Jinamanjari 2001 09 No 24

Author(s): Jinamanjari
Publisher: Canada Bramhi Jain Society Publication

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22. E.I., Vol.IV, pp.22ff; I.A., Vol. III, pp. 153-158.
23. R.K. Mookherjee, Gupta Samrajya. Bombay:1948, p.155.
24. B.K. Tiwary's articles in The Journal of Historical Research, Vol.26, No.2, pp. 108-113; Jain Antiquary, Vol.37, No.2, pp.21-27; Jinamanjari, Vol.2, No.2, pp.43-50. In this respect it is obvious to mention that Jainism never sought royal patronage like its contemporary religions, but it got it in one way or the other throughout the periods of ancient and medieval India. 25. Jainismi is still a living religion in western and southern India today. (The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol.I, ed. S.K. Chatterji, A.D. Pusalkar and N. Dutta. Calcutta: 1975 (Reprint), p.lvi).
26. U.P. Shah, op. cit, pp.39-40.
27. Though the Jainas were not an idol worshipping sect, this has not prevented them from carving statues in honour of their siddhas (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 12, p.846).
28. Their popularity can be seen as early as the time of the Arya literature. It is believed that Indra had appointed one yaksa and on yaksinis to serve on each Tirthankara as attendants of the right and left sides of the Jinas (R.S. Gupta, Iconography of the Hindus, Buddhists and Jainas, p.175).
29. A.K. Chatterjee, A Comprehensive History of Jainism, pt. I, p.365; U.P. Shah, Studies in Jain Art, p.3.
30. B.C. Bhattacharya, Jain Iconography, pp.33-34.
31. S. Stevenson, Heart of Jainism, Oxford: 1915 (Indian ed., New Delhi, 1970), p.12.
32. Uttaradyayana, 3.14.
33. Jain Iconography" in Acarya Bhikshu Abhinandana Srantha. Calcutta: 1961, pp. 193-194.
34. Samyaka jnana, samyaka darsana andsamyaka charita.
35. The pedestals of the Jaina sculptures during this period have been adorned with certain symbols which in later years came to be stabilized as emblems or lanchanas.
36. B. Jain, Bharat ke Digambara Jain Tirtha, pt. 1, pp. 14-15.
37. B.C. Bhattacharya, op. cit., p.30.
38. Bhikshu Abhinandana Grantha, p.114.
39. U.K. Jain, Jain Sects and Schools. Delhi: 1975, pp.43-44.
40. Jain Antiquary. Vol.XVIII, No. II, pp. 32-34.
41. G.H. Ojha opines that the Jainas made metal statues between the 7th_9th centuries C.E. He claims to have seen as many as one thousand metal Jain images having some inscriptions on them (Prachin Bharatiya Lipimala, Delhi: 1971, p.154).
42. G.S. Gogate, "Uniqueness and Grandeur of Jain Art," Organiser, Nov. 11, 1974, p.17.
43. H.L. Jain, Bharatiya Sanskriti mein Jain dharma ka yogadan. Bhopal: 1962 (Reprint 1975), p.281.
44. P.C. Roychoudhary, Jainism in Bihar. Patna: 1956, p.21.
45. Ala-ud-din is said to have plundered this area of North India and destroyed many Jaina temples. He also converted a few Jain shrines to mosques (S. Stevenson, op. cit., pp.18, 283). Also, J. Fergusson, History of Indian and Eastern Architecture. London: 1910, Vol. II, p.9.
46. Cylindrical structures with arched tops standing on quadratic platforms. 47. Avasyaka Niryukti, gatha 435; Jabudvipa Prajypti, 2.33.
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