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JAINISM of injury to some one.” Or, “I shall not with predetermination tell a falsehood when I am conscious of the injury it will do.” Or, simply, “I shall refrain from telling gross lies.”
And further, the vow may be taken in several ways: for instance, to observe it only in speech, or only mentally, or only bodily, or in all these ways.
Also to observe the vow, only so far as doing it oneself is concerned; or, as far as causing others to tell gross falsehoods, or, as far as consenting to the telling of falsehoods by others is concerned, or all three of these, thus making nine ways of telling gross falsehoods (three times three).
PARTIAL TRANSGRESSIONS* The following are illustrations of some ways in which this vow is partially transgressed:
1. Rashly, as distinguished from intentionally, making a false accusation; if you rashly call a man a thief when he is not, for instance.
2. Giving an order, that is harmful to others, rashly, If done intentionally, it is breaking the vow.
3. Seeing two persons talking in secret, to say that you know that secret, and that they are talking against the king or officers, even though as a matter of fact, you have not heard or known their talk,-backbiting.
4. Making a false document, when done carelessly without inquiring into the matter, is a partial transgression for those who take this vow, only so far as speech is * Tattvartha, VII, 21. Yogasastra, III, 91.
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