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CHAPTER 29]
THE DECCAN
Brāhmaṇical temple. However, it is noteworthy that some Jaina inscriptions contain information on the composition of a Jaina temple. Thus, an inscription, dated 1278, from Amarapuram, Anantapur District,' of the time of a chief named Irungonadeva-Cola, ruling from his permanent residence at Niḍugallu, states that the income from a certain grant was to be used for the reconstruction with stone from the 'foundation to the pinnacle' (upänädi-stüpi-paryantam) of the temple of Brahma-Jinalaya with the mahā-maṇḍapa, bhadra-maṇḍapa, Laksmi-mandapa, gopura, parisutra, vandana-mālā, mäna-stambha, and makaratorana. An inscription in Kannada from Bilagi, North Kanara District,' dated 1581, records the construction of the Ratnatraya-basadi and of the maṇḍapa, muni-väsa, candra-śālā, etc., by a certain chief and a gandha-kuți-basti for Säntisvara by a royal lady.
Examples of Jaina architecture fall into four types. One of them, represented by the group of temples at Hampi, is characterized by the stepped pyramidal superstructures. No doubt this type of sikhara is also employed in the building of Brahmaņical temples in this region, but many a Jaina temple has this as an invariable feature. Another type is represented by some large stone temples at Bhatkal in North Kanara District and Mudbidri (Mūḍabidure) in South Kanara District. The most notable features of these temples are their plain sloping roofs and the peculiar arrangement of stone screens which close in the sides... There is a great likeness between these buildings and similar ones, built in wood for the most part, found in Nepal. It is not likely, however, that there is any other connexion between them than that the same conditions brought about the same type of structure. But these roofs may be seen repeated in every thatched cottage in Bhatkal, even to the double storey. This method of roof-construction is, therefore, no more than a copy in stone of thatched roofs of the country, rendered necessary by the exigency of the climate and made possible by the ease with which the great laterite slabs could be quarried on the spot. The third type, which is considered an interesting one, is represented by tombs of Jaina priests in the neighbourhood of Mudbidri. 'The style of these monuments is that of a pagoda-like pyramid rising up into several diminishing stories, each storey defined by a
1 Annual Report of South Indian Epigraphy, 1916-17, Appendix C, no. 40,
* Ibid., pp. 74, 113-14.
• Annual Report on Kannada Research in Bombay Province for 1939-40, p. 75, no. 88. A.H. Longhurst, Hampi Ruins, Delhi, 1933, pp. 94-95, fig. 44.
H. Cousens, The Chalukyan Architecture of the Kanarese Districts, Archaeological Survey of India, New Imperial Series, XLII, Calcutta, 1926; pp. 134-35; Percy Brown, Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu, fourth ed., Bombay, 1959, p. 132.
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