Jain Journal 1971 07

Author(s): Jain Bhawan Publication
Publisher: Jain Bhawan Publication

Page 27

Caumukha a Symbolic Jaina Art
SUDHIN DE
The Pratima Sarvatobhadrikā or Sarvotabhadrikā Pratimā signifies auspicious from all sides, a very favourite of the Jaina images. These images bear the figures of four Tirthankaras, usually Rsabhanatha, the first; Santinatha, the sixteenth; Parsvanatha, the twentythird; and Mahavira, the twentyfourth; in four directions. These are called caturmukhas or caumukhas and are made in a characteristic fashion. Probably these figures are based upon ancient Jaina tradition of samavasaraṇa, square or circular assemblies erected by gods for the sermon of the Jina, wherein, on a raised platform in the centre, sits the Jina on one side with the images of the same Jina installed on the three remaining sides to make him visible to the whole audience. Representation of four different Jinas on the four sides, is, therefore an advancement upon the original and earlier conception of a samavasaraṇa.
The conception being allied to and an essential part of the samavasaraṇa, it may be inferred that installation of such caumukhas in ancient times were possibly regarded as symbolic representations of samavasaraṇa. Like obelisk these were installed in the open or in a hall but as time went on caumukha temples were built with four entrances and caumukha deities installed. The Paharpur temple is one of the best example of this type of temple. The date of this temple is circa 9th century A.D. This form of architecture even travelled overseas as can be evidenced from the temples of Candi Sewn, Candi Lorojongrong of Indonesia.
The worship of caumukhas are prevalent among both the Jaina sects. Various representations of caumukhas are available from all over the country. State Archaeological Gallery of West Bengal possesses some beautiful examples of caumukha images and shrines. Here we present a few of them.
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