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120
RELIGION AND CULTURE OE THE JAINS
called Kevala-jñāna, seated under . the shade of a Sāl tree on the bank of the river Rjupālikā at the village called Jşmbhakagräma not very far from the Parasnath hills in the modern Hazaribagh District of Bihar. After this event, Mahāvira's influence spread like wild fire in the countries of Videha, Anga and Magadha. Rājagțha, Campā and Vaiśāli were the chief cities of ancient Bihar and these were the strongholds of Jainism and favourite places of Mahāvira." He spent three pajju sanas (rainy season retirement) at Campā, the capital of the Anga country, and its suburbs called Pșştha-Campā, and two pajjusaņas at Bhadrika or Bhaddiyā in the same country. Mahāvira also spent 12 pajjusaņas at Vaiśālis and Vānijyagrāma' in its suburbs, i.e. the modern village of Baniya, about 11 miles to the north-west of Basādh. Another favourite resort of Mahāvira in Bihar was Mithila and it must have been a place of considerable importance for the Jains, for Mahāvira spent as many as six monsoons there. 10 In the city of Campā existed the temple called Puņņabhadra caityalı where Mahavira resided, at the same place, Sud harman, who was one of the disciples of Mahāvira and succeeded as the head of the Jain order after the death of the master, recited the Uvāsagadasāo, the seventh anga of the Jains, while it was governed by Kuņika Ajātasatru of Magadha. The temple is referred to in the Ubhāisūtra as Punyalabdha (or Puṇyatava) caitya.* Svayambhava, the fifth Partiarch of the Jain church, who succeeded Prabhava, lived at Campa where he composed, for his son Manaka, the Daśavaikālikasūtra containing the essence of all the sacred doctrines of Jainism, about the 4th century B.C.12 Vasupujya, 18 the 12th
6 Stevenson, op. cit., p. 39; SBE, Vol. XXII, p. 263. 7 Law, Mahāvīra : His Life and Teachings, p. 7. 8 Jacobi, Jaina Sutras, Pt. I, Kalpasätra, Sec. 122. 9 Avaśyaka Niryukti, 496. [Vāņiya =Vānija,-Ed.]
10 Stevenson, op. cit., p. 42. [The city of Mithilā is located at Janakpur in the Nepalese Tarai.- Ed.]
11 Hoernle's ed., p. 2, notes. *(Sic-Ed.] 12 JBORS, Vol. I, 1915, pp. 67ff.
13 JPASB, Vol. X, 1914, p. 334 ; Dey, Geographical Dictionary, pp. 44ff.; C. J. Shah, op. cit., p. 26, note 5.
42. Ia - Vānijec. 122.
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