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________________ AcArAMgasUtra kA vaiziSTaya bhagavAna mahAvIra kA saba se pahalA upadeza AcArAMga meM saMkalita kiyA gyaa| AcArAMga kA pahalA adhyayana SaTkAya jIvoM kI rakSArtha racA gyaa| mahAvIra ne spaSTataH jora dekara nirdeza diyA ki pRthvI, jala, vAyu, agni, vanaspati aura trasakAya jIva jIva haiM, sAkSAta prANadhArI jiiv| inheM apane DhaMga se jIne denA dharma hai, inheM kaSTa pahuMcAnA yA naSTa karanA hiMsA hai, pApa hai| ahiMsA parama dharma hai aura hiMsA mhaapaap| inhI SaTkAya jIvoM kI saMtati purAnA zabdAvalI meM saMsAra aura Adhunika zabdAvalI meM paryAvaraNa se abhihita hai| apane saMyata aura samyaka AcaraNa se isa SaTakAyika paryAvaraNIya saMhati kI rakSA karanA jaina dharma kA mUlAdhAra hai| zramaNa-paramparA ahiMsaka prayogoM ke udAharaNoM se bharI par3I hai| tIrthaMkaroM ne paryAvaraNa ke saMrakSaNa se hI apanI sAdhanA prArambha kI hai| bha. RSabhadeva ne kRSi evaM vana-sampadA ko surakSita rakhane ke liye logoM ko sahI DhaMga se jIne kI kalA sikhAyI / tIrthaMkara neminAtha ne pazu-pakSiyoM ke prANoM ke samakSa manuSya kI vilAsitA ko nirarthaka pramANita kiyaa| svayaM ke tyAga dvArA unhoMne prANi-jagat kI svatantratA kI rakSA kI hai| bha. pArzvanAtha ne dharma aura sAdhanA ke kSetra meM hiMsaka anuSThAnoM ko anumati nahIM dii| agni ko vyartha meM jalAnA aura pAnI ko nirarthaka bahA denA bhI hiMsA ke sUkSma dvAra haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne mAnava jIvana ko una sUkSma staroM taka apanI sAdhanA ke dvArA pahuMcAyA hai, jahAM hiMsA aura tRSNA asambhava ho jAya / SaTkAya ke jIvoM kI rakSA meM hI dharma kI ghoSaNA karake mahAvIra ne pRthvI, pAnI, agni, havA, vanaspati, kIr3e-makor3e, pazupakSI evaM mAnava ina sabako surakSita rakhane kA prayatna kiyA hai| tabhI ve kaha sake-' mitti meM saba bhUyesu, veraM majhaM Na keNai - -merI saba prANiyoM se mitratA hai, merA kisI se baira nahIM hai| jaina jIvana zailI meM paryAvaraNa-surakSA Arambha se hI aisI dhulI-milI rahI hai ki usakI ora alaga se vicAra kie jAne kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM pdd'ii| Aja jaba avanati kI ora jAte hue jIvana mUlyoM ke kAraNa vaha jIvana zailI hI pradUSita ho gaI hai aura sAtha-sAtha paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa bhI apane carama kI ora bar3ha rahA hai taba yaha Avazyaka ho gayA hai ki hara pahalU ko paryAvaraNa ke saMdarbha meM dekhA-parakhA jaae| jaina AgamoM meM prAcIna prAkRta grantha AcArAMgasUtra ko paryAvaraNa ke dRSTikoNa se yadi dekhA jAya to jAna par3egA ki usa viSaya kI sAmagrI sthAna-sthAna para vahAM bikharI par3I hai| AcArAMga meM paryAvaraNa ke pramukha ghaTakoM ko vibhinna prasaMgoM meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama pRthvIkAya jIvoM ke prati hone vAlI hiMsA kA varNana kiyA hai| pRthvIkAyika jIva pAramparika paribhASA meM ve sUkSma jIva haiM jinase pRthvI tatva kA nirmANa hotA hai tathA jo jIvana ke lie pRthvI tatva para Azrita haiN| ThIka isI prakAra jalakAya, vAyukAya aura agnikAya ke jIvoM kI bAta