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38
JAINA ANTIQUARY.
[Vol. 1
And it is supposed in such a case that
Height = ir (circumference). This approximate formula is derived as follows:
Base = x (radius) =11 (circumference) putting * = 3. Hence. Volume = { (base) x (height)
=(circumference)2 x (height).
Isosceles trapezium. Nemicandra writes :
" The difference of the face and base divided by the altitude is the rate of decrease of the base in proceeding towards the face and also the rate of increase of the face in going otherwards. Half the sum of the face and base multiplied by the altitude is the area. The area multiplied by the height is the volume."1
That is to say, if a denote the face, 6 the base and h the altitude of an isosceles trapezium, we shall have
Rate of decrease of b or increase of a = -,
Area = f(b+a)h. Hence at an altitude n' above the base the breadth of the figure will be
0-en
and at a depth h" below the face the breadth will be
a+(7a)"
Permutations and Combinations According to the Jaina philosophy there are fifteen kinds of pramāda (" carelessness") of which four form the category of vikathā (" wrong talk '), four that of kaşāya ("passion "), five that of indriya (“sense") and one belongs to each of the categories
1
Ibid, Gāthā 114,
