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50 ACARYA VIJAYAVALLABHASURI COMMEMORATION VOLUME
of repeated warnings, the disciples indulged in bad ways then they were driven out. If, however, they begged pardon, they were re-admitted after having undergone the punishment of masa-laghu.
If the dissenters were in a majority, and they refused to fall out, the minority-group left the place without the knowledge of the majority group.$7
The post-canonical texts, besides describing the principal ten prāyaścittas, bring to prominence an elaborate system of fasts (as punishment) like the caturlaghu, masalaghu, masaguru (which were further distinguished as kalalaghu, kalaguru, tapolaghu and tapoguru etc.), and the pañcarăindiya which the transgressor had to undergo for purification.
The Curni to the Bṛhatkalpa-bhāṣya (v. 359), according to Schübring, explains vavahara (the procedure of treating the transgressor), as expiatory fasts of varied durations which were divided into nine categories like the following:
Name of punishment
Guruo
Gurugatarão
Aha-guruo
Lahuo
Lahutarão
Aha-lahuo
Lahusao
Lahusatarão
Aha-lahusao
Jain Education International
Duration
1 month
4 months
6 months
30 days
25 days
20 days
15 days
10 days
5 days
This system of expiatory fasts was further elaborated by complex distinctions as follows:
A monk was not expected to accept any raw fruit, but if he accepted it: in a settlement (niveśana), then he had to face catväro laghavaḥ;
in a pataka, then catvaro guravaḥ;
in a row of houses,....saḍlaghavaḥ;
in a village,....sadguravaḥ;
at the gates of a village, .... cheda ;
outside the village,... müla;
at the boundary of the village, .... páráficika.
Nature of the fast
Atthamena
Dasamena
Duvalasamena
Chatthena
Cautthena
Ayambilena
Ega-ṭṭhanena
Purimaddhena Nivviena
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