isa grantha meM kI gayI hai| ina jIvoM kI paribhASA tathA jIvana praNAlI Adi viSayoM kI carcA eka sarvathA alaga aura apane Apa meM vistRta viSaya hai| hamAre dRSTikoNa ke lie itanA hI yatheSTa hai ki dRzya jagat se pare jIvoM kA eka sUkSma jagat bhI hai jisameM hone vAlI kriyAeM hameM prabhAvita karatI haiM tathA hamase ve prabhAvita hotI haiN| aisI sthiti meM hamArI vaha pratyeka kriyA jo usa sUkSma jagat ko hAni pahuMcAtI hai hiMsA hai aura tyAjya hai| paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa kA yaha pahalA sopAna hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AcArAMgasUtra meM hiMsA kI sUkSma vyAkhyA karate hue use vyaktitva ko vikRta karane vAlI kahA hai| hiMsA kI kriyAeM paryAvaraNa asaMtulana meM pramukha kAraNa haiN| AcArAMga meM vastu jagat aura prANIjagata ke pArasparika saMbaMdhoM ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki mana-vacana-kAya kI kriyAeM Asa-pAsa ke vAtAvaraNa para prabhAva DAlatI haiN| ataH mana, vANI aura zarIra kI halacala ke prati saceta honA Avazyaka hai| anucita kAryoM kI pahicAna karanA jarUrI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne anucita kAryoM kA mukhya kAraNa ajJAna aura asAvadhAnI (pramAda) ko mAnA hai| pramAdI vyakti aura mUrchita (ajJAnI) vyakti ko saba ora se bhaya rahatA hai| vaha tanAva se ghirA huA hotA hai| isalie vaha Asa-pAsa ke vAtAvaraNa para zAsana karane ke lie dUSita kArya karatA hai| AcArAMgasUtra
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________________ meM ina pradUSaNoM se bacane ke lie ajJAna aura pramAda ko dUra karane kI bAta kahI gaI hai| isake lie vyakti ko jAgarUka rahane ke lie kahA gayA hai| saMsAra kI vAstavikatA ko samajhanA hI jAgarUkatA hai| aisA jJAnI vyakti apanI kriyAoM se vAtAvaraNa ko dUSita nahIM krtaa| vaha svayaM ke astitva aura anya prANiyoM ke astitva kA sammAna karane vAlA hotA hai| yahI AcArAMgasUtra kI paryAvaraNa cetanA hai| isake lie anAsakti, samatA, vaicArika udAratA, karuNA Adi sUtroM kI vyAkhyA AcArAMga meM prApta hai, jisakA vizleSaNa karane kA prayatna kiyA jAnA caahie| paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI samasyA jitanI prAkRtika hai, utanI hI sAMskRtika aura mAnasika asaMtulana se jur3I huI hai| saMvedanazIlatA aura saMtoSavRtti ke abhAva ne paryAvaraNa ko asaMtulita, vinAzakArI banAyA hai| ataH prAkRtika samAdhAna ke sAtha-sAtha paryAvaraNa-saMtulana ke lie una AdhyAtmika sUtroM kI khoja bhI mAnava ko karanI hogI, jo sAMskRtika aura mAnasika dRSTi se mana manuSya ko pUrNa kreN| prAcIna Agama granthoM meM ahiMsA, karuNA, AjIvikA-zuddhi aparigraha vRtti evaM sadbhAvanA Adi ke mUlya pratipAdita hai, jo paryAvaraNa- saMtulana ke vAstavika AdhAra haiN| jaina AgamoM meM isa prakAra ke sAMskRtika mUlyoM kA pratipAdana hai, jo mAnava kI saMvedanA ko bar3hAte haiM tathA prakRti ke saMrakSaNa meM ahama bhUmikA nibhAte haiN| prakRti aura mAnava meM samAnatA paryAvaraNa asaMtulana kI samasyA prakRti para zAsana karane, vijaya prApta karane kI duSpravRtti ke kAraNa upasthita huI hai| prAcIna jIvana paddhati