number 7/2 Locative Case / Dual Number 7/3 Locative Case / Plural Number 8/1 Vocative Case / Singular Number 8/2 Vocative Case / Dual Number 8/3 Vocative Case / Plural Number
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Section - 1
Decleńsion of Nouns Sūtras 4/331 to 4/354 and 4/330

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Noun - Sutra 1. Rieta
4/331 Syamorasyot Syamorasyot [(Si)+(Amo”)+ (Asya)+ (Ut)] [(Si)- (Am) 6/2] Asya (A) 6/1 Ut (Ut) 1/1 After a-ending there occurs ut u in place of si and am. After a-ending Masculine and Neuter words, there occurs u in place of si (suffix of Nominative Singular) and am (suffix of Accusative Singular). (1) Deva (Mas.): (i) (Deva+ si)= (Deva+ u) = Devu
. (Nominative Singular) (ii)Deva+ am)= (Deva+ u) - Devu
(Accusative Singular) (2) Kamala (Neu.): (i) (Kamala+ si)= (Kamala+ u) = Kamalu
(Nominative Singular) (ii)(Kamala+am)= (Kamala+ u) - Kamalu
(Accusative Singular)
2.
eigi
41.332 Sau Pussyodvá Sau Pussyodvå ((Puṁsi)+(Ot)+(Vā)] Sau(Si) 7/1 Pumsi (Puss) 7/1 Ot (Ot) 1/1 Vå - Alternatively Alternatively, on having si after a-ending Masculine words, there occurs ot → o (in place of si). Alternatively, on having si (suffix of Nominative Singular) after a-ending Masculine words, there occurs ot + olin place of si). (1) Deva (Mas.): (Deva+ si) = (Deva+o) = Devo
(Nominative Singular)
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3. ve
4/333 Eţți Eţți [(Et)+(Ti)] Et (Et)1/1Ți (Tā) 7/1 On having ta the a-ending vowel becomes e. On having tà (suffix of Instrumental Singular) after a-ending Masculine and Neuter words, the a-ending vowel becomes e. (1) Deva (Mas.): (Deva+ tā) = (Deve+ță) (2) Kamala (Neu.): (Kamala+ ţă) - (Kamale+țā)
By applying Sutra 4/342, there occur: (1) Deva (Mas.) (i) (Deve+ ţă) = (Deve + ņa) - Deveņa
(Instrumental Singular) (ii) (Deve+ ţă) = (Deve + _ )- Devem
(Instrumental Singular) (2) Kamala (Neu.) (i)(Kamale+ tā)=(Kamale + ņa)= Kamalena
(Instrumental Singular) (ii)(Kamale + ță) = (Kamale + __ )= : Kamalem
(Instrumental Singular)
4. flotte
4/334 Ninecca Ninecca ((Ninā)+(It)+ (Ca)] Nina (Ni) 3/1 It (It) 1/1 Ca - and Alongwith ni the a-ending words become i and e. If there is ni after the a-ending Masculine and Neuter words, then along with ñi (suffix of Locative Singular) a-ending
Masculine and Neuter words become i and e. (1) Deva (Mas.): (i) (Deva+ni) - Devi (Locative Singular)
(ii) (Deva+ ni) - Deve (Locative Singular)
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(2) Kamala (Neu.): (i) (Kamala+ ni) = Kamali
(Locative Singular) (Kamala + ni) -Kamale (Locative Singular)
5. foreign
14/335 Bhisyedva Bhisyedvå [(Bhisi)+(Et)+(Vā)] Bhisi (Bhis) 7/1 Et (Et) 1/1 Vå - alternatively Alternatively, on having bhis after a-ending'words, the a becomes e. Alternatively, on having bhis (suffix of Instrumental Plural) after a-ending Masculine and Neuter words, the ending vowel
a becomes e. (1) Deva (Mas.): (Deva + bhis) = (Deve + bhis) (2) Kamala (Neu.): (Kamala+bhis) = (Kamale+bhis) :
---
-
By applying Sūtra 4/347, there occur: (i) (Deve+ bhis) = (Deve + him) : Devehim
(Instrumental Plural) (ii) (Kamale+ bhis)= (Kamale + him)- Kamalehim
(Instrumental Plural)
6. SHERE
4/336 Naserhe-Hú Naserhe-Hú ((Naseh)+ (He)- (Hu)] Naseh (Nasi) 6/1[(He)- (Hu) 1/2] There occur he and hu in place of nasi After a-ending Masculine and Neuter words, there occur he
and hu in place of nasi (suffix of Ablative Singular). (1) Deva (Mas.): (i) (Deva+ nasi)= (Deva+ he) - Devahe
(Ablative Singular)
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(ii) (Deva+ nasi)= (Deva+ hu) - Devahu
(Ablative Singular) (2) Kamala (Neu.): (i) (Kamala + nasi) = (Kamala+ he) = Kamalahe
(Ablative Singular) (ii) (Kamala + nasi) = (Kamala+ hu) - Kamalahu
(Ablative Singular) 7. Preto
4/337 Bhyaso Hum Bhyasohum [(Bhyasah)+(Hum)] Bhyasaḥ (Bhyas) 6/1 Huṁ (Huṁ)1/1 There occurs hus in place of bhyas. After a-ending Masculine and Neuter words, there occurs hum
in place of bhyas (suffix of Ablative Plural). (1) Deva (Mas.): (Deva+ bhyas): (Deva+ hum) - Devahu
(Ablative Plural) (2) Kamala (Neu.): (Kamala+ bhyas)= (Kamala+ hum) =
Kamalahum (Ablative Plural)
8. S'H: -E-4a:
4/338 Nasaḥ Su-Ho-Ssavaḥ Nasaḥ (Nas)6/1 Su-Ho-Ssvaḥ[(Su)-(Ho)-(Ssu)1/3]
There occur su, ho, and ssu in place of nas. . After a-ending Masculine and Neuter words, there occur su,
ho and ssu in place of ‘nas' ( suffix of Genitive Singular). (1) Deva (Mas.): (iii) (Deva+ nas)= (Deva+ su) - Devasu
(Genitive Singular) (ii) (Deva+ nas)= (Deva+ ho) - Devaho
(Genitive Singular) (iii) (Deva+ nas)- (Deva+ ssu) - Devassu
(Genitive Singular) (2) Kamala (Neu.): (i) (Kamala+ nas)= (Kamala+ su) -
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Kamalasu (Genitive Singular) (ii)(Kamala+nas)= (Kamala + ho) - Kamalaho
(Genitive Singular) (iii) (Kamala+ nas)- (Kamala + ssu) - Kamalassu
(Genitive Singular) 9. 3711
4/339 Amo Ham Åmo Ham [(Āmaḥ)+(Haṁ)] Åmah (Ām) 6/1 Ham (Ham)1/1 .. There occurs haṁ in place of 'am'. After a-ending Masculine and Neuter words, there occurs ham
in place of 'am' (suffix of Genitive Plural). (1) Deva (Mas.): (Deva+ àm) = (Deva+ haṁ) - Devaham
(Genitive Plural) (2) Kamala (Neu.): (Kamala+ ām) = (Kamala+ haṁ) =
Kamalaham (Genitive Plural) 10. jagament
4/340, Huṁ Cedudbhyam Hum Cedudbhyam (Ca)+ (lt)+ (Udbhyam)] Hum (Huṁ) 1/1 Ca = and ((It) - (Ut) 5/2) After it +1, i and ut + u, u there occur hur and haṁ (in place of am). After i-ending and u-ending Masculine and Neuter words, there
occur hum and haṁ in place of ám(suffix of Genitive Plural). (1) Hari (Mas.): (i) (Hari+ ām)- (Hari+ huṁ) - Harihum
(Genitive Plural) (ii) (Hari+ am)= (Hari+ haṁ) - Hariham
(Genitive Plural) (2) Gåmaņi (Mas.): (i) (Gāmaņi+ ām)= (Gāmaņi+ huṁ) =
Gåmaņihuṁ (Genitive Plural) (ii) (Gamani+ am)= (Gāmaņi+ haṁ) =
Gamaņihaṁ (Genitive Plural)
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(3) Väri (Neu.): (i) (Vāri+ ām)= (Vāri+ huṁ) = Värihum
(Genitive Plural) (ii) (Vāri+ ām)= (Vāri+ haṁ) - Väriham
(Genitive Plural) (4) Sāhu (Mas.): (1) (Sāhu+ am)= (Sāhu+ hum) - Sāhuhum
(Genitive Plural) (ii) (Sahu+ am)= (Sāhu+ ham) - Sāhuhar
(Genitive Plural) (5) Sayambhu (Mas.): (1) (Sayambhủ+ am)= (Sayaṁbhủ+ huṁ)
- Sayambhūhum (Genitive Plural) (ii) (Sayaṁbhū+ ām)= (Sayambhū+ haṁ)
- Sayambhūham (Genitive Plural) (6) Mahu (Neu.): (i) (Mahu+ ām)- (Mahu+ huṁ) - Mahuhum
(Genitive Plural) (ii) (Mahu+ ām)= (Mahu+ haṁ) - Mahuhaṁ
(Genitive Plural) Refer: According to Hesacandra's Commentary, after i-ending and u-ending Masculine and Neuter words, there also occurs hum in place of sup (suffix of Locative Plural). (i) Hari (Mas.): (Hari+ sup)= (Hari+ huṁ) - Harihum
(Locative Plural) (ii) Gamaņi (Mas.): (Gāmaņi+ sup)= (Gāmaņi+ huṁ) =
m (Locative Plural) (iii) Väri (Neu.): (Vāri+ sup)= (Vāri+ huṁ) - Värihum
(Locative Plural) (iv) Sähu (Mas.): (Sāhu+ sup)= (Sāhu+ huṁ) - Sāhuhus
(Locative Plural) (v) Sayambhủ (Mas.): (Sayaṁbhủ+ sup)= (Sayaṁbhủ+ huṁ)
= Sayambhūhum (Locative Plural) (vi) Mahu (Neu.): (Mahu+ sup)= (Mahu+ huṁ) - Mahuhum
(Locative Plural)
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11. 5f4-9274-5191 7-3-84: 4/341
Nasi-Bhyas-Ninaṁ He-Hur-Hayaḥ Nasi-Bhyas - [(Ninām) + (He)] - Huṁ-Hayah Nasi-Bhyas-Ninám [(Nasi)-(Bhyas)-(Ni)6/3] He-Hum-Hayaḥ [(He)-(Huṁ)-(Hi)1/3) There occur he, huṁ and hi in place of nasi, bhyas and ni . After i-ending and u-ending Masculine and Neuter words, there occur he, hum and hi in place of nasi ( suffix of Ablative Singular) bhyas (suffix of Ablative Plural) and 'ni' (suffix of
Locative Singular) respectively. (1) (i) Hari (Mas.): (Hari+ nasi)= (Hari+ he) - Harihe
(Ablative Singular) (ii) Gamaņi (Mas.): (Gamani+ nasi)= (Gāmaņi+ he) :
Gamaņihe (Ablative Singular) (iii) Väri (Neu.): (Väri+ nasi)= (Vāri+ he) - Värihe
(Ablative Singular) (iv) Sähu (Mas.): (Såhu+ nasi)= (şähu+ he) - Sähuhe
(Ablative Singular) (v) Sayambhủ (Mas.): (Sayambhū+ nasi)= (Sayabhū+ he)
- Sayambhūhe (Ablative Singular) (vi) Mahu (Neu.): (Mahu+ nasi)- (Mahu+ he) - Mahuhe
(Ablative Singular) (2) (1) Hari (Mas.): (Hari+ bhyas)- (Hari+ huṁ) - Harihur
(Ablative Plural) (ii) Gamaņi (Mas.): (Gāmaņi+bhyas)= (Gāmaņi+ huṁ) :
Gåmaņihuṁ (Ablative Plural) (iii) Väri (Neu.) : (Vāri+ bhyas)= (Värit huṁ) - Värihum
(Ablative Plural) (iv) Sahu (Mas.) : (Sāhu+ bhyas): (Sähu+ hum) - Sähuhus
(Ablative Plural) (v) Sayambhu (Mas.): (Sayambhū+bhyas)= (Sayaṁbhủ+ hum)
- Sayambhūhuṁ (Ablative Plural)
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(vi) Mahu (Neu.): (Mahu+bhyas)= (Mahu+ huṁ) - Mahuhur
(Ablative Plural) (3) (i) Hari (Mas.): (Hari+ ni)= (Hari+ hi) - Harihi
(Locative Singular) (ii) Gamaņi (Mas.): (Gāmaņi+ ni)= (Gāmaņi+ hi) -
Gamanihi (Locative Singular) (iii) Vāri (Neu.): (Vāri+ ni)= (Vāri+ hi) - Värihi
(Locative Singular) (iv) Sähu (Mas.): (Sähu+ ni)= (Sāhu+ hi) - Sähuhi
(Locative Singular) (v) Sayambhū (Mas.): (Sayambhū+ ni)= (Sayambhū+ hi)
- Sayambhūhi (Locative Singular) (vi) Mahu (Neu.): (Mahu+ ni)= (Mahu+ hi) - Mahuhi
(Locative Singular)
12.31igh uigrant 4/342
4/342 Átto Ņānusvārau Åtto Nanusvårau [(At)+(sah)+ (Na)+(Anusvārau)] Åt (A) 5/1 Țaḥ (Țā) 6/1 [ (Na)-(Anusvāra) 1/2] After a-ending Masculine and Neuter words, there occur ņa and anusvåra / . ) in place of ța . After a-ending Masculine and Neuter words, there occur ņa and anusvåra ( . ) in place of ţă (suffix of Instrumental
Singular), (1) Deva (Mas.): (i) (Deva+ țā) = (Deva+ ņa)
. (ii) (Deva+ tā)= (Deva+ 2 ) (2) Kamala (Neu.): (i) (Kamala+ță) = (Kamala+ na)
(ii) (Kamala+ țā) = (Kamala+ 2)
By applying Sūtra 4/333, there occur: Deveņa , Deveṁ, Kamalena, Kamaleń
(Instrumental Singular)
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13. jaga:
4/343 Em Cedutaḥ Em Cedutah [(Ca)+ (It)+ (Utah)] Em (Em) 1/1 Ca = and [ (lt)-(Ut) 5/1] After it +1,i and ut → u, u there occur eṁ and [ņa and anusvára | __)] in place of ța. After i-ending and u-ending Masculine and Neuter words, there occur em, ņa and in place of ţă (suffix of Instrumental Singular). (i) Hari (Mas.) : (Hari+ ļā)= (Hari+ eń, na, _ ) :
Hariem, Hariņa, Harim (Instrumental Singular) (ii) Gåmaņi (Mas.): (Gāmaņi+ ță)= (Gāmaņi+ és, ņa, __ ) :
Gåmaņiem,Gåmaņiņa, Gámaņiṁ (Instrumental Singular) (iii) Väri (Neu.): (Vāri+ tā)= (Vāri+ es, ņa, , ) : Väriem, Vāriņa, Värim
