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## The Adi Purana, Chapter 4
**Verse 176:** The great village among the ten villages is called Sangraha. Similarly, the place where the Ghosha (Ahir) reside is called Ghosha, and the place where gold, silver, and other mines are found is called Akar.
**Verse 177:** Thus, Indra, the king of gods, divided the cities, villages, and other places in a very good way. Therefore, he received the meaningful name Purandara (the city-destroyer) from that time onwards.
**Verse 178:** After that, Indra, following the orders of Lord Mahavira, settled the people in these cities, villages, and other places. Having completed his task, he went to heaven, following the orders of the Lord.
**Verse 179:** Asi, Mashi, Krishi, Vidya, Vanijya, and Shilpa - these six occupations are the means of livelihood for the people. Lord Rishabhadeva, with his skillful intellect, taught the people to earn their livelihood through these six occupations. It is appropriate because at that time, the Lord, the teacher of the world, was still Sragi (attached to worldly things) and not Vitrag (detached from worldly things).
**Verse 180:** The meaning is that the teaching of worldly activities can be given in the Sragi state.
**Verse 181:** Among those six occupations, serving with weapons like swords is called Asi Karma. Earning a living by writing is called Mashi Karma. Cultivating the land and sowing seeds is called Krishi Karma. Earning a living by studying scriptures or through dance, music, etc. is called Vidya Karma. Trading is called Vanijya Karma. And earning a living through skillful use of hands is called Shilpa Karma. This Shilpa Karma is considered to be of many types, such as painting, cutting flowers and leaves, etc.
**Verse 182:** At that time, Lord Rishabhadeva, the first Tirthankara, established three varnas (castes) - Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra, based on their qualities like Kshattraan (protection from danger), etc.
**Verse 183:** At that time, those who earned their living by wielding weapons were called Kshatriyas. Those who earned their living through agriculture, trade, and animal husbandry were called Vaishyas.
**Verse 184:** And those who served them were called Shudras. These Shudras were of two types - Karu and Akaru. Those Shudras like washermen, etc. were called Karu, and those different from them were called Akaru.
**Verse 185:** Karu Shudras were also considered to be of two types - Spruhya (touchable) and Aspruhya (untouchable). Among them, those who lived outside the community were called Aspruhya, meaning they were not fit to be touched. And the barbers, etc. were called Spruhya.