evaM vicAradhArA meM prakRti ko sahacarI mAnakara usake saMrakSaNa kI preraNA dI gayI hai| jaina AgamoM meM bhI yaha cintana vidyamAna hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM vanaspati aura manuSya kI tulanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki donoM kA janma hotA hai, vRddhi hotI hai, donoM meM cetanatA hai aura kATane se mlAnatA AtI hai| AhAragrahaNa kI prakriyA donoM meM samAna haiN| yathAmanuSya bhI janma letA hai| vanaspati bhI janma letI hai| manuSya bhI bar3hatA hai| vanaspati bhI bar3hatI hai| manuSya bhI cetanA yukta hai| vanaspati bhI cetanA yukta hai / manuSya zarIra chinna hone para vanaspati bhI chinna hone para mlAna ho jAtA hai| mlAna hotI hai| manuSya bhI AhAra karatA hai| vanaspati bhI AhAra karatI hai| manuSya zarIra bhI anitya hai, vanaspati bhI zarIra bhI anitya hai| manuSya zarIra azAsvata hai, vanaspati zarIra bhI azAsvata hai| manuSya zarIra AhAra se sabala hotA hai, AhAra ke abhAva meM durbala hotA hai, vanaspati kA zarIra bhI isI prakAra AhAra se upacita hotA hai| AhAra ke abhAva meM apacita hotA hai manuSya zarIra bhI aneka prakAra kI avasthAoM ko prApta hotA hai| vanaspati zarIra bhI aneka prakAra kI avasthAoM ko prApta hotA hai| - se bemi imaM pi jAtidhammayaM, imaM pi vuDDhidhammayaM, imaM pi cittamaMtayaM, ima piM chinnaM milati, eyaM pi jAtidhammayaM , eyaM pi vuDDhidhammayaM , eyaM pi cittamaMtayaM, eyaM pi chiNNaM milati
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________________ imaM pita AhAragaM, eyaM pi AhAragaM, eyaM pi aNitiyaM, imaM pi aNitiyaM, imaM pi asAsayaM, eyaM pi asAsayaM, - AcA. 1. sU. 45 AcArAMga meM dukha prakaTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki manuSya kSudra kAraNoM ke vaza vanaspati taka sampadA ko naSTa karatA hai| yathA- yaha duHkha kI bAta hai ki vaha koI manuSya isa hI vartamAna jIvana kI rakSA ke lie, prazaMsA, Adara tathA pUjA pAne ke lie, bhAvI janma kI udher3a buna ke kAraNa, vartamAna meM maraNa bhaya ke kAraNa tathA mokSa parama zAnti ke lie aura duHkhoM ko dUra haTAne ke lie svayaM hI vanaspatikAyika jIvana samUha kI hiMsA karatA hai yA dUsaroM ke dvArA vanaspatikAyika jIva samUha kI hiMsA karavAtA hai yA vanaspatikAyika jIva samUha kI hiMsA karate hue karane vAle dUsaroM kA anumodana karatA hai| vaha hiMsA kArya usa manuSya ke ahita ke lie hotA hai, vaha hiMsA kArya usake lie adhyAtmahIna bane rahane kA kAraNa hotA hai| samAraMbhati, aNNehiM vA vaNassatisatthaM samAraMbhaveti, aNNe vA vaNassatisatthaM samAraMbhamANe smunnujnnti| taM se ahiyAe, taM se abohIe / saMyama kI prakiyA AcArAMgasUtra meM saMyama kI pUrI prakriyA pratipAdita hai| AzAoM aura icchAoM kA samUha mAnasika tanAva, azAnti dukha kA kAraNa hai| isalie AcArAMga kA kathana hai ki manuSya AzA aura icchA ko tyaage| jo vyakti indriyoM ke viSayoM meM Asakta hotA hai, vaha bahirmukhI hI banA rahatA hai, jisake phala svarUpa usake karma-baMdhana nahIM haTate haiM aura usake vibhAga-saMyoga rAga-dveSAtmaka bhAva naSTa nahIM hote haiN| ataH indriya-viSaya meM anAsakti sAdhanA