(Instrumental Singular) (iv) Sāhu (Mas.) : (Sähu+ tā)= (Sähu+ es, ņa, , ):
Sähueṁ, Sähuņa, Sähuṁ (Instrumental Singular) (v) Sayambhū (Mas.):(Sayambhū+ ţā)= (Sayaṁbhūtes, ņa, .) -Sayambhūes,Sayambhūņa, Sayambhūm
(Instrumental Singular) (vi) Mahu (Neu.): (Mahu+ tā) = (Mahu+ eń, ņa, ._)
- Mahuem, Mahuņa, Mahum (Instrumental Singular)
14. RIA-Jr-PrHi-Tec 4/344
Syam-Jas-Śasaṁ-Luk Syam-Jas-Sasam-Luk [(Si)+(Am)] - Jas - [(śasām)+ (Luk)] [(Si)- (Am)- (Jas) - (sas)6/3] Luk (Luk)1/1) There occurs lopa (disapperance) in place of si, am, jas and sas. After Masculine , Neuter and Feminine words, there occurs lopa (disapperance) in place of si ( suffix of Nominative Singular) am (suffix of Accusative Singular) jas ( suffix of
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Nominative Plural) and sas (suffix of Accusative Plural). (Deva + si, am, jas, sas) = (Deva + 0,0,0,0)=
Deva, Deva, Deva, Deva
Nominative Nominative
Singular Plural (i) Deve (Mas.): Deva
Deva (ii) Hari (Mas.): Hari Hari (iii) Gamani (Mas.): Gamani Gamani (iv) Sahu (Mas.): Sähu Sāhu (v) Sayambhu(Mas.): Sayambhu Sayambhú (vi) Kamala (Neu.): Kamala Kamala (vii) Väri (Neu.): Vari
Vāri (viii) Mahu(Neu.): Mahu Mahu (ix) Kahå(Fem.): Kaha Kaha (x) Mai (Fem.): Mai
Mai : (xi) Lacchi (Fem.): Lacchi Lacchi (xii) Dheņu (Fem.): Dheņu Dhenu (xiii) Bahů (Fem.): Bahú Bahů
Accusative Accusative Singular Plural Deva
Deva Hari Hari Gamani Gamani Sāhu Såhu Sayambhu Sayambhū Kamala Kamala Vāri
Vāri Mahu Mahu Kaha Kaha Mai
Mai Lacchi Lacchi Dheņu Dhenu Bahů Bahū
15. ugelt:: 4/345
Şaşthyaḥ Şașthyāḥ (Şaşthi) 6/1 There occurs (lopa) in place of Genitive case. After Masculine, Feminine and Neuter words, there occurs
lopa in place of Genitive case Singular and Plural Numbers. (1) Deve (Mas.): (Deva + Genitive) = (Deva + 0): Deva
Genitive Genitive
Singular Plural (i) Deve (Mas.): Deva
Deva (i) Hari (Mas.): Hari
Hari (ii) Gámaņi (Mas.): Gāmaņi Gamani (iii) Sáhu (Mas.): Sāhu
Sähu (iv) Sayambhü(Mas.): Sayaṁbhū Sayambhu
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Kamala
Väri
Mahu
Kaha
(v) Kamala (Neu.): (vi) Väri (Neu.): (vii) Mahu(Neu.): (viii) Kaha(Fem.): (ix) Mai (Fem.): (x) Lacchi (Fem.): (xi) Dheņu (Fem.): (xii) Bahü (Fem.):
Kamala Vāri Mahu Kaha Mai Lacchi Dhenu
Mai Lacchi Dheņu Bahů
Bahủ
16.3114- THTET: 4/346
Amantrye Jaso Hoḥ Åmantrye Jaso Hoḥ [(Jasaḥ)+ (Hoh) Åmantrye (Amantrya) 7/1 Jasaḥ (Jas)6/1 Hoḥ (Ho)1/1 In calling out there occurs ho in place of jas. In Vocative case Masculine, Neuter and Feminine words, there
occurs ho in place of jas (suffix of Nominative Plural). (i) Deve (Mas.):(Deva+ jas)=(Deva+ ho)- Devaho
(Vocative Plural) (ii) Hari (Mas.):(Hari+jas)-(Hari+ho)- Hariho
(Vocative Plural) (iii) Gåmani (Mas.):(Gāmaņi + jas)=(Gāmaņi + ho): Gamaņi ho
(Vocative Plural) (iv) Sahu (Mas.):(Sähu+ jas)=(Sāhu + ho)- Sähuho
(Vocative Plural) (w) Sayambhu (Mas.):(Sayambhū+ jas)=(Sayambhủ+ ho):
Sayambhuho (Vocative Plural) (vi) Kamala (Neu.):(Kamala+ jas)= (Kamala+ ho)- Kamalaho
(Vocative Plural) (vii) Väri (Neu.): (Vāri + jas)- (Vāri + ho)- Väri ho
(Vocative Plural) (viii) Mahu (Neu.): (Mahu + jas)- (Mahu + ho)- Mahuho
(Vocative Plural)
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(ix) Kahȧ(Fem.): (Kaha+ jas)= (Kaha+ ho)= Kahȧho
(x) Mai (Fem.): (Mai+ jas)= (Mai + ho)= Maiho
(Vocative Plural)
(xi) Lacchi (Fem.): (Lacchi + jas)= (Lacchi + ho)= Lacchiho (Vocative Plural)
(xii) Dheņu (Fem.): (Dheņu + jas)= (Dheņu + ho)= Dheṇuho (Vocative Plural)
(xiii) Bahu (Fem.): (Bahū + jas)= (Bahů + ho)= Bahuho
17. frequif Bhissuporhim
4/347
Bhissuporhim [(Bhis)+ (Supoḥ) + (Him)]
[(Bhis)-(Sup) 6/2] Him (Him) 1/1
There occurs him in place of bhis and sup.
After Masculine, Neuter and Feminine words, there occurs him in place of bhis (suffix of Instrumental Plural) and sup (suffix of Locative Plural).
Deve (Mas.):.
Hari (Mas.):
(i) (Deva + Bhis) = (Deva + Him)- Devahim (Instrumental Plural) (ii) (Deva + Sup) = (Deva + Him)= Devehim (Locative Plural)
4/347
Locative
Plural
(i)
(ii)
(iii) Gamaņi (Mas.):
(iv) Sahu (Mas.):
(v) Sayambhu (Mas.):
(vi) Kamala (Neu.);
(vii) Väri (Neu.):
(viii) Mahu (Neu.):
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Instrumental
Plural
Devahim
Harihim
(Vocative Plural)
Gāmanihim
Sāhuhim
(Vocative Plural)
Värihim
Mahuhim
Devahim
Harihim
Sayambhūhiṁ Sayaṁbhūhiṁ Kamalahim Kamalahim
Gāmaṇihim
Sāhuhims
Värihim
Mahuhim
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(ix) Kaha(Fem.): (x) Mai (Fem.): (xi) Lacchi (Fem.) (xii) Dheņu (Fem.): (xiii) Bahü (Fem.):
Kahāhim Maihim Lacchihim: Dhenuhiń Bahūhim
Kahāhim Maihim Lacchihim Dheņuhim Bahūhim
18. Frei R-THIAGIO 4/348
Striyas Jas-Śasorudot Striyam Jas Sasorudot [(Striyām)+ (Jas) + (Śáso)+ (Ut)+ (Ot)] Striyam (Stri) 7/1 ((Jas)- (Śas) 6/2] Ut (Ut) 1/1 Ot(Ot) 1/1
In Feminine words, there occur ut + uand oto in place of “jas'and śas. In å-ending, i-ending and u- ending Feminine words, there occur ut+u and ot+o in place of ‘jas' (suffix of Nominative
Plural) and sas (suffix of Accusative Plural). (1) Kahå ( Fem.): (i) (Kahā +jas) = (Kahā + u, o) -Kahâu, Kahảo
(Nominative Plural) (ii) (Kaha + sas) = (Kahā + u, o) -Kahău, Kahão
(Accusative Plural) (2) Mai (Fem.): (i) (Mai + jas) = (Mai + u, o) - Maiu, Maio
(Nominative Plural) (ii) (Mai + śas) = (Mai + u, 0) = Maiu, Maio
(Accusative Plural) (3) Lacchi (Fem.): (i) (Lacchi+ jas) = (Lacchi + u, o) - Lacchiu,
Lacchio(Nominative Plural) (ii) (Lacchi+śas) = (Lacchi + u, o) - Lacchiu,
Lacchio(Accusative Plural) (4) Dheņu (Fem.): (i) (Dheņu + jas) = (Dheņu + u, o) - Dheņuu,
Dheņuo (Nominative Plural) (ii) (Dheņu +śas) = (Dheņu + u, o) = Dheņuu,
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Dheņuo (Accusative Plural)) (5) Bahů ( Fem.): (i) (Bahû+ jas) = (Bahů + u, o) = Bahuu, Bahuo
(Nominative Plural) (ii) (Bahū + sas) = (Bahů+ u, o) - Bahuu, Bahuo
(Accusative Plural)
19. ET
4/349 Та Е Ța E [(saḥ)+ (E)] Țaḥ (sā) 6/1 E (E) 1/1 There occurs e in place of ță. In å-ending, i-ending and u- ending Feminine words, there
occurs e in place of ţă (suffix of Instrumental Singular). (1)Kahå ( Fem.): (Kahā + ţā) = (Kahā + e) -Kahae
(Instrumental Singular) (2) Mai ( Fem.): (Mai + tā) = (Mai + e) = Maie
(Instrumental Singular) (3) Lacchi (Fem.): (Lacchi+ ţā) = (Lacchi + e) = Lacchie
(Instrumental Singular) (4) Dheņu (Fem.): (Dheņu + ţă) = (Dheņu + e) = Dheņue
(Instrumental Singular) (5) Bahü (Fem.): (Bahū+ ţă) = (Bahủ + e) = Bahue
(Instrumental Singular)
20. 54-5PE.. 4/350
Nas - Nasyorhe [(Nas) - (Nasi) 6/2] He (He) 1/1 There occurs he in place of nas and nasi . In å-ending, i-ending and u- ending Feminine words, there occurs he in place of nas (suffix of Genitive Singular) and nasi (suffix of Ablative Singular).
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(1) (i) Kaha (Fem.): (Kaha + nas) = (Kahā + he) -Kahähe
(Genitive Singular) (ii) Mai (Fem.): (Mai + nas) = (Mai + he) - Maihe
(Genitive Singular) (iii) Lacchi (Fem.): (Lacchi+ nas) = (Lacchi + he) - Lacchihe
(Genitive Singular) (iv) Dheņu (Fem.): (Dheņu + nas) = (Dheņu + he) Dheņuhe
(Genitive Singular) (v) Bahū ( Fem.): (Bahū+ nas) = (Bahữ + he) : Bahuhe
(Genitive Singular) (2) (i) Kahả (Fem.): (Kaha + nasi) = (Kahā + he) -Kahåhe
(Ablative Singular (ii) Mai (Fem.): (Mai + nasi) = (Mai + he) - Maihe
(Ablative Singular) (iii) Lacchi (Fem.): (Lacchi+ nasi) = (Lacchi + he) : Lacchihe
(Ablative Singular) (iv) Dheņu (Fem.): (Dheņu + nasi) = (Dheņu + he): Dheņuhe
(Ablative Singular) (v) Bahů ( Fem.): (Bahū+ nasi) = (Bahủ + he) - Bahuhe
(Ablative Singular) 21. 22AHI
4/351 Bhyasamorhuḥ Bhyasamorhuḥ [(Bhyas) + (Āmoḥ) + (Huḥ)] [(Bhyas) - (Ām) 6/2] Huḥ (Hu) 1/1 There occurs hu in place of bhyas and am. In å-ending, i-ending and u- ending Feminine words, there occurs hu in place of bhyas (suffix of Ablative Plural) and
am (suffix of Genitive Plural). (1) (i) Kahå ( Fem.): (Kahā + bhyas) = (Kahā + hu) -Kahähu
(Ablative Plural) (ii) Mai (Fem.): (Mai + bhyas) = (Mai + hu) - Maihu
(Ablative Plural)
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(iii) Lacchi (Fem.): (Lacchi+bhyas) = (Lacchi + hu) - Lacchihu
(Ablative Plural) (iv) Dheņu (Fem.): (Dheņu + bhyas) = (Dheņu + hu) = Dheņuhu
(Ablative Plural) (v) Bahū (Fem.): (Bahū+ bhyas) = (Bahũ + hu) - Bahuhu
(Ablative Plural) (2) (i) Kahå (fem.): (Kahā + ām) = (Kahā + hu) -Kahahu
(Genitive Plural) (ii) Mai (Fem.): (Mai + am) = (Mai + hu) - Maihu
(Genitive Plural) (iii) Lacchi (Fem.): (Lacchi+ am) = (Lacchi + hu) - Lacchihu
(Genitive Plural) (iv) Dheņu ( Fem.): (Dheņu + am) = (Dheņu + hu) - Dhenuhu
(Genitive Plural) (v) Bahů ( Fem.): (Bahū+ am) = (Bahủ + hu) - Bahuhu
(Genitive Plural) 22. SFO 4/352
Nerhim Nerhim [(Neh)+ (Him)] Neh (Ni) 6/1 Him (Him) 1/1 * There occurs him in place of ni. In å-ending, i-ending and u- ending Feminine words, there occurs him in place of ñi (suffix of Locative Singular). (1) Kahå (Fem.): (Kaha + ni) = (Kaha + hiṁ) -Kahåhim
(Locative Singular) (ii) Mai (Fem.): (Mai +ni) = (Mai + him) - Maihim
(Locative Singular) (iii) Lacchi (Fem.): (Lacchi+ni) = (Lacchi + hiṁ) = Lacchihim
(Locative Singular) (iv) Dheņu ( Fem.): (Dheņu +ni) = (Dheņu + hiṁ) = Dheņuhim
(Locative Singular) (v) Bahú ( Fem.): (Bahū+ ni) = (Bahủ + hiṁ) - Bahühim
(Locative Singular)
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23. acild Gry-graft
(1)
(2)
26
Klibe Jas-Sasorim
Klibe jas-Sasorim [(Jas) - (Śasoḥ)+ (Im)] Klibe (Kliba) 7/1 [(Jas) - (Śas) 6/2] Im (Im) 1/1
4/353
In Neuter there occurs im in place of jas and sas.
In a-ending, i-ending, and u- ending Neuter there occur im in place of jas (suffix of Nominative Plural) and sas (suffix of Accusative Plural).
(i) Kamala (Neu.): (Kamala + jas) = (Kamala + im) = `Kamalaiṁ (Nominative Plural)
(ii) Vāri (Neu.): (Vāri+ jas) = (Vāri + im) = Väriim
(Nominative Plural)
(iii) Mahu (Neu.): (Mahu + jas) = (Mahu + im) = Mahuim (Nominative Plural)
(i) Kamala (Neu.): (Kamala + śas) = (Kamala + im): Kamalaim (Accusative Plural)
(ii) Vari (Neu.): (Vari+ śas) = (Vārt + im) = Väriim
24. कान्तस्यात उं स्यमोः
(Accusative Plural)
(iii) Mahu (Neu.): (Mahu + śas) = (Mahu + im) = Mahuim (Accusative Plural)
4/354
Kantasyȧta Um Syamoḥ
Kantasyäta Um [(Ka) + (Antasya) + (Ataḥ)+ (Um)] Syamoḥ [(Si) + (Amoḥ)]

