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OCTOBER, 1983
the Vedic followers because of their being anti-Vedic. The five principles of Jaina dharma, viz. non-violence, truthfulness non-stealing, continence, and non-possession, are called pañcamahāvratas (five great vows). The Sravakas are called deśavirata or anuvratin (followers of lesser vows) and Munis are mahāvratins (followers of great vows). The Vratadharins of this type seem to have been designated as Vratyas because they are the renouncers of violent sacrificial rules.95 For this reason their praise is also found at some places in the Upani sads.96 In the Sankarabhāşya the meaning of Vratya is given as "svabhāvatah ekaśuddha ityabhiprāyah.97 In this way the tradition of Sramana sādhanā is come across in all the Vedic literature, Rgveda, Atharyaveda, etc. with clear reference to it.98
* Ibid., p. 19. " vratyastvam pranaika rsiratta visvasya satpatih, Prasnopanisad, 2. 11.
7 Vide Bharatiya Samskrtimen Jainadharma ka Yogdan, p. 19. * Ibid.
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