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INTRODUCTION.
IS
and other marvellous notices of Yão and Shun are largely added to by Mencius and Sze-mà Khien, but their accounts are of the same extraordinary character. I must believe that the oldest portions of the Shù do not give us the history of Yao and Shun, but legendary tales about them. At the same time it must be allowed that the compiler
of these books in their present form had in Their conipiler
had ancient his possession some documents as old as the documents on time of Yão. To my mind three things renwhich to
base his der this admission necessary. First, the titles representations. of the high officers of Yâo and Shun are different from those of the corresponding dignitaries at a later age. The principal personage was called the Four Mountains; next to him was the General Regulator; and the Minister of Religion was the Arranger of the Ancestral Temple. It is more probable that the compiler received these and other peculiar designations from old documents than that he invented them himself. Second, the style of these early books is distinguished in several particulars from the style of those of Hsia, Shang, and Kâu. I need only specify the exclamations, 'Alas! Ah!' and 'Oh!' which are expressed by characters that we do not elsewhere find used in the same way. Third, the directions of Yao to his astronomers, telling them how to determine the equinoxes and solstices, by means of the stars culminating at dusk in those seasons, could not be the inventions of a later age. The reader will find this subject discussed in the next chapter, where it is shown how those culminating stars may be employed to ascertain the era of Yão. No compiler, ignorant of the precession of the equinoxes, which was not known in China till about the middle of our fourth century, could have framed Yao's directions with such an adjustment to the time assigned to him in chronology.
When the Books of Thang and Yü received their present form, we cannot tell. Probably it was in the early period of the Kau dynasty, though I am not without a suspicion that some verbal changes were made in them under the short-lived dynasty of Khin, which intervened between
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