[(Ka) - (Anta) 6/1] Ataḥ (At) 5/1 Um (Um) 1/1 [(Si) - (Am) 6/2]
In Neuter Gender ka- ending words inherent in Samskrta after a there occurs um in place of si and am.
In Neuter Gender ka- ending words inherent in Samskrta after a there occurs um in place of si (suffix of Nominative Singular) and am (suffix of Accusative Singular).
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(1) Tucchaka → Tucchaa (Neu.): (i) (Tucchaa + si) = (Tucchaa+
uṁ) - Tucchauṁ (Nominative Singular)
(ii)(Tucchaa + am) = (Tucchaa+ uṁ)
- Tucchaum (Accusative Singular) (2) Netrka → Nettaa (Neu.): (i) (Nettaa + si) = (Nettaa + uṁ) =
Nettaum (Nominative Singular) (ii) (Nettaa + am) = (Nettaa + uṁ) =
Nettauṁ (Accusative Singular) (3) Bhagnaka Bhaggaa (Neu.): (i) (Bhaggaa + si) = (Bhaggaa+
us) = Bhaggauṁ (Nominative Singular)
(ii)(Bhaggaa+ am) = (Bhaggaa+
uṁ) = Bhaggaum (Accusative Singular) 25. PICI Let arat 4/330
Syadau Dirgha-Hrasvau Syadau [(Si) + (Ādau)] Dirgha-Hrasvau [(Si) - (Adi) 7/1] [(Dirgha) - (Hrasva) 1/2] On having si, etc,, a' long ending vowel becomes a short vowel and a short ending vowel becomes a long vowel. In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine words, on having si (suffix of Nominative Singular)etc., a long ending vowel becomes short vowel and a short ending vowel becomes a long vowel. For example Instrumental Plural: Short vowel becomes a long vowel (i) Deve (Mas.): Devahim, Devāhim (ii) Hari (Mas.): Harihim, Harihiń (iii) Såhu (Mas.): Sähuhim, Sāhūhim (iv) Kamala (Neu.): Kamalahim, Kamalāhim (v) Väri (Neu.): Värihim, Vārīhim (vi) Mahu (Neu.): Mahuhim, Mahūhim (vii) Mai (Fem.): Maihim, Maihim (viii) Dheņu (Fem.): Dhenuhim, Dhenühim
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28
Long vowel becomes a short vowel
(ix) Gamaņi (Mas.): Gamaṇihim, Gāmaṇihim
(x) Sayambhu (Mas.): Sayambhuhim, Sayambhuhim
(xi) Kaha(Fem.): Kahāhim, Kahahim
(xii) Lacchi (Fem.): Lacchihim, Lacchihim (xiii) Bahu (Fem.): Bahuhim, Bahuhim
A
In this way will be added other case suffixes.

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Section - 2
Declension of Pronouns Sūtras 4./355 to 4/381

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Pronoun - Sutra 26. HAIGS. HET
4/355 Sarvädernaserham Sarvädernaserhám [(Sarva) + (Adeḥ) + (Nase”) + (Hāṁ)] [(Sarva) - (Adi) 5/1) Naseh (Nasi) 6/1 Haṁ (Hāṁ)1/1 After sarva-savva, etc., there occurs håṁ in place of nasi. On having nasi after a-ending Masculine and Neuter Pronouns sarvasavva, etc., there occurs håm in place of nasi (suffix of Ablative Singular). Savva (Mas. and Neu.): (Savva +ñasi) = (Savva + hāṁ) =
Savvahåṁ (Ablative Singular) Similarly: (1) · Iyara (Other) (Mas., Neu.): Iyarahaṁ (Ablative Singular) (ii) Anna (Another) (Mas., Neu.): Annahám (Ablative Singular) (iii) Puvva (Before) (Mas., Neu.): Puvvahám (Ablative Singular) (iv) Sa (One's own) (Mas., Neu.): Saham (Ablative Singular) (v) Ta (He) (Mas. , Neu.): Tahám
(Ablative Singular) (vi) Ja (Who) (Mas., Neu.): Jahám (Ablative Singular) (vii) Ka (Who, What) (Mas., Neu.): Kaham (Ablative Singular) (viii) Ekka (One) (Mas., Neu.): Ekkaháṁ (Ablative Singular)
By applying Sūtra 4/330, there occur: Savváhám, Iyaráhám, Annäham, Puvvåhåm, Sähám, Tähám, Jáhám, Kähảm and Ekkáhám (Ablative Singular)
27. fant fe al 4/356
Kimo Dihe Va Kimo Dihe [(Kimaḥ)+ (Dihe)] Vā Kimaḥ (Kim) 5/1Dihe (Dihe) 1/1 Vå - alternatively Alternatively, after kim ka there occurs dihe ihe.
30
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Alternatively, after a - ending Masculine and Neuter Pronouns kim-ka there occurs dihe ihe in place of nasi (suffix of Ablative Singular). Ka (Mas., Neu.): (Ka + nasi) = (Ka + ihe)= Kihe
(Ablative Singular)
28. Sofie
4/357 Nerhim ((Neh) + (Him)] Neh (Ni) 6/1 Him (Hiṁ) 1/1 After sarva-savva, etc., there occurs hiṁ in place of ni. On having ni after a-ending Masculine and Neuter Pronouns sarva +savva, etc., there occurs him in place of ñi (suffix of Locative Singular). Savva (Mas., Neu.): (Savva + ni) = (Savva + him) - Savvahim
. (Locative Singular) Similarly: (i) Tyara (Other) (Mas., Neu.): Iyarahim (Locative Singular) (ii) Anna (Another) (Mas., Neu.): Annahim (Locative Singular) (iii) Puvva (Before) (Mas., Neu.): Puvvahim (Locative Singular) (iv) . Sa (One's own) (Mas., Neu.): Sahim (Locative Singular) (v) Ta (He) (Mas. , Neu.): Tahim
(Locative Singular) (vi) Ja (Who) (Mas., Neu.): Jahim
(Locative Singular) (vii) Ka (Who, What) (Mas., Neu.): Kahiṁ (Locative Singular) (viii). Ekka (One) (Mas., Neu.): Ekkahim (Locative Singular)
By applying Sūtra 4/330, there occur: Savvähim, Iyaråhim, Annähim, Puvvähim, Sähim, Tähim, Jahim, Kähim and Ekkähim
(Locative Singular).
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29. Tafrazit Segretar 4/358
Yattatkimbhyo Naso Pasurna Va Yattatkimbhyo Naso Pasurna Va [(Yat) + (Tat) + (Kimbhyaḥ) + (Nasaḥ) + (Dasuḥ) + (Na)] Va [ (Yat) - (Tat)- (Kim) 5/3] Nasaḥ (Nas) 6/1 Dasuḥ (Dasu) 1/1 Na Vå - alternatively Alternatively, after yatja, tatta and kim ka there occurs dāsu+asu in place of nas. Alternatively, on having nas after a - ending Masculine and Neuter Pronouns yat+ja, tat-ta and kim ka there occurs
dāsu → åsu in place of nas (suffix of Genitive Singular). (i) Ja (Mas., Neu.): (Ja + nas) = (Ja + ásu) - Jasu
(Genitive Singular) (ii) Ta (Mas., Neu.): (Ta + nas) = (Ta + ásu) - Tasu
(Genitive Singular) (iii) Ka (Mas., Neu.): (Ka + nas) = (Ka + asu) = Kasu
. (Genitive Singular) Note : Other declensional forms are according to a-ending Masculine and Neuter Pronoun Savva.
30. fuit 4/359
Striyam Dahe Striyam Dahe [(Striyam)+ (Dahe)] Striyam (Stri) 7/1 Dahe (Dahe) 1/1 In Feminine there occurs dahe ahe. Alternatively, in Feminine after yat-ja, tattá and kim kå there occurs daheahe in place of nas (suffix of Genitive
Singular). (i) Ja (Fem.): (Jā + nas) = (Jā + ahe) = Jähe
(Genitive Singular) (ii) Ta (Fem.): (Tā + nas) = (Ta + ahe) - Tähe
(Genitive Singular) 32
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(iii) Ka (Fem.): (Kā + nas) = (Kā + ahe) - Kahe
(Genitive Singular) Note: Other declensional forms are according to a-ending Feminine Pronoun Savvā.
By applying Sutra 4/330 there occur: Jahe, Tahe, Kahe also.
31. UTG: Rated at 4/360
Yattadaḥ Syamordhrum Tram Yattadaḥ [(Yat) + (Tadaḥ → Tataḥ)] Syamordhrum [(Si) + (Amoḥ) + (Dhruṁ)] Tram [(Yat) - (Tad → Tat) 5/1) [(Si) - (Am) 7/2] Dhrum (Dhrum) 1/1 Traṁ (Tram) 1/1 If there are si and am after yat+ ja then both jointly become dhrum and if there are si and am after tatta then both jointly
become traí. (i) Alternatively, if there are si (suffix of Nominative Singular)
and am (suffix of Accusative Singular) after Masculine and
Neuter Pronouns yat+ja then both jointly become dhruń. (ii) Alternatively, if there are si (suffix of Nominative Singular)
and am(suffix of Accusative Singular) after Feminine Pronouns
yat ja then both jointly become dhruń. (iii) Alternatively, if there are si (suffix of Nominative Singular)
and am (suffix of Accusative Singular) afterMasculine and
Neuter Pronouns tat-ta then both jointly become traṁ. (iv) Alternatively, if there are si (suffix of Nominative Singular)
and am (suffix of Accusative Singular) after Feminine
Pronouns tat-ta then both jointly become traṁ. (1) Ja (Mas., Neu.): (i) (Ja + si) = Dhruṁ Nominative Singular)
(ii) (Ja + am) = Dhruṁ (Accusative Singular) (2) Ta (Mas., Neu.): (i) (Ta + si) = Traṁ (Nominative Singular)
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(ii) (Ta + am) = Traṁ (Accusative Singular) (3) Ja (Fem.) (1) (Ja+si) = Dhruṁ (Nominative Singular)
(ii) (Já + am) = Dhrum (Accusative Singular) (4) Tå (fem.): (i) (Tä+ si) - Traṁ (Nominative Singular)
(ii) (Tá + am) - Traṁ (Accusative Singular) Note: According to Hemacandra's Commentary there occurs ju in place of Nominative and Accusative Singular ja and jā. There occurs tań in place of Nominative and Accusative Singular ta and tā.
32. 564: 54: anita 4/361
Idamaḥ Imuḥ Klibe Idamaḥ (Idam) 5/1 Imuḥ (Imu) 1/1 Klibe (Kliba) 7/1 After idam im there occurs imu in Neuter. On having si (Nominative Singular) and am (Accusative Singular) after idam+ ima then both jointly becomes imu. Ima(Neu.): (i) (Idam-ima + si)- Imu (Nominative Singular)
(ii) (Idam-ima + am)- Imu (Accusative Singular)
3 3. TAG: Fait-y-amia TE VERTE 4/362
Etadah Stri-Pum-Klibe Eha Eho Ehu Etadaḥ Etataḥ (Etat) 5/1 [(Stri)- (Puṁ) + (Klība) 7/1] Eha (Eha) 1/1 Eho (Eho) 1/1 Ehu (Ehu) 1/1 In Feminine, Masculine and Neuter after etateta (Mas., Neu) eta (Fem.) then both jointly become eha, eho and ehu respectively. In Feminine, Masculine and Neuter if there are si (Nominative Singular) and am (Accusative Singular) after etat +eta (Mas., Neu.) età (Fem.) then both jointly become eha, eho and ehu respectively.
34
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(1) Eta(Mas.): (i) (Etat eta + si)- Eho (Nominative Singular)
(ii) (Etat teta+ am)- Eho (Accusative Singular) (2) Eta(Neu.): (i) (Etat eta + si)- Ehu (Nominative Singular)
(ii) (Etat teta+ am)- Ehu (Accusative Singular) (3) Eta(Fem.): (i) (Etā + si)- Eha (Nominative Singular)
(11) (Etă + am)- Eha (Accusative Singular)
34. Isoth-pret: 4/363
Eirjas-Śasoḥ Eirjas ((Eiḥ)+ (Jas)] - Śasoḥ Eiḥ (EI) 1/1 [ljas)- (Śas) 7/2). On having jas and śas there occur ei. In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine if there are jas (Nominative Plural) śas (Accusative Plural) after etat +eta (Mas., Neu.)
eta (Fem.) then both jointly become ei. (1) Eta(Mas.): (i) (Etat-eta + jas) = Ei (Nominative Plural)
(ii) (Etat eta+ sas) : Ei (Accusative Plural) (2) Eta(Neu.): (i) (Etat +eta + jas) = Ei (Nominative Plural).
(i) (Etat eta+ sas) = Ei (Accusative Plural) (3) Eta(Fem.): (i) (Eta + jas) = Ei (Nominative Plural)
(ii) (Etă + sas) = Ei (Accusative Plural)
35. 3464 BİTS 4/364
Adasa Oi Adasa Oi ((Adasaḥ)+ (Oi)] Adasaḥ (Adas) 5/1 Oi (Oi) 1/1 After adas+ada+amu there occur oi. In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine if there are jas (Nominative Plural) and śas (Accusative Plural) after adas+ada+amu' then both jointly become oi.
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Amu (Mas., Neu. and Fem.):
36. इदम आय:
36
1. Muḥ Syadau 3/88 Advanced Präkṛta Grammar (Part-1) Page No. 75
Idama Ayaḥ
[(Idamaḥ)+(Ayaḥ)]
(i) (Adas →amu + jas) = Oi (Nominative Plural) 4(ii) (Adas→amu+sas)= Oi (Accusative Plural)
37. सर्वस्य साहो वा
Idamaḥ (Idam) 6/1 Ayaḥ (Aya) 1/1
There occur aya (Mas., Neu.) and aya (Fem.) in place of idam →ima (Mas., Neu) and imå (Fem.).
4/365
In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine there occur ȧya (Mas., Neu.) and åyå (Fem.) in place of idam →ima (Mas., Neu.) and imă (Fem.).
Note: The declensional forms of Aya are according to a-ending Masculine and Neuter Pronoun Savva and of Aya are according to ȧ-ending Feminine Pronoun Savva (Kahā).

