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48 PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL ACTION
context of a world-wide system of Imperialism or Economic, Political and Cultural exploitation. By 'Imperialism' is meant the working of multinational capital throughout the underdeveloped countries under the protection of the Industrial-military-complex of the capitalist countries, (or the Capitalist Country) of the world. Andre Gunder Frank, the Latin American Economist was truthful when he reformulated the term "development” as "development of underdevelopment”. Similarly, it is contrary to history to assume that modernization is an inevitable process occuring in every country 'sooner' or 'later'. On the contrary, the process of modernization is enhanced in the already modernized countries at the further expense of the relatively non-modernized countries of the Third World. More often than not the relationship is inversely proportional between modernized and non-modernized countries. They are unfortunately, but of necessity, linked as the metropolis and suburb, or pool and drain respectively. This very fact was elaborately mystified by sociologist Marion Levy, Jr. as a "Continum (underline mine) between relatively modernized and relatively non-modernized country." To take a very simple statistics, for 6% of the world population (U.S.A.) 60% of the world's resources are pulled, I mean, drained from relatively non-modernized nations. Since these resources are solely material the countries which are supplying U.S.A. with these resources are, measurably to that extent, being deprived of modernization themselves. In concrete terms the U.S.A. is a modern country because Latin America, South East Asia and Africa are non-modernizing themselves (giving up Industry for Green Revolution) or stagnating and starving. In other words, modernization is not an independent process of increasing utilization of a country's potential but very much in fact a residual realization of a country's resources after being preyed upon by the more powerful nations. Modernization for us or any erstwhile colonies, therefore, often turns out to be a constant struggle for mere survival to be able to serve the interests of the whole chain of imperialist countries. This exploitation is economic, political and cultural.
Modernization is also used as a value-loaded term and therefore refers both to the ideal type as well as to the actual instances which often falsify the ideal. For example, political modernization undoubtedly means greater participation on the part of the people in country's affairs. In actually, in the most modern countries is flagrantly contradicted.
The term modernization is often confused with many specific symtoms, like industrialization, urbanization, increase in bureaucratic efficiency, an increasing number of executive class or centralisation in technocracy as Galbraith's The Industrial State describes it. But there can be industrialization without political modernization just as there is possible urbanization without industrialization. The contract between an urbanized Punjab and an industrialized West Bengal is a clear case in point. These piecemeal definitions can be very untrue and inadequate indications of a country's modernization. If someone defines modernization as a fast improvemnt in distribution of wealth with constant break-through in production, than
