Disclaimer: This translation does not guarantee complete accuracy, please confirm with the original page text.
## Pancamadikara
**231. Question:** What are Karana and how many are they?
**Answer:** The specific state of Karmas like Jnanavarana etc. are called Karana. Their number is 8: (1) Aprashasta Upshamana (2) Nidhatti (3) Nikachana (4) Bandhana (5) Udirana (6) Apkarshana (7) Utkarshana and (8) Sankramanakarna.
**232. Question:** Which Karana belong to which Karma?
**Answer:** In all four Ayus, there are nine Karana excluding Sankramanakarna. In all other Karma-Prakritis, there are ten Karana.
**232. Question:** Which Karana belong to which Guna-Sthana in Ayu Karma?
**Answer:** In Ayu Karma, Bandhana-Karana and Utkarshana-Karana of Narakayu are only in Mithyatva Guna-Sthana. Excluding Sankramanakarna, the remaining ten Karana mentioned in Karmakanda Gatha, from 436 to 450, excluding Udaya and Sthiti, and replacing Upshama with Aprashasta Upshamana Karana, there are eight Karana. Their characteristics can be seen in Karananuyog Deepak, Part 2, pages 112-113.