4/366
Sarvasya Saho Vå
Sarvasya [(Sahaḥ)+ (Vā)]
Sarvasya (Sarva) 6/1 Sahaḥ (Saha) 1/1 Va=. alternatively Alternatively, there occur saha (Mas., Neu.) and saha (Fem.) in place of sarva →savva (Mas., Neu) and savva (Fem.). In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine there occur saha(Mas., Neu.) and såha (Fem.) in place of sarva →savva (Mas., Neu) and savva (Fem.).
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Note: The declensional forms of Saha are according to aending Masculine and Neuter Pronoun Savva and of Sāhā are according to ā-ending Feminine Pronoun Savva (Kahā).
38. fan: anis-chauit at
Kimaḥ Käim-Kavaṇau Vā
Kimaḥ (Kim) 6/1 Kaim-Kavaṇau [(Kāiṁ)-(Kavaṇa) 1/2] Vă = alternatively
4/367
Alternatively,t here occur Kaim (Mas., Neu. and Fem.), Kavana (Mas., Neu.) and Kavana (Fem.) in place of kim →ka (Mas., Neu) and Kå (Fem.).
In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine there occur Kaim (Mas., Neu. and Fem.), Kavaṇa (Mas., Neu.) and Kavaņā (Fem.) in place of kim →ka (Mas., Neu) and Ka (Fem.).
Note: In all cases and Numbers käim is Kāim.
The declensional forms of Kavana are according to a-ending Masculine and Neuter Pronoun Savva and of kavaṇā are according to ã-ending Feminine Pronoun Savva (Kahā).
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39. युष्मदः सौ तुहुं Yuşmadaḥ Sau Tuhum
Yuşmadaḥ (Yuşmad) 5/1 Sau (Si) 7/1 Tuhum (Tuhum) 1/1
After yuşmad→tumha, if there occurs si, then both jointly become tuhuṁ.
40. जस - शसोस्तुम्हे तुम्हइं
38
In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there is si (suffix of Nominative Singular) after tumha, then both jointly become tuhum.
4/368.
Yuşmad→ Tumha (Mas., Neu., Fem.): (Tumha + si) = Tuhum
\
41. टा - यमा पई तई
Jasa-Sasostumhe Tumhaim Jas [(Śasoḥ) + (Tumhe)] Tumhaim [(Jas) - (Sas) 7/2]

(Nominative Singular)
4/369
(Tumhaim) 1/1
After yuşmad→tumha if there occur jas and sas then both jointly become tumhe and tumhaiṁ.
In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there are jas (suffix of Nominative Plural) and sas (suffix of Accusative Plural) after tumha, then both jointly become tumhe and tumhaim. Yuşmad→ Tumha (Mas., Neu., Fem.):
(Tumha+jas) = Tumhe and Tumhaim (Nominative Plural) (Tumha + śas) = Tumhe and Tumhaim (Accusative Plural)
Tumhe (Tumhe) 1/1 Tumhaim
4/370
Ta-Nyamȧ Paim Taim
Tà [(Ni) + (Amā)] Paim Taim
[(Ţă)-(Ni)-(Am) 3/1] Paim (Paim) 1/1 Taim (Taim) 1/1 After yuşmad→ tumha if there occur paim and taim then
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tumha alongwith ța. ni and am become paiṁ and tais, In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there are ţă (suffix of Instrumental Singular), ni (suffix of Locative Singular) and am (suffix of Accusative Singular) after tumha, then tumha alongwith ță, ni and am becomes paiṁ and taiṁ.
Tumha (Mas. , Neu. , Fem.): (i) (Tumha + tā) Paim and Taim (Instrumental Singular) (ii) (Tumha + ni)- Paim and Taim (Locative Singular) (iii) (Tumha + am)- Paim andTaim (Accusative Singular)
42. The
4/371 Bhisa Tumhehim Bhisa (Bhis)3/1Tumhehim (Tumhehiṁ) 1/1 After yuşmad + tumha if there occurs bhis then tumha alongwith bhis becomes tumhehim, In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there is bhi (suffix of Instrumental Plural) after tumha, then tumha alongwith bhis becomes tumhehim. Yuşmad → Tumha (Mas. , Neu. , Fem.): (Tumha + bhis) - Tumhehim
(Instrumental Plural)
43. 5f4-5F2 73 gust a
4/372 Nasi-Nasbhyam Tau Tujjha Tudhra Nasi [(Nasbhyām) + (Tau)] Tujjha Tudhra [(Nasi) = (Nas) 3/2) Tau (Tau)1/1Tujjha (Tujjha) 1/1 Tudhra (Tudhra) 1/1 After yuşmad + tumha if there occur nasi and nas then tumha alongwith nasi and nas become tau, tujjha and tudhra, In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there are nasi (suffix of Ablative Singular) and nas(suffix of Genitive Singular) after tumha, then tumha alongwith nasi and nas becomes tau, tujjha and tudhra.
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Yuşmad → Tumha (Mas. , Neu. , Fem.): (i) (Tumha + nasi) - Tau, Tujjha and Tudhra
(Ablative Singular) (ii) (Tumha + nas) - Tau, Tujjha and Tudhra
(Genitive Singular)
44. 92741 Izli qal 4/373
Bhyasambhyam Tumhaham ((Bhyas) + (Āmbhyām) + (Tumhahaṁ)] [(Bhyas) - (Am) 3/2] Tumhaham. (Tumhahaṁ)1/1 After yuşmad + tumha if there occur bhyas and am then tumha alongwith bhyas and am becomes tumhaham, In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there are bhyas (suffix of Ablative Plural) and am (suffix of Genitive Plural) after tumha, then tumha alongwith bhyas and am becomes tumhahaṁ.
Yuşmad → Tumha (Mas. , Neur, Fem.): (i) (Tumha + bhyas) - Tumhahaṁ (Ablative Plural) (ii) (Tumha + ám) - Tumhahaṁ (Genitive Plural)
45. gorge 441 4/374
Tumhásu Supa Tumhásu (Tumhāsu)1/1 Supá (Sup)3/1 After yuşmad → tumha if there occurs sup then tumha alongwith sup becomes tumhasu, In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there is sup (suffix of Locative Plural) after tumha, then tumha alongwith sup becomes tumhāsu. Yuşmad + Tumha (Mas., Neu. , Fem.): (Tumha + sup) - Tumhasu
(Locative Plural)
40
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46. HIQETES 4/375
Sävasmadohauṁ ((Sau) + (Asmadaḥ) + (Hauṁ)] Sau (Si) 7/1 Asmadaḥ (Asmad)5/1 Hauṁ (Haus) 1/1 After asmad +amha, if there occurs si, then both jointly become hauń. In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there is si (suffix of Nominative Singular) after amha, then both jointly become hauṁ. Asmad + Amha (Mas. , Neu. , Fem.): (Amha + si) - Hauṁ (Nominative Singular)
47. JIE PTARE 316$ 4/376 .
Jas-Sasoramhe Amhaim Jas ((Sasoḥ) + (Amhe)] Amhaim [(Jas) - (Śas) 7/2] Amhe (Amhe) 1/1 Amhaiṁ (Amhaiṁ)
1/1
After asmadamha if there occurjas and śas then both jointly become amhe and amhaiṁ. In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there are jas (suffix of Nominative Plural) and śas (suffix of Accusative Plural) after amha, then both jointly become amhe and amhaiṁ. Asmad + Amha (Mas., Neu., Fem.): (Amha+ jas) - Amhe and Amhaiṁ (Nominative Plural) (Amha + śas) = Amhe and Amhaiṁ (Accusative Plural)
48. 27-5414 45 4 /377
Tå-Nyama Maim Tå[(Ni) + (Ama)] Mair [(Ta)-(Ni)-(Am) 3/1] Maiṁ (Maiṁ)1/1 After asmad → amha if there occurs maiṁ then amha alongwith ţa. ni and am becomes maiṁ,
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In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there are ţă (suffix of Instrumental Singular), ni (suffix of Locative Singular) and am (suffix of Accusative Singular) after amha, then amha alongwith tå, ni and am becomes maim.
Amha (Mas. , Neu. , Fem.): (i) (Amha + tā) - Maiṁ (Instrumental Singular) (ii) (Amha + ni)Maim (Locative Singular) (iii) (Amha + am)- Maiṁ (Accusative Singular)
49. NE POSTATI 4/378
Amhehim Bhisa Amhehim (Amhehiṁ) 1/1 Bhisa (Bhis)3/1 After asmad amha if there occurs bhis then amha alongwith bhis becomes amhehim, In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there is bhis(suffix of Instrumental Plural) after amha, then amha alongwith bhis becomes amhehiń. Asmad + Amha (Mas. , Neu. , Fem.): (Amha + bhis) - Amhehiṁ (Instrumental Plural)
50. HE HUS:f4-5442114 4/379
Mahu Majjhu Nasi-Nasbhyam Mahu (Mahu) 1/1 Majjhu (Majjhu) 1/1[(Nasi)-(Nas) 3/2] After asmad+amha if there occur nasi and nas then amha alongwith nasi and nas becomes mahu and majjhu, In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there is nasi (suffix of Ablative Singular) and nas (suffix of Genitive Singular) after amha, then amḥa alongwith nasi and nas becomes mahu and majjhu.
Asmad Amha (Mas. , Neu. , Fem.): (i) (Amha + nasi) - Mahu and Majjhu
(Ablative Singular)
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(ii) (Amha + nas) - Mahu and Majjhu
(Genitive Singular)
51. 3173 274114214
4/380 Amhaham Bhyasambhyam Amhaham [(Bhyas) + (Āmbhyām)] Amhaham (Amhahaṁ)1/1[(Bhyas) - (Ām) 3/2) After asmadamha if there occur bhyas and am then amha (alongwith bhyas andăm becomes amhahaṁ). In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there are bhyas (suffix of Ablative Plural) and am (suffix of Genitive Plural) after amha, then amha alongwith bhyas and am becomes amhahań.
Asmad + Amha (Mas. , Neu. , Fem.): (i) (Amha + bhyas) - Amhahar (Ablative Plural) (ii) (Amha + am) = Amhaham
(Genitive Plural)
5 2. 31414 4/381
Supă Amhasu Amhasu (Amhásu) 1/1 Supå (Sup)3/1 After asmad amha if there occurs sup then amha (alongwith sup becomes amhásu), In Masculine, Neuter and Feminine when there is sup (suffix of Locative Plural) after amha, then amha alongwith sup becomes amhāsu. Asmad → Amha (Mas. , Neu., Fem.): (Amha + sup) = Amhasu
(Locative Plural)
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Appendix 1 Declensional Forms A. Declensional Forms of Nouns B. Declensional Forms of Pronouns

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(A) Declensional Forms of Nouns a-ending Noun Masculine (Deva) (god)
Nominative case
Singular Deva, Deva, Devu, Devo (4/331, 4/332, 4/344,4/330)
Plural Deva, Deva (4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Deva, Devă, Devu (4/331, 4/344, 4/330)
Deva, Deva (4/331, 4/330, 4/344)
Instrumental case
Deveņa, Devenar, Devem (4/333, 4/342, 1/27)
Devahim, Devähim, Devehim (4/335, 4/347)
Dative and Genitive case
Deva, Deva, Devasu, Devāsu Devaho, Devaho, Devassu (4/338,4/330, 4/345)
Deva, Devā, Devaham, Devāham (4/339, 4330, 4/345)
Ablative case
Devahe, Devähe, Devahu, Devāhu (4/336, 4/330)
Devahum, Devāhum (4/337, 4/330)
Locative case
· Dėvi, Deve
(4/334)
Devahim, Devähim (4/347, 4/330)
Vocative case
Deva, Deva, Devu, Devo (4/331,4/332, 47344, 4/330)
Deva, Deva, Devāho, Devaho, (4/330,4/346, 4/344)
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i-ending Noun Masculine (Hari) (Name of a deity)
Nominative case
Singular Hari, Hari (4/344, 4/330)
Plural Hari, Hari (4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Hari, Hari (4/344, 4/330)
Hari, Hari .(4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Haries, Harier, Harim, Harihim, Harihim Hariṁ, Hariņa, Hariņa, (4/347, 4/330) Harinar, Harinań (4/343, 4/330, 1/27)
Dative and Genitive case
Hari, Hari (4/345, 4/330)
Hari, Hari, Harihus, Harihum, Hariham, Hariham (4/340, 4/345, 4/330)
Ablative case
Harihe, Harihe (4/341, 47330)
Harihum, Harihum (4/341, 4/330)
Locative case
Harihi, Harihi (4/341, 4/330)
Harihim, Harihim, Harihum, Harihuí (4/347, 4/330 4/340)
Vocative case
Hari, Hari (4/344, 4/330)
Hari, Hari, Hariho, Hariho (4/346,4/330, 4/344)
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i-ending Noun Masculine (Gamaņi) (Headman of village) Singular
Plural Nominative case Gamani, Gamani Gāmaņi, Gamaņi
(4/344, 4/330) (4/344, 4/330) Accusative case Gamani, Gamani
Gamani, Gāmaņi (4/344, 4/330) (4/344, 4/330) Instrumental case Gamaniem, Gámanier, Gamanihim,
Gamaņiṁ, Gåmaņiń, Gāmaņihim Gamaniņa, Gámaņiņa (4/347, 4/330) Gamaniņam, Gamaniņam (4/343, 4/330,
1/27) Dative Gamani, Gamani
Gamani, Gamani, and
(4/345,4/330) Gamanihum, Genitive case
Gámanihum, Gamanihaṁ, Gamanihan (4/340, 4/345,
4/330) Ablative case
Gamanihe, Gamanihe Gamanihum, . (4/341, 4/330) Gamaņihum
(4/341, 4/330) Locative case
Gāmaņihi, Gámaņihi Gāmaņihim, (4/341, 4/330) Gāmaņihim,
Gámanihum, Gamanihur (4/347, 4/330,
4/340) Vocative case Gámaņi, Gámaņi Gamani, Gamani (4/344, 4/330) Gamaniho,
Gamaniho (4/346,4/330,
4/344)
Advanced Apabhraíša Grammar (Part-I)
47

