The Truth

Author(s): O P Jain
Publisher: Veer Nirvan Granth Prakashan Samiti

Page 15

THE TRUTH
determination of general attributes, analysis of accurate knowledge of ingredients and component parts of ideas and things, and Nayavada, of accurate appreciation of truth with reference to diverse standpoints.
2.2 Logic is based on the principle that wherever there is an invariable rule, without a single exception, there alone can a logical conclusion be drawn with that rule and that no proper inference is possible in the absence or in defiance of such a fixed unalterable rule.
There are five kinds of logical relations with reference to which it is possible to have a fixed rule (vyapi in Sanskrit) giving rise to logical inference. These are :
(i) Cause and Effect e.g., (a) Moist fuel is burning in the kitchen.
.:. There is smoke in the kitchen. (b) There is smoke in this place.
.:. There is fire in this place.
(ii) From antecedent to consequent e.g.,
(a) Monday following a Sunday (b) Childhood preceding adolescence
(iii) Concomitance e.g.,
Age and experience going together
(iv) Whole and Part e.g.,
There is no fruit tree in this village. .:. There is no mango tree in this village
(v) Identity e.g.,
There is no pitcher in this room, because there is nothing answering its identity (description) here.
There is no room for error in this method of inference if the vyapi is carefully and scientifically tested. When one's own observation is supported by the experience of mankind in general and is also confirmed by the word of an omniscient Teacher, as given in scriptures, there is no doubt left about the correctness of the data used for further deductions.