ke lie Avazyaka hai| yahI se saMyama kI yAtrA prArambha hotI hai| AcArAMga kA kathana hai ki he manuSya! tU anAsakta ho jA aura apane ko niyantrita kr| jaise agni jIrNa (sUkhI) lakar3iyoM ko naSTa kara detA hai, usI prakAra anAsakta vyakti rAga-dvaiSa ko naSTa kara detI hai| kaSAe~ manuSya kI svAbhAvikatA ko naSTa kara detI haiN| kaSAyoM kA rAjA moha hai| jo eka moha ko naSTa kara detA hai, vaha bahuta kaSAyoM ko naSTa kara detA hai| yathA savvato pamattassa bhayaM, sabato appamattassa Natthi bhyN| je egaNAme se bahuNAme, je bahuNAme se egnnaame| -AcA. 1. sU. 129 samatA meM hI dharma AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki mAnava-samAja meM na koI nIca hai aura na koI ucca hai| sabhI ke sAtha samatApUrNa vyavahAra kiyA jAnA caahie| AcArAMga ke anusAra samatA meM hI dharma hai| isa jagat meM saba prANiyoM ke lie pIr3A azAnti hai, duHkha-yukta hai| sabhI prANiyoM ke lie yahA~ sukha anukUla hote haiM, duHkha pratikUla hote haiM, vadha apriya hote haiM, tathA jindA rahane kI avasthAe~ priya hotI haiN| saba prANiyoM ke lie jIvana priya hotA hai| ataH AcArAMga kA kathana hai ki koI bhI prANI mArA nahIM jAnA cAhie, gulAma nahIM banAyA jAnA cAhie, zAsita nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhie satAyA nahIM jAnA cAhie aura azAnta nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhie / yathA sabve pANA save bhUtA jIvA save sattA Na haMtavvA, Na ajjAvetavvA, Na parighettavvA, Na paritAveyavvA, Na udadaveyavvA / esa dhamme suddhe Nitie sAsae samecca loyaM khetaNNehiM pvedite| -AcA. 1. sU. 132 yahI dharma zuddha hai, nitya hai, aura zAzvata hai| jo ahiMsA kA pAlana karatA hai, vaha nirbhaya ho jAtA hai| hiMsA tIvra se tIvra hotI hai, kintu ahiMsA sarala hotI hai| ataH hiMsA ko manuSya tyAge /
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________________ jaina AgamoM meM pRthvIkAyika evaM vanaspatikAyika Adi jIvoM kI hiMsA karane meM doSa lagane kI bAta kahI gayI hai| mRga Adi kA zikAra karane aura lakar3iyoM meM Aga lagAne Adi kI kriyAoM ko pApamUlaka kahA gayA hai| vRkSa ke phala, zAkhA, kanda-mUla Adi ko naSTa karane kI kriyA ko hiMsaka vRtti mAnA gayA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM ullekha hai ki tApasa ziva rAjarSi bhI apanI pUjA ke lie harI vanaspati, kanda-mUla, puSpa Adi ke upayoga ke lie lokapAloM kI anumati lete haiN| grantha meM eka nartakI kA udAharaNa dekara spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI jIva eka dUsare kI svataMtratA hanana evaM hiMsA Adi se baca sakate haiN| jaina AgamoM meM zrAvakoM ke lie jina pandraha karmAdAnoM (AjIvikA ke kAryoM) kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, ve saba paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa ke hI upAya hai| ataH jaina AgamoM meM jIvana aura jIvikA donoM ko zuddha rakhane kI bAta kahI gayI hai, jo pramukha AdhAra hai paryAvaraNa-satulana kA / dhArmika granthoM ke vibhinna siddhAntoM kA paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa ke sAthaM tulanAtmaka adhyayana aba vidvAna karane lage hai| isake