________________
Jaina Acara: Siddhanta aura Svarupa
281
Desamulaguna. The first applies to monks' great vows and the second to the laity's small vows. The second are accepted every day or for some days. It is also divided into Desaguna and Sarvottaraguna. For householders three gunavratas and four recurring exercises in self-discipline are Uttaraguna. For both monks and the laity there are ten kinds of renunciation which are Uttaraguņas.
Bhagavatisūtra, Sthanangavṛiti, Mulacara and Avasyaka-niryukti have stated its ten kinds as follows:
(1) Anāgata-To perform penance earlier than festal days in order to serve the old, diseased monks and the like better. Vasunandi says it is like observing the vow on the thirteenth day instead of the fourteenth.
(2) Atikranta-It is to observe a vow on days other than festal ones because of reverential service rendered to the seniors.
(3) Kotisahita-It is to start another penance before the earlier one has been completed e. g. to observe another vow before the ceremonial end of the fast. Vattikara says that it is to decide to fast beyond one's capacity. Vasunandi, however, says that it is a sort of conditional Vow, like observing it, if fit enough after self-study on the next day.
(4) Niyantrika-It is to stick to the day fixed for the observance of a vow in spite of hurdles in the way. After Jambusvāmi there was no monk who wore no clothes and used the hollow of his hand for an alms-bowl and who did not shift a morsel from the left to the right jaw.
As such this type is now extinct.
(5) Sākāra-It is to imagine an exception like some special situation which would save him from the observance of such renunciation.
(6) Nirakara-This admits of no exception whatsoever.
Vasunandi has interpreted 'akara' as difference. It is to observe particular penance at some particular period having a lucky star. Such penances are for a long period. The 'anakara' penance, however, is practised at any time one chooses.
(7) Parimānākṛta-It is to determine the quantity of food that a monk will accept or even the kind of acceptable food.
(8) Niravaseṣa-It is to renounce four kinds of food altogether. Vasunandi says it is for the whole life, but the white-clad monks have no limit mentioned.
(9) Sanak etika-It is a vow not to eat anything till one should loosen one's grip or untie the knot. This is for one's convenience.
(10) Addha-It means time. The time factor accounts for different penances. Abhayadeva has divided time, taking three hours as the standard one. Ten kinds come under this head. They are:
(1) Navakarasa.
Jain Education International
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
