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human flesh and 'oil could have been procured in ancient or early mediaeval India. Not, to be sure, from killing of old people or from places where anatomy lectures were held, so to say" a possible source for procuring usable products of the human body could, however, have been human sacrifice the existence of which even in the 'Great Tradition cannot reasonably be doubted." But apart
BELD. "Observations on the Arkaprakása, a medical Sanskrit text ascribed to Ravana in: Les medecines fraditonelles de l'Asie. Actes du Colloque de Paris 11-12 Juin 1979, ed. G. MAZARS, Strasbourg 1981, p. 120.
» On this costum cf. F. J. SPROCKHOFF, "Die Alten im alten Indien. Ein Versuch nach brahmanischen Quellen", in: Saeculum XXX HA. 4 (1979), 374-433. But cf. also KLAUS E. MÜLLER, "Zur Frage der Altentötung im westeurasiatischen Raum, in: Paideuna XIV (1986). 17-44 und J. JETTMAR, "Altentotung in Dardistan', in: Paideuma XV (1969), 162-166.
Regarding the question whether there were dissections of human corpses in India cf. K.G. ZYSK, "Some Observations on the Dissection of Cadavers in Ancient India' in: Ancien Science of Life 2.11 (1983). 187-189; R. P. DAS, "More on the Dissection of Cadavers in Ancient India In: Ancient Science of Life 3.1 (1983), 48, I. FIŠER and O. FIŠEROVA, "Dissection in Ancient India. History and Culture of Ancient India' (For the XXVT International Congress of Orientalists). ed. By W. RUBEN, W. STRUVE, G. BONGARDLEVIN, Moscow 1963, 306-328 and, finally K. G. ZYSK, "The Evolution of Anatomical Knowledge in Ancient India, with Special Reference to Cross-cultural InMluences in: JAOS 106.4 (1986), 687-705. Something like an autopsy is perhaps intended by Kumarila Bhala in the Slokavårttika (Atmaváda, verse 99f.); cf. C. OETKE,"Ich und das ich. Analytische Untersuchungen zur buddhistisch-bralvanischen Ammankontroverse, Stuttgart 1988 p. 441).
Gesellschaft in Wien, XXXXVII (1917), 1-65. BAHADUR HIRA LAL RAI: "Human Sacrifice in Central India', in: Man in India, 1 (1921),
8-66. H. WHITEHEAD: The Village Gods of South India, Madras 1921, repr. Delhi 1983, p.
59ff., 82, 86 ff. SARAT CHANDRA ROY: "Ethnography in Old Official Records", in: Man in India, Vol. 2
(1922), 78-96. J. G. FRAZER: The Golden Bough.... London 1924, p. 433. H. ZIMMER: "Die indische Weltmutter". Aufsätze hrsg. u. eingeleitet v. F. Wilhelm, Frankfurt
1980, p. 23 (originally published in: Eranos Jahrbuch 1938, Zürich 1939). K. K. HANDIQUI: Yasasnilaka and Indian Culture (livaraja Jaina Granthamālā No. 2).
Sholapur 1949, p. 221. (for further references see General Index s.v. Candamári). DHAIRYABALA P. VORA: Evolution of Morals in the Epics (Mahabhdrata and
Rämdyana), Bombay 1959, p. 230ff. J. GONDA: Die Religionen Indiens / Stuttgart 1960, 1978, p. 173, 325.; // Stuttgart 1963,
5, 50, 97, 211 and 218 (containing also further references). J. C. HEESTERMANN: "The Case of the Severed Head" in: WZKS XI, 1967, 22-43. D. SCHLINGLOFF: 'Menschenopfer in Kaufámbi" in: IIJ 11 (1969), 175-189. SUDHAKAR CHATTOPADHYAYA: Evolution of Hindu Sects up to the time of Sank
ara, Delhi 1970, p. 123, 127. D. N. LORENZEN: The Kapálikas and Kåldmukhas. Tivo Lost Saivite Sects, New
Delhi 1972, p. 86. A. W. MACDONALD: Essays on the Ethnology of Nepal and South Asia, Kathmandu
1983, p. Ifr. ("On Prajāpati"). H. FALK: "Die Legende von Sunahsepa auf ihrem rituellen Hintergrund", ZDMG 134 (1984) 115
135, especially 134 + note 53. K. G. ZYSK: 'The Evolution of Anatomical Knowledge in Ancient India ... in: JAOS 106.4
(1986), 6891. M. WITZEL: "The Case of the Shattered Head in: Sill 13/14 = Festschrift Wilhelm Rau ...,
1987, 363-415 (especially ! 8 and 9 as well as notes 49, 551, 66, 74, 95 and 103). - Sacrifices of animals and men to tree deities are referred to in Jātaka no. 50 and 353,Note that even today one finds once in a while in the media news about, real or alleged, human sacrifices in the Indian subcontinent(e.g. "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" of 6th July 1991: "Zehn Jahre altes Mädchen einer Göttin geopfert"). It is, however, necessary to distinguish not only, as rightly pointed out by A. W. MACDONALD (sce above), between various stages in the cultural development of mankind in the framework of which such sacrifices become understandable, e.g. that of hunters in contradistinction to that of
"Some of the titles subsequently listed contain information about further relevant literature on human sacrifice in India; I therefore deem it justified to confine myself to presenting what is the result rather of an accidental discovery than of a systematic search. A. WEBER: "Über Menschenopfer bei den Indern der Vedischen Zeit", ZDMG 18 (1864)
262-287. J. CAMPBELL: A Personal Narrative of 13 years amongst the wild tribes of
Khondistan. Human Sacrifices in India. With a prefatory new introduction by
Prof. Birwal S. Das, Delhi 1986. A. BARTH: Les Religions de l'Inde. Paris 1879. p. 38. The Religion of India, trans.
into English by Rev. J. Wood, repr. Delhi 1969, 57-59. S. A. WEDER: Ober die Konigweihe, den Rajāsūya, Berlin 1893, 8, 47, 52, 64, 108. E. THURSTON: Castes & Tribes of Southern India, Vol. I, Madras 1909, p.XV. R. VON HEINE-GELDERN: "Kopfagd und Menschenopfer in Assam und Birma und ihre
Ausstrahlungen nach Vorderindien, in: Minellungen der Anthropologischen