atirikta zrAvaka evaM sAdhu kI sAmAnya caryA bhI aneka prakAra se paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa kA hI prayatna hai| pratikramaNa, sAmayika, dhyAna dhvanipradUSaNa ke lie kavaca hai| aparigrahavRtti prakRtisaMrakSaNa kI AdhArazilA hai| jIvoM ke prati saMvedanA vAyu, jala evaM pRthvI ko surakSita rakhane kA upAya hai| vana saMrakSaNa haritavana kI rakSA ke niyama meM nihita hai| yatnAcAra jaina jIvana-paddhati kA kendra bindu hai| yahI jatana paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa ke lie anivArya hai| jIvana zuddhi ke sAtha jIvikA zuddhi bhI Avazyaka hai| vanaspati jIvoM kI aneka yoniyAM AgamoM meM kahI gaI haiM / yonibhUta bIja meM jIva utpanna hote haiM, isalie unakA saMrakSaNa bhI mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| kyoMki jo jIva mUlarUpa meM hotA hai vahI patra, koMpala Adi kI avasthA ko prApta hotA hai aura vahI vRddhi ko prApta karatA hai| prANavAna, ucchavAsa, AhAra Adi ko grahaNa karatA hai| ve ananta loka meM haiM isalie bhI unheM jIva mAnakara unakI rakSA bhI Avazyaka hai| vanaspati kA samAraMbha karanA, karAnA tathA karate hue kA anumodana karanA aneka prakAra ke jIvoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, isalie AgamoM meM yaha kathana kiyA gayA ki jo aisA karatA hai, " taM se ahiyAe taM se avohIe | vaha ahita karatA hai aura abodhi kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai isalie vanaspatikAya jIvoM kI hiMsA ucita nahIM hai| prakRti aura manuSya donoM para bhAvanAoM- krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi kaSAyoM kA prabhAva par3atA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI vanaspatikAya ke jIvoM ke vizleSaNa ke prasaMga meM unakI AhAra saMjJA Adi kA vivecana hai| zAli ityAdi vanaspatiyoM meM anya trazajIvoM kI taraha gati, parimANa, avagAhanA , karma, lezyA, utpatti Adi kA astitva batAyA gayA hai| anya AgamoM meM bhI vanaspati aura manuSya ke svabhAva ke sAtha tulanA ke sandarbha upalabdha haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne aneka udAharaNa vanaspati jagat se diye hai| yaha saba kevala isalie ki manuSya yaha samajha jAya ki vanaspati aura manuSya meM kaI dharAtaloM para samAnatA hai| isalie manuSya vanaspati ko naSTa na kareM, usakA saMrakSaNa kareM / hiMsA ke duSpariNAma vanaspati kI rakSA ke lie jaina AgamoM meM dUsarA upAya bhI apanAyA gayA haiM vaha hai pApakarmo kA bhaya pradarzita karanA evaM hiMsA ke duSpariNAmoM se vyakti ko paricita karAnA / bhagavatIsUtra ke prathama zataka ke AThaveM uddezaka meM kevala vanaspati hI nahIM, apitu pazujagata, prANIjagata, manuSyahiMsA, zikAra Adi kAryo meM hiMsA kI kauna-kaunasI kriyAeM lagatI hai, isakA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| kAyikI, AdhikaraNikI, prAdveSikI, pAritApatikI aura prANAtipAtikI kriyAoM ke antargata, mana vacana-kAya sabhI prakAra kI hiMsA samAhita hai, jisase bacane ko kahA gayA hai| Agama granthoM meM isa prakAra hiMsA ke duSpariNAmoM se paricita karAkara vyakti ke mana meM karUNA,ahiMsA, dayA Adi ke bhAva jagAne ke pIche yahI uddezya pratIta hotA hai ki vyakti saMvedanazIla ho jAya to yaha apane paryAvaraNa ko naSTa karane kI bAta nahIM soca sktaa| SaTakAya ke jIvoM kI hiMsA se virata rahane ke upadeza ke pIche yahI bhAvanA hai| hiMsA aura tRSNA se virakti anAsakti aura saMyama se sambhava hai|
