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have given due significance to the empirical view also.
The Jaina epistemological literature is having importance for the understanding of the epistemological thinking of other systems also, because the Jaina philosophers have presented their opponents' view honestly and systematically.
The Jaina logicians have contributed their mite to the development of epistemological doctrines which can be summed up as follows: A. The Jaina philosophers of both the sects Digambara and
Śvetāmbara joined their hands to develop the Jaina epistemology and logic. Jain philosophers were wellversed with all the systems of philosophy, whatever they thought appropriate for Jaina system was accepted. Their
refutation of opponent's views is based on cogent reasons. B. They cogently established recollection, recognition, and
inductive reasoning as independent pramāņas. C. They are very precise in defining the probans (hetu), but
they have elaborately conceived kinds and sub-kinds of
probans (hetu). D. They established the nature of pramāṇa illuminating itself
and the object. E. If the works of Sumati, Kumāraṇandin and Pātrakesarī are
found available, then the history of the development of
Jaina epistemology may be rewritten. F. Umāsvāti/Umāsvāmin was the first philosopher who
recognized right knowledge as pramāṇa and classified the pramāņa into two types i.e. pratyakșa (perception) and parokşa. After establishment of right knowledge as