Page #63

u-ending Noun Masculine (Sähu) (Saint) Singular
Plural Nominative case Sáhu, Sāhū
Sähu, Sāhū (4/344, 4/330) (4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Sáhu, Sähù (4/344, 4/330)
Sāhu, Sähù .(4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Sähueṁ, Sähüeń, Sähuhim, Sähühiń Sähuṁ, Sähús, Sähuņa, (4/347, 4/330) Sāhūņa, Sähuņam, Sahūnam, (4/343, 4/330, 1/27)
Dative
Sáhu, Sähú (4/345, 4/330)
and
Genitive case
Sáhu, Sähú Sähuhuṁ, Sähūhum Såhuhaṁ, Såhühař (4/340, 4/345, 4/330)
Ablative case
Sahuhe, Sähuhe (4/341, 4/330)
Sahuhum, Sähūhum (4/341, 4/330)
Locative case
Sahuhi, Sähūhi (4/341, 4/330)
Såhuhim, Sähūhim Sahuhum, Sähuhuń (4/347, 4/330, 4/340)
Vocative case
Sähu, Sähú (4/330, 4/344)
Sähu, Sähú Såhuho, Sāhūho (4/346,4/330, 4/344)
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ů-ending Noun Masculine (Sayambhu) (Self-made person)
NoMinative case
Accusative case
InstruMental case
Dative and Genitive case
Singular
Plural Sayambhū, Sayambhu Sayambhů, (4/344, 4/330) Sayambhu
(4/344, 4/330) Sayambhú, Sayambhu Sayambhú, (4/344, 4/330) Sayambhu
(4/344, 4/330) Sayambhuem,
Sayaṁbhühim, Sayambhueạ,
Sayambhuhim Sayambhus
(4/347, 4/330) Sayambhuí, Sayambhūņa Sayambhuna, Sayambhunam Sayambhuņam (4/343, 4/330, 1/27) Sayambhú, Sayambhu Sayambhú, (4/345, 4/330) Sayambhu
Sayambhūhum, Sayambhuhuí Sayambhūham, Sayambhuham (4/340, 4/345,
4/330) Sayambhūhe,
Sayambhuhus, Sayambhuhe
Sayambhuhur (4/341, 4/330) (4/341, 4/330) Sayambhūhi,
Sayaṁbhūhim, Sayambhuhi
Sayambhuhim (4/341, 4/330) Sayambhūhūr,
Sayambhuhur (4/347, 4/330,
4/340) Sayambhú, Sayambhu Sayaṁbhů, Sayambhu (4/330, 4/344) Sayambhuho,
Sayambhuho (4/346,4/330, 4/344)
Ablative case
Locative case
Vocative case
Advanced Apabhramsa Grammar (Part-I)
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Page #65

a-ending Neuter 1 (Kamala) (Lotus) Singular
Plural Nominative case Kamala, Kamala, Kamala, Kamalā Kamalu
Kamalaiń, Kamalaim (4/344, 4/330, (4/33.0, 4/353, 4/331)
4/344) Accusative case Kamala, Kamala,
Kamala, Kamala Kamalu
Kamalaiṁ, Kamaläim (4/331, 4/330, (4/330, 47353, 4/344)
4/344) Instrumental case Kamalem, Kamalena, Kamalahim,
Kamalena
. Kamalāhim, (4/333,4/342, Kamalehim 1/27)
(4/335, 4/347) Dative
Kamala, Kamala Kamala, Kamalā and
Kamalaho, Kamalāho Kamalahim, Kamalähim Genitive case
Kamalasu, Kamalasu, (4/339, 4/330, Kamalassu
4/345) (4/338, 4/330,
4/345) Ablative case
Kamalahe, Kamalahe Kamalahum, Kamalahu, Kamalahu Kamalahum
(4/336, 4/330) (4/337, 4/330) Locative case Kamali, Kamale
Kamalahim, (4/334)
Kamalähim
(4/347, 4/330) Vocative case Kamala, Kamala,
Kamala, Kamala Kamalu
Kamalaim, Kamalaiń (4/331, 4/330, Kamalaho, Kamalaho 4/344)
(4/346,47330 4/344)
1.
In the a-ending Neuter Gender, when the end- syllable is 'a', 'u'suffix becomes 'um' in the Nominative and Accusative cases, singular number as, Acchia-Acchium. (Neuter Nominative and Accusative case singular number)
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i-ending Neuter (Vári) (Water)
Nominative case
Accusative case
Instrumental case
Dative
Singular
Plural Vári, Väri
Väri, Vári, Väriim, (4/344, 4/330) Vāriis
(4/344, 4/330,
4/353) Vari, Vari
Väri, Väri, Väriim, (4/344, 4/330) Väriim
(4/344, 4/330,
4/353 ) Varim, Vārim, Variem, Varihim, Várihim Vāriem, Väriņa, Väriņa, (4/347, 4/330) Vāriņań, Vāriņam (4/343, 1/27, 4/330) Väri, Väri
Vári, Vari (4/345, 4/330) Värihum, Värihum
Varihar, Väriham (4/340, 4/345,
4/330) Värihe, Vārihe
Värihum, Värihum (4/341, 4/330) (4/341, 4/330) Vārihi, Vārihi
Värihim, Varihim (4/341, 4/330) Värihum, Värihum
(4/347, 4/340,
4/330) Väri, Väri
Vāri, Väri, Väriim, (4/330,4/344) Vārim, Väriho, Väriho
(4/346, 4/330, 4/344, 4/353)
and
Genitive case
Ablative case
Locative case
Vocative case
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-I)
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Page #67

u-ending Neuter (Mahu) (Honey) Singular
Plural Nominative case Mahu, Mahů
Mahu, Mahú, (4/344, 4/330) Mahuim, Mahuim
(4/344, 4/330,
4/353) Accusative case Mahu, Mahů
Mahu, Mahū, (4/344, 4/330) Mahuií, Mahūim
(4/344, 4/330,
4/353) Instrumental case Mahuṁ, Mahūm, . Mahuhim, Mahūhim
Mahuem, Mahues, (4/347, 4/330) Mahuna, Mahūna, Mahunam, Mahūņam (4/343, 4/330,
1/27) Dative Mahu, Mahů
Mahu, Mahů . and
(4/345, 4/330) Mahuhur, Mahūhuń Genitive case
Mahuham, Mahūham (4/340, 4/345,
4/330) Ablative case
Mahuhe, Mahuhe Mahuhum, Mahuhum
(4/341, 4/330) (4/341, 4/330) Locative case
Mahuhi, Mahūhi Mahuhim, Mahůhim (4/341, 4/330) Mahuhum, Mahūhum
(4/340, 4/347,
4/330) Vocative case Mahu, Mahů
Mahu, Mahů (4/330, 4/344) Mahuim, Mahuim
Mahuho, Mahūho (4/346, 4/330, 4/344, 4/353)
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å-ending Feminine (Kahå) (Story) Singular
Plural Nominative case Kaha, Kaha
Kaha, Kaha (4/344,4/330)
Kahāu, Kahau Kahão, Kahao (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Kaha, Kaha (4/344, 4/330)
Kaha, Kaha, Kahāu, Kahau Kahảo, Kahao (4/348, 4/344, 4/330) Kahāhim, Kahahim (4/347, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Kahae, Kahae (4/349, 4/330)
Dative
and
Kaha, Kaha Kahāhe, Kahahe (4/350, 4/345 4/330).
Kaha, Kaha Kahāhu, Kahahu (4/351, 4/345, 4/330)
Genitive case
Ablative case
Kaháhe, Kahahe (4/350, 4/330)
Kahāhu, Kahahu (4/351, 4/330)
Locative case
Kahāhim, Kahahiń (4/352, 4/330)
Kahāhim, Kahahim (4/347, 4/330)
Vocative case
Kahā, Kaha (4/330, 4/344)
Kahā, Kaha, Kahau, Kahau, Kahảo, Kahao, Kaháho, Kahaho (4/346, 4/330, 4/348)
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-1)
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Page #69

i-ending Feminine (Mai) (Understanding) Singular
Plural Nominative case Mai, Mai
Mai, Mai, Maiu (4/344,4/330)
Maiu, Maio, Maio (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Mai, Mai (4/344, 4/330)
Mai, Mai, Maiu Maiu, Maio, Maio (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Maie, Maie (4/349, 4/330)
Maihim, Maihim (4/347,4/330)
Dative and Genitive case
Mai, Mai Maihe, Maihe (4/350, 4/345 4/330)
Mai, Mai Maihu, Maihu (4/351, 4/345, 4/330)
Ablative case
Maihe, Maihe (4/350, 4/330)
Maihu, Maihu. (4/351, 4/330)
Locative case
Maihim, Maihim (4/352, 4/330)
Maihiṁ, Maihim (4/347, 4/330)
Vocative case
Mai, Mai (4/330, 41 344)
Mai, Mai, Maiu, Maiu, Maio, Maio, Maiho, Maiho (4/346, 4/330, 4/348)
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i-ending Feminine (Lacchi) (Wealth) Singular
Plural Nominative case Lacchi, Lacchi
Lacchi, Lacchi, (4/344,4/330)
Lacchiu, Lacchiu, Lacchio, Lacchio (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Lacchi, Lacchi (4/344, 4/330)
Lacchi, Lacchi, Lacchiu, Lacchiu, Lacchio, Lacchio (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Lacchie, Lacchie (4/349, 4/330)
Lacchihim, Lacchihim (4/347, 4/330)
Dative and Genitive case
Lacchi, Lacchi Lacchihe, Lacchihe (4/350, 4/345 4/330)
Lacchi, Lacchi Lacchihu, Lacchihu (4/351, 4/345, 4/330)
Ablative case
Lacchihe, Lacchine (4/350, 4/330)
Lacchihu, Lacchihu (4/351, 4/330) Lacchio, Lacchio,
Locative case
Lacchihim, Lacchihim (4/352, 4/330)
Lacchihiṁ, Lacchihim (4/347, 4/330)
Vocative case
Lacchi, Lacchi (4/330, 4/344)
Lacchi, Lacchi, Lacchiu, Lacchiu Lacchio, Lacchio Lacchiho, Lacchiho (4/346, 4/330, 4/348 )
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-1)
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Page #71

ů-ending Feminine (Dheņu) (Cow) Singular
Plural Nominative case Dheņu, Dheņu
Dhenu, Dhenú, (4/344,4/330) Dheņuu, DhenŪu,
Dhenuo, Dhenuo (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Dheņu, Dhenú (4/344, 4/330)
.
Dheņu, Dheņu, Dheņuu; Dheņuu, Dhenuo, Dhenuo (41348, 4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Dhenue, Dhenue (4/349, 4/330)
Dhenuhis, Dhenühim (4/347, 4/330)
Dative and Genitive case
Dhenu, Dhenü Dhenuhe, Dhenühe (4/350, 4/345 4/330)
Dheņu, Dheņu Dheņuhu, Dhenuhu (4/351, 4/345, 4/330)
Ablative case
Dhenuhe, Dheņuhe (4/350, 4/330)
Dhenuhu, Dhenuhu (4/351, 4/330)
Locative case
Dhenuhim, Dhenühim (4/352, 4/330)
Dhenuhim, Dhenühim (4/347, 4/330)
Vocative case
Dheņu, Dhenü (4/344, 4/330)
Dhenu, Dhenů, Dheņuu, Dhenüu, Dhenuo, Dhenuo, Dhenuho, Dhenuho (4/346, 4/330, 4/348)
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ů-ending Feminine (Bahu) (Daughter-in-law) Singular
Plural Nominative case Bahū, Bahu
Bahú, Bahu, Bahữu, (4/344,4/330)
Bahuu, Bahuo, Bahuo (4/348, 4/344, 4/330).
Accusative case
Bahú, Bahu (4/344, 4/330)
Bahů, Bahu, Bahuu, Bahuu, Bahuo, Bahuo (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Bahūe, Bahue (4/349, 4/330)
Bahühim, Bahuhim (4/347, 4/330)
Dative
and
Bahů, Bahu Bahūhe, Bahuhe (4/350, 4/345 4/330)
Bahú, Bahu Bahuhu, Bahuhu (4/351, 4/345, 4/330)
Genitive case
Ablative case
Bahuhe, Bahuhe (4/350, 4/330)
Bahuhu, Bahuhu (4/351, 4/330)
Locative case
Bahūhim, Bahuhim (4/352, 4/330)
Bahūhis, Bahuhim (4/347, 4/330).
Vocative case
Bahú, Bahu . (4/344, 4/330)
Bahú, Bahu, Bahuu, Bahuu, Bahuo, Bahuo, Bahūho, Bahuho (4/346, 4/330, 4/348)
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-I)
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Page #73

Nominative case
Accusative case
Instrumental case
Dative
and
Genitive case
Ablative case
Locative case
(B) Declensional forms of Pronouns Masculine-Savva (All)
58

Singular
Savva, Savvā,
Savvu, Savvo
(4/331, 4/332,
4/344, 4/330)
Savva, Savvä, Savvu
(4/331, 4/344
4/330)
Savvem, Savveṇa,
Savveṇam
(4/333, 4/342,
1/27)
Savva, Savvȧ
Savvasu, Savvāsu
Savvaho, Savvähe,
Savvassu
(4/338, 4/330,
4/345)
Savvahām, Savvähäm
(4/355, 4/330)
Savvahim, Savvähim
(4/357, 4/330)
Plural
Savva, Savvȧ (4/344, 4/330)
Savva, Savvä (4/344, 4/330)
Savvahim,
Savvähim, Savvehim
(4/335, 4/347)
Savva, Savvä
Savvaham, Savvāhaṁ
(4/345, 4/330,
4/339)
Savvahum, Savvāhum (4/337, 4/330)
Savvahim, Savvȧhim (4/347, 4/330)
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Nominative case
Neuter-Savval (All) Singular Savva, Savva, Savvu (4/331, 4/330, 4/344)
Plural Savva, Savva Savvaim, Savvaim (4/344, 4/353, 4/330)
Accusative case
Savva, Savvā, Savvu (4/331,4/330, 4/344)
Savva, Savva Savvaim, Savväim (4/344, 4/353, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Savver, Savvena, Savvenam (4/333, 4/342, 1/27)
Savahim, Savvähim Savvehim (4/335, 4/347)
Dative and Genitive case
Savva, Savvā Savvasu, Savvāsu Savvaho, Savväho, Savvassu (4/338,4/330, 4/345)
Savva, Savvá Savvaham, Savváham (4/339,4/330, 4/345)
Ablative case
Savvaham, Savvāhāṁ (4/355,4/330)
Savvahum, Savvāhum (4/337, 4/330)
Locative case
Savvahim, Savvähim (4/357, 4/330)
Savvahim, Savvähim (4/347, 4/330)
1.
The declension of 'Savva' in the Masculine and the Neuter Gender, except its declension in the Ablative and the Locative case singular, will take place like the Masculine 'Deva' and the Neuter'Kamala' respectively.
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Feminine - Savva (AU) Singular Savvā, Savva (4/344, 4/330)
Nominative case
Plural Savvá, Savva, Savvau, Sayvau, Savvão, Savvao (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
· Accusative case
Savva, Savva (4/344, 4/330)
Savva, Savva, Savvău, Savvau, Savvão, Savvao (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Savvāe, Savvae (4/349, 4/330)
Savvähiń, Savvahim (4/347, 4/330)
Dative
and
Savva, Savva Savvähe, Savvahe (4/350, 4/345 4/330)
Savva, Savva, Savváhu, Savvahu (4/351, 4/345 4/330)
Genitive case
Ablative case
Savvähe, Savvahe (4/350, 4/330)
Savváhu, Savvahu (4/351, 4/330)
Locative case
Savvähim, Savvahim (4/352, 4/330)
Savvähim, Savvahim (4/347, 4/330)
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Nominative case
Masculine - Tal (He) Singular Sa, Să, Su, So, Tram, Tam (4/331, 4/332, 4/344, 4/330 4/360)
Plural Ta, Ta (4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Tram, Tam (4/360)
Ta, Tā (4/330,4/344)
Instrumental case
Tem, Teņa, Tenań (4/333, 4/342, 1/27)
Tahim, Tähim, Tehim (4/335, 4/347)
Dative
and Genitive case
Та, Та Tasu, Tasu Taho; Tāho, Tassu (4/338, 4/330, 4/345, 4/358)
Та, Та Taham, Taham (4/339, 4/330, 4/345)
Ablative case
Tahāṁ, Tāhāṁ (4/355, 4/330)
Tahuń, Tāhum : (4/337, 4/330)
Locative case
Tahim, Tahir (4/357, 4/330)
Tahim, Tahim (4/347, 4/330)
1. The declension of Masculine 'Ta' is according to the Masculine 'Savva'
except its declension in the Nominative Singular, Accusative Singular and Genitive Singular.
Advanced Apabhraíśa Grammar (Part-1)
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Page #77