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________________ "jatana' bhAvanA saMsAra meM cAroM aura prANI, jIvanta prakRti bharI huI hai ki manuSya jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karate samaya prANiyoM ke ghAta-pratighAta se baca nahIM sktaa| kintu vaha yaha prayatna (jatana) to kara sakatA hai ki usake jIvana-yApana ke kAryoM se kama se kama prANiyoM kA ghAta ho| mAnava kI isa ahiMsaka bhAvanA se hI karor3oM prANiyoM ko jIvanadAna mila jAtA hai| isI "jatana" bhAvanA ke kAraNa jaina darzana ke prAcIna granthoM meM kahA gayA hai-- jayaM care jayaM tiThe jayamAse jayaM saye / jayaM bhujjejja bhAsajejja eva pAvaM Na vjjhi|| vyakti yatnapUrvaka cale, yatnapUrvaka Thahare, yatnapUrvaka baiThe, yatnapUrvaka soe, yatnapUrvaka bhojana kare aura yatnapUrvaka bole to isa prakAra kI jIvana-paddhati se vaha pApa-karma ko nahIM bAMdhatA hai| zramaNoM dvArA pracalita "jatana" kI yaha jIvana-paddhati paryAvaraNa-saMtulana kI kuMjI hai| isakI paramparA bhI bhAratIya jIvana zailI meM rahI hai| kabIra jaise santa bhI yahI kahate haiM yA cAdara ko sura-nara-muni or3hI or3ha ke mailI kInI / dAsa kabIra "jatana kara or3hI jyoMki tyoM dhara dInI / / kabIra kA yaha "jatana" zramaNa-paramparA kA " yatanAcAra" hai| "cAdara" saMpUrNa paryAvaraNa hai, jise mailA nahIM karanA hai aura apanA kAma bhI calA lenA hai| sandarbha 1- prema sumana jaina, paryAvaraNa aura dharma, a. bhA. jaina vidvata pariSada, jayapura 1988 2-paM. kanhaiyAlAla loDhA, jaina AgamoM meM vanaspati vijJAna, jayapura, 1989 3-prema sumana jaina, paryAvaraNa-santulana evaM zAkAhAra, saMghI prakAzana, jayapura , 1995 4-P. S. Jain & R. M. Lodha (ed.) Medieval Jainism: Culture & Environment, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi, 1990 5-varlDa rilIjansa eNDa da inavAyaranmenTa, gItAMjalI prakAzana, dillI 1991 6-jaina, nemIcanda, zAkAhAra : mAnava sabhyatA kI subaha, dillI 1992 7-AcArAMgasUtra, Agama prakAzana, byAvara 1980 8-AcArAMga cayanikA- sampA. DaoN. sogAnI, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 1987 9-DaoN. muni zrI bhuvaneza, jaina AgamoM ke AcAradarzana aura paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa kA mUlyAMkana cainnaI, 1998 10-prema sumana jaina, jaina saMskRti aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa, aravindra prakAzana, udayapura 2001 11-jaina, bhAgacandra bhAskara, jainadharma aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa, dillI 2001 12-AcArya mahAprajJa, AcArAMgasUtra evaM AcArAMga bhASya- jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM / 13-AcArya mahAprajJa, ahiMsA ke achUte pahalU, lADanU 1992 14-harizacandra vyAsa, mAnava aura paryAvaraNa , dillI 1991 15-G.A. Thecolorson, Studies in Human Ecology, New York, 1961.