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Society, Epistemology and Logic in Indian Tradition
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svādhyāya (study) and (2) dhyāna (meditation), but there is a provision in another sūtra that if a sādhu of that group is ill or suffering from malady etc, then, with the permission or order of ācārya,a monk should first render his services to the sufferer and afterwards he should study (svādhyāya) or perform meditation (dhyāna). Svādhyāya and vaiyāvrtya both are similarly important in ascetic life, vaiyāvstya or rendering of services to ill saint should be without any hate. Concept of selfless service to ailments is available in the Jaina texts. Sūtrakstāngasūtra says:
“A monk should serve an ill saint, without any hate or reluctance.” 82
Some penal codes have been defined in Jaina canonical literature and in latter literature. In the Uttarādhyayanasūtra smugglers have been defined as culprit and some penal codes have been proposed for them.** Āvaśyaka niryukti narrates three panel codes as (i) to aware someone of his wrong doing (hākāra), (ii) to prohibit someone from his wrong doing (mākāra) and (iii) to condemn someone wrong doing (dhikkāra). ** These penal codes also prove the attentiveness of Jaina ācāryas towards the well being of the society. Modern Jaina Society and Social Services by Jains In modern times Jaina society seems very active in religious and as well as in social sector of life. Jainism is open for all the
* See Utt 26.12, 18. *Utt 26.10. "SK 3.4-21: Kujjā bhikkhū gilāņassa, agilāe samāhite. * See Utt chapter 21. "NS, ĀVN v. 167.