Nominative case
Accusative case
Instrumental case
Dative
and
Genitive case
Ablative case
Locative case
62

Neuter Ta (That)
Singular
Tram, Tam
(4/360)
Tram, Tam (4/360)
Tem, Tena, Tenam
(4/333, 4/342,
1/27)
Ta, Tä
Tasu, Tāsu
Taho, Taho, Tassu
(4/358, 4/338,
4/330,4/345)
Tahām, Tähäṁ
(4/355, 4/330)
Tahim, Tahim (4/357, 4/330)
Plural
Ta, Ta, Taim, Taim
(4/330, 4/353,
4/344)
Ta, Ta, Taim, Taim
(4/330, 4/353,
4/344)
Tahim, Tahim, Tehim
(4/335, 4/347)
Ta, Tä
Taham, Täham
(4/345, 4/330)
Tahum, Tähum
(4/337, 4/330)
Tahim, Tähim
(4/347, 4/330)
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Feminine · Tá (She)
Nominative case
Singular Traṁ, Tań, Sa, Sa (4/360, 4/344, 4/330)
Plural Ta, Ta, Tau, Tau, Tão, Tao (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Traṁ, Tam (4/360)
Ta, Ta, Tau, Tau, Tão, Tao (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Tãe, Tae (4/349, 4/330)
Tahim, Tahim (4/347, 4/330)
Dative
and
Та, Та Tähe; Tahe (4/359, 4/330,
Та, Та Tāhu, Tahu (4/351, 4/345, 4/330)
Genitive case
4/345)
Ablative case
Tähe, Tahe (4/350, 4/330)
Tahu, Tahu (4/351, 4/330)
Locative case
Tähim, Tahim (4/352, 4/330)
Tähim, Tahim (4/347, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhraíša Grammar (Part-1)
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Page #79

Masculine - Ja (who)
Nominative case
Singular Dhruń, Ju, Ja, Jā, Jo (4/360, 4/331, 4/332, 4/344, 4/330)
Plural : Ja, Jā (4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Dhruń, Ju, Ja, Já (4/360, 4/331, 4/344, 4/330)
Ja, Ja (4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Jem, Jeņa, Jenam (4/333, 4/342, 1/27)
Jahim, Jāhiṁ, Jehir (4/335, 4/347)
Dative
and Genitive case
Ja, ja Jasu, Jāsu, Jaho, Jáho, Jassu (4/358, 4/345, 4/330)
Ja, Ja Jaham, Jāham (4/345, 4/330, 4/339)
Ablative case
Jahāṁ, Jāham (4/355, 4/330)
Jahur, Jahum (4/337, 4/330)
Locative case
Jahim, Jāhim (4/357, 4/330)
Jahim, Jahim (4/347, 4/330)
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Nominative case
Accusative case
Instrumental case
Dative
and
Genitive case
Ablative case
Locative case
Neuter Ja (which)

Singular
Dhrum, Ju
(4/360)
Dhrum, Ju
(4/360)
Jem, Jena, Jenam
(4/333, 4/342,
1/27)
Ja, Jä
Jasu, Jāsu,
Jaho, Jäho
Jassu
(4/358, 4/345,
4/330)
Jaham, Jähāṁ
(4/355, 4/330)
Jahim, Jähim
(4/357, 4/330)
Advanced Apabḥramsa Grammar (Part-I)
Plural
Ja, Jā, Jaim, Jaim
(4/353, 4/344,
4/330)
Ja, Jā, Jaim, Jäim
(4/353, 4/344,
4/330)
Jahim, Jähim, Jehim
(4/335, 4/347)
Ja, Jä
Jaham, Jäham
(4/345, 4/330)
Jahum, Jähum
(4/337, 4/330)
Jahim, Jähim (4/347, 4/330)
65

Page #81

Nominative case
Accusative case
Instrumental case
Dative
and
Genitive case
Ablative case
Locative case
66

Feminine Ja (which)
Singular
Dhrum, Ju
(4/360)
Dhrum, Ju
(4/360)
Jãe, Jae
(4/349, 4/330)
Já, Ja
Jähe, Jahe
(4/359, 4/345,
4/350, 4/330)
Jähe, Jahe
(4/350, 4/330)
Jähim, Jahim (4/352, 4/330)
Plural
Jā, Ja, Jāu,
Jau, Jão, Jao
(4/348, 4/344,
4/330)
Jā, Ja, Jāu,
Jau, Jáo, Jao
(4/348, 4/344,
4/330)
Jähim, Jahim (4/347, 4/330)
Ja, Ja, Jähu, Jahu
(4/351, 4/345 4/330)
Jähu, Jahu
(4/351, 4/330)
Jähim, Jahim (4/347, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhraṁśa Grammar (Part-1)

Page #82

Nominative case
Accusative case
Instrumental case
Dative
and
Genitive case
Ablative case
Locative case
Masculine - Ka (who)

Singular
Ka, Kā, Ku, Ko
(4/331, 4/332
4/344, 4/330)
Ka, Kā, Ku
(4/331, 4/344
4/330)
Kem, Kena, Kenam
(4/333, 4/342,
1/27)
Ka, Kå
Kasu, Kāsu,
Kaho, Kāho
Kassu
(4/358, 4/345,
4/330)
Kaham, Kāhām, Kihe
(4/355, 4/356,
4/330)
Kahim, Kähim
(4/357, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhramsa Grammar (Part-1)
Plural
Ka, Kå
(4/344, 4/330)
Ka, Kå
(4/344, 4/330)
Kahim, Kähim,
Kehim
(4/335, 4/347)
Ka, Kä
Kaham, Kähaṁ
(4/345, 4/330,
4/339)
Kahum, Kähum
(4/337, 4/330)
Kahim, Kähim (4/347, 4/330)
67

Page #83

Nominative case
Neuter - Ka (who). Singular Ka, Ka, Ku (4/331, 4/344, 4/330)
Plural Ka, Kä, Kaiṁ, Käim (4/353, 4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Ka, Ka, Ku (4/331, 4/344, 4/330)
Ka, Kä, Kaiṁ, Kāim (4/353, 4/344, 4/330).
Instrumental case
Kem, Kena, Kenań (4/333, 4/342, 1/27)
Kahim, Káhim, Kehis (4/335, 4/347)
Dative
and Genitive case
Ka, Kä Kasu, Käsu Kaho, Käho, Kassu (4/358, 4/345, 4/330)
Ka, Kai Kaham, Kāhaṁ (4/345, 4/330)
Ablative case
Kahāṁ, Kaham, Kihe (4/355, 4/330 4/356)
Kahum, Kahum (4/337, 4/330)
Locative case
Kahim, Kähim (4/357, 4/330)
Kahiń, Kähim (4/347, 4/330)
68
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-1)

Page #84

Feminine. Ka (who)
Nominative case
Singular Ka, ka (4/344, 4/330)
Plural Ka, Ka, Kau, Kau Као, Као (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Ka, Ka (4/344, 4/330)
Ka, Ka, Kau, Kau Као, Као (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Käe, Kae (4/349, 4/330)
Kahim, Kahim (4/347, 4/330)
Dative
and
Kå, Ka Kähe: Kahe (4/359,4/345, 4/350,4/330)
Ka, Ka Kähu, Kahu (4/351, 4/345, 4/330)
Genitive case
Ablative case
Kähe, Kahe (4/350, 4/330)
Kāhu, Kahu (4/351, 4/330)
Locative case
Kāhim, Kahim (4/352, 4/330)
Kāhim, Kahim (4/347, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-1)
69

Page #85

Masculine • Eta (This)
Plural
Nominative case
Singular Eho (4/362)
Ei
(4/363)
Accusative case
Eho
Ei (4/363)
(4/362)
.
Instrumental case
Eteṁ, Eteņa, Eteņaṁ (4/333, 4/342,
:
Etahiṁ, Etähiń, Etehim (4/335, 4/347)
1/27).
Dative
Eta, Età
and
Eta, Età Etahaṁ, Etäham (4/345, 4/330, 4/339)
Etasu, Etásu, Etaho, Etäho, Etassu (4/338, 4/345, 4/330)
Genitive case
Ablative case
Etaham, Etaham (4/355, 4/330)
Etahuṁ, Etähuń (4/337, 4/330)
Locative case
Etahim, Etahim (4/357, 4/330)
Etahim, Etahim (4/347, 4/330)
70
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-I)

Page #86

Neuter - Eta (This)
Singular
Plural
Nominative case
Ei
Ehu (4/362)
(4/363)
Accusative case
Ei
Ehu (4/362)
(4/363)
Instrumental case
Etahim, Etāhim,
Etes, Eteņa, Eteņam (4/333, 4/342, 1/27)
Etehim (4/335, 4/347)
Dative
Eta, Eta
and
Eta, Età Etaham, Etaham (4/345, 4/330, 4/339)
Etasu, Etasu Etaho, Etaho, Etassu (4/338, 4/345, 4/330)
Genitive case
Ablative case
Etahāṁ, Etăhăm (4/355, 4/330)
Etahum, Etähūí (4/337, 4/330)
Locative case
Etahim, Etähim (4/357, 4/330)
Etahim, Etahim (4/347, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-I)
71
.

Page #87

Feminine • Eta (This)
Nominative case
Singular Eha (4/362)
Plural Ei (4/363)
Accusative case
Eha
Ei
(4/362)
. (4/363)
Instrumental case
Etae, Etae (4/349, 4/330)
Etähim, Etahir (4/347, 4/330).
Dative
and
Eta, Eta Etähe, Etahe (4/350, 4/345, 4/330)
Eta, Eta Etahu, Etahu (4/351, 4/345, 4/330) :
Genitive case
Ablative case
Etähe, Etahe , (4/350, 4/330)
Etahu, Etahu (4/351, 4/330)
Locative case
Etahim, Etahim (4/352, 4/330)
Etähim, Etahim . (4/347, 4/330)
72
Advanced Apabhrarśa Grammar (Part-1)

Page #88

Masculine •Ima (This)
Plural
Nominative case
Ima, Ima (4/344, 4/330)
Singular Ima, Imā, Imu, Imo (4/331, 4/332, 4/344, 4/330) Ima, Imă, Imu (4/331, 4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Ima, Ima (4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Imeň, Imeņa, Imenań (4/333, 4/342, 1/27)
Imahim, Imāhiń, Imehim (4/335, 4/347)
Dative
and
Ima, Imá Imasu, Imásu Imaho, Imáho, Imassu (4/338, 4/330, 4/345)
Ima, Ima Imaham, Imáham (4/345, 4/330, 4/339)
Genitive case
Ablative case
Imahám, Imáhám (4/355, 4/330)
Imahum, Imáhuí (4/337, 4/330)
Locative case
Imahim, Imáhim (4/357, 4/330)
Imahim, Imāhir (4/347, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhramsa Grammar (Part-1)
73
.

Page #89

Neuter . Ima (This)
Singuar
Nominative case
Imu
(4/361)
Plural Ima, Imă, Imaiṁ, Imáis (4/353, 4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Imu
(4/361)
Ima, Imă, Imais, Imáiṁ . (4/353, 4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Imer, Imena, Imenam (4/333, 4/342,
Imahim, Imahim Imehiṁ (4/335, 41347)
1/27)
Dative
and Genitive case
· Imăsu
Ima, Ima Imasu, Imásu Imaho, Imáho, Imassu (4/338, 4/330, 4/345)
Ima, Ima Imahaṁ, Imáham (4/345, 4/330, 4/339)
Ablative case
Imahāṁ, Imáhám (4/355, 4/330)
Imahuṁ, Imähum (4/337, 4/330)
Locative case
Imahiṁ, Imähim (4/357, 4/330)
Imahiṁ, Imähim (4/347, 4/330)
74
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-1)

Page #90

Nominative case
Accusative case
Instrumental case
Dative
and
Genitive case
Ablative case
Locative case
Feminine -Imȧ (This)

Singular
Imå, Ima
(4/344, 4/330)
Imå, Ima
(4/344, 4/330)
Imãe, Imae
(4/349, 4/330)
Imă, Ima
Imähe, Imahe
(4/350, 4/345,
4/330)
Imahe, Imahe
(4/350, 4/330)
Imähim, Imahim (4/352, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhramsa Grammar (Part-])
Plural
Imå, Ima, Imău,
Imau, Imão, Imao
(4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Imā, Ima, Imāu,
Imau, Imão, Imao
(4/348, 4/344,
4/330)
Imähim, Imahim
(4/347, 4/330)
Imå, Ima
Imāhu, Imahu
(4/351, 4/345,
4/330)
Imahu, Imahu
(4/351, 4/330)
Imähim, Imahim
(4/347, 4/330)
75

Page #91

Nominative case
Accusative case
Instrumental case
Dative
and
Genitive case
Ablative case
Locative case
76

Masculine - Aya (This)
Singular
Aya, Aya, Ayu, Ayo
(4/331, 4/332,
4/344, 4/330)
Aya, Aya, Ayu
(4/331, 4/344
4/330)
Ayem, Ayeṇa,
Ayeṇam
(4/333, 4/342,
1/27)
Aya, Aya Ayasu, Ayāsu
Ayaho, Ayaho
Ayassu
(4/338, 4/330,
4/345)
Ayaham, Ayāhām
(4/355, 4/330)
Ayahim, Ayahim (4/357, 4/330)
Plural
Aya, Aya
(4/344, 4/330)
Aya, Aya
(4/344, 4/330)
Ayahim, Ayähim
Ayehim
(4/335, 4/347)
Āyā, Āyā
Āyaham, Ayäham
(4/345, 4/330,
4/339)
Āyahum, Ayahum
(4/337, 4/330)
Ayahim, Ayahim
(4/347, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhramsa Grammar (Part-1)

Page #92

Neuter • Aya (This)
Nominative case
Singular Ăya, Aya Āyu (4/331, 4/330, 4/344)
Plural Āya, Aya Ayaim, Ayāim (4/344, 4/353, 4/330)
Accusative case
Aya, Āya Ayu (4/331, 4/330, 4/344)
Āya, Aya Āyais, Āyāim (4/344, 4/353 4/330)
Instrumental case
Ayer Ayeņa, Ayenam (4/333, 4/342, 1/27)
Ayahiṁ Ayahim, Ayehim (4/335, 4/347)
Dative
and
Aya, Aya Āyasu, Ayasu Ayaho, Ayaho Ayassu (4/338, 4/330) 4/345)
Aya, Aya Ayahań, Āyaham (4/339, 4/330, 4/345)
Genitive case
Ablative case
Ayahāṁ, Ayahám (4/355, 4/330)
Ayahuṁ, Ayahum (4/337, 4/330)
Locative case
Ayahim, Ayāhis (4/357, 47330)
Āyahim, Ayahin (4/347, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-I)
77

Page #93

Nominative case
Accusative case
Instrumental case
Dative
and
Genitive case
Ablative case
Locative case
78

