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220: JAINS TODAY IN THE WORLD
(uşņa), insects bites (damsa-masaka), nudity (nāgnya), absence of pleasures (arati), sexual passion (stri), fatigue (caryā), discomfort (nişadyā), discomfort in sleeping (sayyā), censure (ākrośa), injuries (vadha), begging (yācanā), failure to get food (alābha), disease (roga), thorn pricks (trņa-sparśa), body impurities (mala), disrespect (satkārapuraskāra), non appreciation of their knowledge (prajña), persistence of ignorance (ajñāna), lack of faith or difficulties to obtain supernatural powers and doubt (adarśana).
To try to shed their "karma” Jain ascetics must practice twelve kinds of austerities: six external and six internal.
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The external austerities (bāhya-tapa)
The six external austerities (bāhya tapa) of the Jain ascetics are: fasting (anaśana), limitation of food for definite length of time (avamaudarya), acceptance of alms only if conditions they impose previously to them are fulfilled (vrtti-parisaṁkhyāna), abstention from rich food like ghee, milk, sugar, oil (rasa-parityāga), retreating in a remote and solitary place for a specific period of time (viviktasayyāšana), mortifications of the body like to remain in the bright sunshine or in the cold, maintaining long lasting in a painful and humiliating posture depending on the individual's physical condition and endurance (kāyaklesa), always with the agreement of the "guru" or the "guruņi”.
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The internal austerities (ābhyantara-tapa)
The six internal austerities (ābhyantara tapa) for Jain ascetics are: confession and repentance of transgressions (prāyaścitta), modest behaviour (vinaya), helping other ascetics especially those who are ill or old (vaiyávrtya), study of sacred scriptures (svādhyāya), giving up attachment to the body (vyutsarga) and concentration of mind (dhyāna).
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