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THE SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS OF JAINISM
The five attributes of Jain ultimate particles given in § 4.5 can be equated to present Physics as follows.
(i) Five colours
=
3 charge colours of quarks + two charges of positive and negative as white and black.
flavours of quarks and leptons.
(The sixth flavour of quarks is not yet established.)
spin of 1 and 2.
(a) Palpability = Gauge bosons.
(G.R. Jain identifies it with positive and negative charges.)
(b) Temperature = Radiation.
Intensity of palpability = Energy levels.
(The rule of combining the ultimate particles given is § 4.5 is similar to Pauli's exclusion principle.)
(v) Two kinds of ultimate particles: effect (action) and cause particles particle and its anti-particle. (G.R. Jain identifies these with the electron and the positron, respectively.)
(ii) Five flavours
(iii) Two smells (iv) Touch:
=
Some other comments are as follows. In some sense the ultimate particles are particles and in another sense they are energies. The properties of ultimate particles related to motion and state are probabilistic and seem to reflect Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Further, the ultimate particle cannot be obstructed or stopped in motion except when in an aggregate. Thus, it is like a neutrino, or maybe like a Tachyon, of speed greater than that of a photon.
In addition to the four fields corresponding to the four established forces in Nature, Sheldrake (1981) puts forward a "morphic field" corresponding 'to "morphic resonance"; Jain Science relies on a "karmic field". Time and space are the usual four dimensions but a fifth dimension of mass is regarded as essential in some new relativity theories: note that the definition of a "space point/spatial unit" of Jains is regarded as a point with dimensions (however infinitesimally small) and all the ultimate particles in the universe can be contained in this single point (see Basham, 1953, pp77-78). Thus the Big-Bang theory is alluded to. Also, Basham (1953, p78) quotes an old Jain verse "The complex of dimensional points is horizontal, while that of which the function is characterized by moments (time) is vertical". Thus time is the fourth dimension.
One of the present leading pioneers in modern physics is Stephen Hawking. He argues that the universe has no beginning and no end (see Hawking, 1988, p.116) and this idea clearly underlies the Jain