Feminine Åyä (This)
Singular
Aya, Aya
(4/344, 4/330)
·
Ayā, Āya
(4/344, 4/330)
Āyäe, Ayae
(4/349, 4/330)
Aya, Aya
Āyähe, Ayahe
(4/350, 4/345,
4/330)
Ayähe, Ayahe
(4/350, 4/330)
Ayahim, Ayahim, (4/352, 4/330)
Plural
Āyā, Āya,
Āyau, Ayau
Ayão, Ayao
(4/348, 4/344,
4/330)
Āyā, Āya,
Ayau, Ayau
Ayão, Ayao
(4/348, 4/344,
4/330)
Ayahim, Ayahim
(4/347, 4/330)
Ayä, Aya
Āyähu, Ayahu
(4/351, 4/345,
4/330)
Ayähu, Ayahu
(4/351, 4/330)
Ayahim, Ayahim
(4/347, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhramsa Grammar (Part-I)

Page #94

Masculine · Amu (That)
Nominative case
Singular Amu, Amů (4/344, 4/330)
Plural Oi (4/364)
Accusative case
Amu, Amů (4/344, 4/330)
(4/364)
Instrumental case
Amuem, Amuem,
Amuhim, Amūhim (4/347, 4/330)
Amuṁ, Amur, Amuna, Amūna, Amunas, Amūņam (4/343, 4/330, 4/342, 1/27)
Dative
Amu, Amů
Amu, Amů (4/345, 4/330)
Amuhuṁ, Amūhus
and Genitive case
Amuham, Amūham (4/340, 4/345, 4/330)
Ablative case
Amuhe, Amūhe (4/341, 4/330)
Amuhuṁ, Amūhus (4/341, 4/330)
Locative case
Amuhim, Amuhim (4/330, 4/341)
Amuhim, Amuhim Amuhum, Amūhur (4/347, 4/340)
Advanced Apabhramsa Grammar (Part-1)
79

Page #95

Neuter - Amu (That)
Nominative case
Singular Amu, Amů (4/344, 4/330)
Plural Oi (4/364)
Accusative case
Oi.
Amu, Amú (4/344, 4/330)
(4/364)
Instrumental case
Amuhim, Amuhim (4/347, 4/330).
Amuem, Amūem, Amur, Amūń, Amuna, Amūņa, Amunaṁ, Amūnań (4/343, 4/330, 1/27) Amu, Amů (4/345, 4/330)
Dative
and
Genitive case
Amu, Amu Amuhum, Amuhum Amuham, Amūham (4/340, 4/345, 4/330)
Ablative case
Amuhe, Amühe (4/341, 4/330)
Amuhur, Amūhum (4/341, 4/330)
Locative case
Amuhiṁ, Amuhim (4/341, 4/330)
Amuhim, Amuhim Amuhum, Amūhur (4/347, 4/330, 4/340)
80
Advanced Apabhraṁsa Grammar (Part-1)

Page #96

Feminine - Amu (That)
Plural
Nominative case
Singular Amu, Amu (4/344, 4/330)
Oi (4/364)
Accusative case
Amu, Amū (4/344, 4/330)
Oi (4/364)
Instrumental case
Amue, Amūe (4/349, 4/330)
Amuhim, Amuhim (4/347, 4/330)
Dative
and Genitive case
Amu, Amū Amuhe, Amuhe (4/350, 4/345, 4/330)
Amu, Amů Amuhu, Amuhu (4/351, 4/345, 4/330)
Ablative case
Amuhe, Amuhe (4/350, 4/330)
Amuhu, Amůhu (4/351, 4/330)
Locative case
Amuhim, Amuhim (4/352, 4/330)
Amuhim, Amuhim (4/347, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-1)
81

Page #97

Masculine - Kavana (who, what, which)
Nominative case
Singular Kavana, Kavana, Kavaņu, Kavano (4/331, 4/332, 4/344, 4/330)
Plural Kavana, Kavana (4/344, 4/330)
Accusative case
Kavaņa, Kavaņā (4/344, 4/330)
Kavaņa, Kavaņā, Kavaņu (4/331, 4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Kavanes, Kavaņeņa, Kavanenam (4/333, 4/342,
Kavanahim, Kavaņāhim, Kavaņehis (4/335, 4/347)
1/27)
Dative
and
Kavana, Kavana Kavanasu, Kavaņāsu Kavanaho, Kavanaho,
Genitive case
Kavaņa, Kavaņā Kavanaham, Kavanaham (4/345, 4/330, 4/339)
Kavanassu (4/338, 4/330, 4/345)
Ablative case
Kavanahär, Kavanaham (4/355, 4/330)
Kavaņahuí, Kavanāhum (4/337, 41330)
Locative case
Kavanahim, Kavanāhim (4/357, 4/330)
Kavanahim, Kavanahim (4/347, 4/330)
82
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-1)

Page #98

Nominative case
Accusative case
Instrumental case
Dative
and
Genitive case
Ablative case
Neuter Kavana (who, what, which)
Singular
Kavana, Kavaṇā,
Kavaṇu
(4/331, 4/330, 4/344)
Locative case

·
Kavana, Kavaṇā,
Kavanu
(4/331, 4/330,
4/344)
Kavanem, Kavaṇeṇa,
Kavaneṇam
(4/333, 4/342,
1/27)
Kavaṇa, Kavaṇā
Kavanasu, Kavaṇāsu
Kavanaho, Kavaṇāho,
Kavanassu
(4/338, 4/330,
4/345)
Kavaṇahām,
Kavaṇāhāṁ
(4/355, 4/330)
Kavaṇahim,
Kavaṇāhim
(4/357, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhraṁśa Grammar (Part-I)
Plural
Kavana, Kavaṇā
Kavaṇam, Kavaṇāṁ
(4/353, 4/344,
4/330)
Kavana, Kavaṇā
Kavaṇam, Kavaṇām
(4/353, 4/344,
4/330)
Kavaṇahim,
Kavaṇāhim,
Kavaṇehim
(4/335, 4/347)
Kavaṇa, Kavaṇā
Kavaṇaham,
Kavanahaṁ
(4/345, 4/330,
4/339)
Kavaṇahum,
Kavaṇāhum
(4/337, 4/330).
Kavanahim,
Kavaṇāhim
(4/347, 4/330)
83

Page #99

Feminine - Kavana (who, what, which) Singular
Plural Nominative case Kavaņā, Kavana
Kavana, Kavana (4/344, 4/330) Kavaņāu, Kavanau
Kavaņão, Kavanao (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
• Accusative case
Kavaņā, Kavana (4/344, 4/330)
: Kavaņā, Kavana
Kavaņāu, Kavanau Kavaņão, Kavanao (4/348, 4/344, 4/330)
Instrumental case
Kavaņãe, Kavanae (4/349, 4/330)
Kavaņāhim, Kavanahim (4/347, 4/330)
Dative
and
Kavana, Kavana Kavanáhe, Kavanahe (4/350, 4/345, 4/330)
Kavaņā, Kavaņa Kavaņāhu,Kavanahu (4/351, 4/345, 4/330)
Genitive case
Ablative case
Kavanähe, Kavanahe (4/350, 4/330)
Kavaņāhu,Kavanahu (4/351, 4/330)
Locative case
Kavaņāhim, Kavanahim (4/352, 4/330)
Kavaņāhim, Kavanahiń (4/347, 4/330)
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-I)

Page #100

Amha (1) In all the Genders Singular
Plural Hauí
Amhe, Amhaim (4/375)
(4/376)
Nominative case
Accusative case
Maiṁ (4/377)
Amhe, Amhaiṁ (4/376)
Instrumental case
Maim (4/377)
Amhehir (4/378)
Dative and Genitive case
Mahu, Majjhu (4/379)
Amhahaṁ (4/380)
Ablative case
Mahu, Majjhu (4/379)
Amhaha (4/380)
Locative case
Maiṁ (4/377)
Amhasu (4/381)
Advanced Apabhraíśa Grammar (Part-1
85

Page #101

Tumha (You) In all the Genders
Nominative case
Singular Tuhum (4/368)
Plural Tumhe, Tumhais (4/369)
Accusative case
Paim, Taim (4/370)
Tumhe, Tumhaim (4/369)
Instrumental case
Paim, Taim (4/370)
Tumhehim (4/371)
Dative and Genitive case
Tau, Tujjha, Tudhra (4/372)
Tumhaham (4/373)
Ablative case
Tau, Tujjha, Tudhra (4/372)
Tumhaham: (4/373)
Locative case
Paiṁ, Taiṁ (4/370)
Tumhāsu (4/374)
In all the Genders - Kaiṁ (who, what and which) In all the Numbers, cases and genders, the declension of 'Kāim' is always Käim: 1
1. Apabhramśa Bháşa Ka Adhyayana by Virendra Srivastava P 180.
Note : The declension of the above-mentioned Nouns and Pronouns are according to Hemcandraâs Apabhraíša Grammar.
86
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-1)

Page #102

Appendix - 2 Rules of Combination utilised in the Sutras

Page #103

Vowel Combination
If after i there is a different Vowel like a, a,e and o etc. then there occurs ‘y'in place of “l'. Si+ Amoh = Syamoḥ (Sutra-4/331) Si+ Ādau • Syådau (Sutra-4/330). Bhisi+ Et
: Bhisyet (Sūtra-4/335) Pussi+ Ot • Pussyot (Sūtra-4/332)
2.
If after a, å there exists i ori then there occurs “ëin place of both. Ca+It
: Cet (Sūtra-4/343) Nina + It : Ninet (Sutra-4/334)
2
If after a, å there exists u then there occurs 'o' in place of both. Asya+Ut - Asyot (Sutra-4/331)
If after a, a there is a or å then there occurs ‘ä’ in their place. Na + Anusvārau = Ņānusvārau (Sūtra-4/342)
If after au there exist a etc. Vowel then there occurs ‘åv'in their place. Sau+ Asmadaḥ - Sāvasmadaḥ (Sutra-4/375)
Consonant Combination
6.
Ifafter 't' there is u, v, o etc. then there occurs ‘d' in place of 'ť. It + Utah - Idutah (Sutra-4/343) Ot+Vā= Odvā (Sūtra-4/332) Ut+ Ot: Udot (Sutra-4/348)
88
Advanced Apabhraíša Grammar (Part-1)

Page #104

7.
If after 't' there is c'then 't' becomes ‘c' also. Ninet + Ca - Ninecca (Sūtra-4/334)
8.
If after 't' there is ‘t' then 't' becomes ‘ť also. Et + Ți
- Etti (Sūtra-4/333)
9.
If at the end of a word there is ‘m'and ahead there is some Consonant, then 'm' changes into Anusváral -- ). Striyām + Dahe = Striyāṁ Dahe (Sūtra-4/359)
Visarga Combination
9.
If before visarga there exist vowels like i,e,o and not a or å and after visarga there exist vowels like a etc. or consonants like i, j, dh, n, h etc. then visarga changes into 'r'. Śasoh+ Amhe - Śasoramhe (Sūtra-4/376) Ādeḥ+ Naseh : Adernaseh (Sutra-4/355) Eiḥ+ Jas
• Eirjas (Sūtra-4/363) Syamoh+Dhruń • Syamordhruṁ (Sūtra-4/360) Dasuḥ+ Na : Dasurna (Sutra-4/358) Naseħ+ He = Naserhe (Sūtra-4/336)
10.
If before visarga there is a or å and if after visarga there are some vowels then visarga disappears. Adasạḥ+ Oi = Adasa Oi (Sūtra-4/364) Idamaḥ+Āya = Idama Āya (Sūtra-4/365)
11.
If before visarga there is a and if after visarga there are n, d, ņ, h, v etc. then a and visarga jointly become ‘o'. Kimbhyaḥ+ Nasaḥ - Kimbhyo Nasaḥ (Sūtra-4/358) Kimaḥ+ Dihe. • Kimo Dihe (Sūtra-4/356) Nasah+ Dāsu. Naso Dasu (Sūtra-4/358)
Advanced Apabhraíša Grammar (Part-I)
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Page #105

Āttaḥ+ Na Āmaḥ+ Har Sahaḥ+ Vā
• Atto Na (Sutra-4/342) . • Āmo Haṁ (Sūtra-4/339) : Saho Vũ (Sutra-47366).
12.
If after visarga there is 't' then there occurs 's' in place of visarga. Śasoh+ Tumhe - Śasostumhe (Sūtra-4/369)
90
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Appendix - 3 Summary of the Grammatical analysis of Sūtras

Page #107

Sutra
Serial Number
Sutra Number
Combination
rule
(2)
(3)
.
(4)
(1) 1.
4/331
1,10,3
Syamorasyota [(Si)+(Amo”)+(Asya)+ (Ut)]
4/332
Sau Puṁsyodvá [(Puṁsi)+ (Ot)+ (Vā)]
4/333
Etti [(Et)+ (Ți)]
4/334
Ninecca [(Nină)+ (lt)+ (Ca)]
Bhisyedvá [(Bhisi)+ (Et) + (Vā)]
4/336
Naserhe - Hu [(Naseh)+ (He) - (Hu)]
4/337
Bhyaso Hum [(Bhyasah)+ (Huṁ)]
Advanced Apabhraíša Grammar (Part-1)

Page #108

Original Word Declension
Following the Declinable word
Inflected/Original word occuring in the Sutra (5)
(6)
(7)
Si
Amoh
(Si) (Am) 6/2 (A) 6/1 (Ut)6/1
Asya Ut
Bhūbhrt Rāma Bhübhrt
Sau
Pursi
(Si) 7/1 (Purs) 7/1 (Ot) 1/1 (Va)
Hari Bhubhrt Bhūbhrt
Ot
Bhubhrt
14.1 ados en los des lih
(Et)1/1 (Tā)7/1
Ți
Gopā
Nina
Hari
(Ni) 3/1 (lt) 1/1 (Ca)
Bhubhrt
Ca
.
Bhisi
(Bhis) 7/1 (Et) 1/1 (Vā). :
Bhübhrt Bhūbhrt
Et
Naseh
Hari
He.
(Nasi) 6/1 (He) (Hu) 1/2
Hu
Guru
Bhyasaḥ Hum .
(Bhyas) 6/1 (Huṁ) 1/1
Bhübhrt Following the tradition
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-I)
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Page #109

Serial
Number
(1)
8.
10.
11.
12.
13.
94

Sütra
Number
(2)
4/339
4/338 Nasaḥ Su-Ho-Ssavaḥ
4/340
4/341
4/342
Sutra
4/343
(3)
Åmo Ham
[(Amaḥ)+ (Ham)]
Hum Cedudbhyam
[(Ca)+(It)+(Udbhyām)]
Nasi-Bhyas-Ninām He-Hum-Hayaḥ [(Nīnām) + (He)]Hum-Hayaḥ
Aṭṭo Nānusvarau [(At)+ (Taḥ)+(Na)+ (Anusvārau)]
Em Cedutaḥ [(Ca)+ (It)+ (Utaḥ)]
Combination
rule
(4)
12
2,6
9
8,12,4
2,6
Advanced Apabhramsa Grammar (Part-1)

Page #110

Original Word Declension
Following the Declinable word
Inflected/Original word occuring in the Sutra (5)
(6)
(7)
Bhubhrt
Nasaḥ Su Ho Ssavaḥ
(Nas) 6/1 (Su) (Ho) (Ssu)1/3
Guru
Amaḥ Har
(Am) 6/1 (Ham) 1/1
Bhūbhrt Following the tradition
Following the tradition
Huṁ Са
(Huṁ) 1/1 (Ca) (lt) (Ut)5/2
Udbhyām
Bhūbhrt
Hari
Nasi Bhyas Ninām Не Hur Hayaḥ
(Nasi) (Bhyas) (Ni)6/3 (He) (Huṁ) (Hi) 1/3
.
Following the tradition Hari
Rama Gopā
At :: Tah Na Anusvārau
(A) 5/1 (Țá)6/1 (Na) (Anusvāra) 1/2
Rāma
Em
Following the tradition
Ca
(ER)1/1 (Ca) (It) (Ut) 5/1
Utah
Bhūbhrt
Advanced Apabhramsa Grammar (Part-1)
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Page #111

Sutra
Serial Number
Sutra Number
Combination
rule
(1) 14.
(2) 4/344
(3) Syam - Jas - Śasář - Luk [(Si)+ (Am)) - Jas - [(śasām) + (Luk)]
1.9
15..
4/345
Şaşthyāḥ
16.
4/346
12
Åmantrye Jaso Hoḥ [(Jasaḥ) + (Hoh)
17.
10
Bhissuporhim [(Bhis) + (Supoḥ) + (Him)]
18.
4/348
9,10,6
Striyas Jas - Sasorudot [(Striyām) + (Jas) - (Śasoh) (Ut) + (Ot) ]
19.
4/349
Ța E [(sah)+ (E)]
20.
4/350
Nas-Nasyorhe [(Nasyoḥ)+ (He)]
96
Advanced Apabhraíša Grammar (Part-I)

Page #112

Original Word Declension
Following the Declinable word
Inflected/Original word occuring in the Sutra (5)
(6)
(7)
Si
Hari
Am
Jas Śasām Luk
(Si) (Am) (Jas) (Śasa) 6/3 (Luk) 1/1
Bhübhrt Bhūbhrt
Şaşthyāḥ
(Şaşthi) 6/1
Stri
Āmantrye Jasaḥ
(Amantrya) 7/1 (Jas)6/1 (Ho) 1/1
Răm Bhubhrt Following the tradition
Hoh
Bhis Supoḥ Him
(Bhis) (Sup)6/2 (Hiṁ)1/1
Bhubhrt Following the tradition
.
Stri
Striyām Jas Śasoh Ut
(Stri) 7/1 (as) (Śas) 6/2 (Ut)1/1 (Ot)1/1
Bhūbhrt Bhubhrt Bhübhrt
Taḥ
(Țā) 6/1 (E)1/1
Gopā Following the tradition
E
Nas
Nasyoḥ He
( Nas) (Nasi)6/2 (He)1/1 (He 1/1
Hari Following the tradition
...
Advanced Apabhramsa Grammar (Part-I)
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Page #113

Sutra
Combination
Serial Number
Sutra Number
rule
(1)
(4)
(2) 4/351
21.
(3) Bhyasamorhuḥ [(Bhyas) + (Amo))+ (Huḥ) ]
4,10
22.
4/352
Nerhim
23.
Klibe Jas-Sasorim [(Jas)- (Śasoḥ) + (m)]
24.
4/354
4,11,1
Käntasyāt UTM Syamoḥ [(Ka)+ (Antasya) + (Ataḥ) (UTM)+ (Si) + (Amoh) ]
25.
4/330
Syadau Dirgha-Hrasvau [(Si) + (Ādau)]
26.
4/355
4,10
Sarvädernaserham [(Sarva)+ (Ādeḥ)+ (Naseh)+ (Hãn)]
98
Advanced Apabhraíśa Grammar (Part-1)

Page #114

Original Word Declension
Following the Declinable word
Inflected/Original word occuring in the Sutra (5)
(6)
(7)
Bhyas Amoḥ
(Bhyas) (Am) 6/2 (Hu)1/1
Bhūbhrt Guru
Huḥ
Neḥ Him
(Ni) 6/1 (Him)1/1
Hari Following the tradition
Rām
Klibe Jas
( Kliba) 7/1 (Jas) (Śas) 6/2 (lm) 1/1
Śasoh
Bhūbhrt Following the tradition
Im
ka
Antasya Atah Um Si Amoḥ
(Ka) : (Anta) 6/1 (At) 5/1 (UTM)1/2 (Si) (Am) 6/2
Rāma Bhūbhrt Following the tradition
Bhūbhrt
Si
(Si)
Hari
Ādau.. Dirgha Hrasvau
(Adi) 7/1 (Dirgha) (Hrasva) 1/2
Rāma
Sarva Adeh Naseh Hám
(Sarva) (Adi) 5/1 (Nasi) 6/1 (Hāṁ)1/1
Hari Hari Following the tradition
Advanced Apabhraíśa Grammar (Part-I)
99

Page #115

Sutra
Combination
Serial Number
Sutra Number
rule
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1) 27.
4/356
Kimo Dihe Va [(Kimaḥ) + (Dihe)]
28.
4/357
10
Nerhim [(Neḥ) + (Him)]
29.
4/358
12,10
Yattatkimbhyo Naso Dåsurna Va [(Yat) + (Tat) + (Klmbhyaḥ) + (Nasaḥ) + (Dāsuḥ) + (Na) ]
30.
4/359
Striyam Dahe [(Striyām) + (Dahe)]
31.
4/360
1,10
Yattadaḥ Syamordhruń Traṁ [(Yat) + (Tadaḥ → Tatah)] [(Si)+ (Amo”)+ (Dhruṁ)] Tram
32.
4/361
Idamaḥ Imuḥ Klibe
100
Advanced Apabhraíśa Grammar (Part-I)

Page #116

Original Word Declension
Following the Declinable word
Inflected/Original word occuring in the Sutra (5)
(6)
(7)
Kimah
(Kim) 5/1 (Dihe) 1/1 (Va)
Bhūbhrt Following the tradition
Dihe
Va
Neh
(Ni) 6/1 (Him)1/1
Hari Following the tradition
Him
he tradition
Yat
:
Tat Kimbhyaḥ Nasaḥ Dásuḥ
(Yat) (Tat) (Kim) 5/3 (Nas) 6/1 (Dāsu) 1/1 (Na)
Bhubhrt Bhūbhrt Guru
Na
Vä
(Vā)
Striyām
(Stri) Dahe .. (Dahe) 1/1
Stri Following the tradition
Bhūbhrt
Yat
(Yat) Tadah+Tataḥ (Tat) 5/1 Si
(Si). Amoh
(Am) 7/2 Dhruń
(Dhruṁ) 1/1 Tram . (Traṁ) 1/1
Bhūbhrt Following the tradition Following the tradition
Idamah Imuḥ Klibe
(Idam) 5/1 (Imu) 1/1 (Kliba) 7/1
Bhubht Guru Rāma
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-1)
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Page #117

Sutra
Serial Number
Sutra Number
Combination
rule
(1)
(2)
(3)
33.
4/362
Etadaḥ Stri-Pum-Klibe Eha Eho Ehu
34..
4/363
Eirjas-Śasoḥ [{Eiḥ) + (Jas)]
35.
4/364
Adasa Oi [(Adasaḥ) + (Oi)]
36.
4/365
Idama Ayaḥ [(ldamaḥ) + (Ayaḥ)]
37.
4/366
Sarvasya Såho Va [(Sāhaḥ) + (Vā)]
38.
4/367 Kimaḥ Käim-Kavaṇau Vä
102
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Page #118

Following the Declinable word
Inflected/Original Original Word word occuring Declension in the Sutra (5)
(6)
(7)
Bhūbhrt
Etadaḥ →Etataḥ (Etat)5/1 Stri
(Stri) Pur
(Puṁ) Klībe
(Kliba) 7/1 Eha
(Eha) 1/1 Eho
(Eho)1/1 Ehu
(Ehu)1/1
Rām Following the tradition Following the tradition Following the tradition
Eih
Hari
Jas Śasoḥ
(Ei)1/1 (Jas) (Sas) 7/2
Bhūbhrt
Adasaḥ Oi
(Adas) 5/1 (Oi) 1/1
Bhubhrt Following the tradition
(Idam) 6/1
Idamaḥ Ayaḥ
Bhübhrt Bhūbhrt
(Āya) 1/1
Rama
Sarvasya Sāhaḥ Vä
(Sarva) 6/1 (Sáha) 1/1
Rama
(Vā).
Bhūbhrt
Kimaḥ Kāim Kavanau
(Kim) 6/1 (Kāiṁ) 6/1 (Kavana) 1/2 (Vā)
Rāma
Va
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-1)
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Page #119

Serial
Number
(1)
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
104

Sutra
Number
(2)
4/368
4/369
4/371
4/372
Sütra
4/373
(3)
4/370 Ta-Nyama Paim Taim [(Ni) + (Ama)]
Yuşmadaḥ Sau Tuhum
Jas-Sasostumhe Tumhaim [(Sasoḥ) + (Tumhe)]
Bhiså Tumhehim
Nasi-Nasbhyam Tau Tujjha Tudhra [(Nasbhyam) + (Tau)]
Combination
rule
(4)
13
9
Bhyasambhyam Tumhaham [(Bhyas) + (Ambhyām)+ (Tumhaham)]
9
Advanced Apabhraṁśa Grammar (Part-1)

Page #120

Inflected/Original word occuring in the Sutra
Original Word Declension
Following the Declinable word
(5)
(6)
(7)
Yuşmadaḥ Sau Tuhum
(Yuşmad) 5/1 (Si) 7/1 (Tuhuṁ) 1/1
Bhūbhrt Hari Following the tradition
Jas Śasoḥ Tumhe Tumhair
(Jas) (Śas) 7/2 (Tumhe) 1/1 (Tumhaiṁ) 1/1
Bhūbhrt Following the tradition Following the tradition
Та Ni Ama Paim Taim
(Tā) (Ni) (Amā) 3/1 (Paiṁ) (Taiṁ)
Bhūbhrt Following the tradition Following the tradition
Bhisă Tumhehim
(Bhis) 3/1 (Tumhehis) 1/1
Bhubhrt Following the tradition
Nasi Nasbhyam Tau Tujjha Tudhra
(Nasi) (Nas) 3/2 (Tau) 1/1 (Tujjha) 1/1 (Tudhra) 1/1
Bhubhrt Following the tradition Following the tradition Following the tradition
Bhyas Āmbhyām Tumhaham
(Bhyas) (Āmbhyām) 3/2 (Tumhahaṁ) 6/1
Bhūbhrt Following the tradition
Advanced Apabhrarśa Grammar (Part-I)
105

Page #121

Serial
Number
(1)
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
106
Sütra
Number
(2)

4/374
4/375
4/376
4/377
4/378
4/379
4/380
4/381
Sütra
(3)
Tumhȧsu Supȧ
Såvasmado Haum
[(Sau) + (Asmadaḥ) + (Haum)]
Jas-Sasormhe Amhaim [(Śasoḥ) + (Amhe)]
Ta-Nyama Maim [(Ni) + (Amā)]
Amhehim Bhisȧ
Combination
Mahu Majjhu Nasi-Nasbhyam
Amhaham Bhyasambhyam [(Bhyas) + (Ambhyām)]
Supȧ Amhäsu
rule
(4)
5,12
10
1
Advanced Apabhraṁśa Grammar (Part-I)

Page #122

Inflected/Original word occuring in the Sutra
(5)
Tumhāsu
Supă
Sau
Asmadaḥ
Haum
Jas
Śasoḥ
Amhe
Amhaim
Ţă
Ni
Ama
Maim
Amhehim
Bhisă
Mahu
Majjhu
Nasi
Nasbhyam
Amhaham
Bhyas
Āmbhyām
Supă Amhāsu
Original Word Declension

(6)
(Tumhāsu) 7/1
(Sup) 3/1
(Si) 7/1
(Asmad) 5/1
(Haum) 1/1
(Jas)
(Śas) 7/2
(Amhe) 1/1
(Amhaim) 1/1
(Tā)
(Ni)
(Am) 3/1
(Maim) 1/1
(Amhehim) 1/1
(Bhis) 3/1
(Mahu) 1/1
(Majjhu) 1/1
(Nasi)
(Nas) 3/2
(Amhaham) 1/1
(Bhyas)
(Am) 3/2
(Sup) 3/1 (Amhāsu) 1/1
Advanced Apabhramsa Grammar (Part-I)
Following the Declinable word
(7)
Following the tradition
Bhübhrt
Hari
Bhübhrt
Following the tradition
Bhubhrt
Following the tradition Following the tradition
Bhubhṛt
Following the tradition
Following the tradition Bhubhṛt
Following the tradition
Following the tradition
Bhubhṛt
Following the tradition
Bhubhṛt
Bhubhṛt
Following the tradition
107

Page #123

Reference Books
1. Hemacandra Prákrta Vyakaraṇa : Vyākhyātā Śri Pyara Candaji Bhaga 1-2
Mahārāja (Śri Jaina Divākara Divya Jyoti Kāryālaya,
Mevāļi Bājāra, Byāvara) 2. Pråksta Bhåşãoṁ Ka Vyakarana : Dr. R. Pischel ;
(Bihāra Râştrabhāşa
Parişad, Patana) 3. Abhinava Prakrta Vyakarana : Dr. Nemicandra Šāstri
(Tärá Pablikeśana,
Vārāṇasi) 4. Prakrta Margopadeśika
: Pam. Becaradas Jivarāja
Dośi (Motilala Banarasidasa, Delhi)
5.Praudha Racanånuvada Kaumudi: Dr. Kapiladeva Dvivedi
(Viśvavidyalaya, Prakāśana
Vārāṇasi) 6. Päia-Sadda-Mahaņņavo : Paṁ. Haragovindadasa
Trikamacanda Setha (Prakrta Grantha Parisad,
Vārāṇasi) 7. Apabhraíśa-Hindi Kosa, : Dr. Naresa Kumāra Bhaga 1-2
(Indo-Vijana Prā. Lt.) II A, 220, Nehru Nagar,
Gājiyābāda) 8. Apabhraíśa of Hemacandra : Dr. Käntilāla Baladevarāma
Vyása (Prakrta Text Society, Ahmedabad)
108
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Page #124

: A. M. Ghataga
9. Introduction of Ardha
Magadhi
10. Kåtantra Vyakaraņa
(School and College Book Stall, Kolhapur) : Gaņini Aryikå Gånamati (Digambara Jaina Triloka Śodha Samsathana, Hastinapur, Meerut) : Dr. Nemichandra Šāstri (Caukhambha Vidyabhavan,
11. Pråksta-Prabodha
Vārānasi - 1)
12. Vrhad Anuvada-Candrika
: Cakradhara Nautiyala
'Hamsa' (Motilāla Banārasidasa Nārāyaṇā, Pheja - 1, Delhi)
Advanced Apabhraísa Grammar (Part-1)
109

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Page #126
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