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INTRODUCTION
mentions himself as muni which often goes with Padmanandi in this work. So even the anonymous sections have a stamp of similar contents, and are probably composed by the same author, Padmanandi.
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There have been many authors and saints bearing the name Padmanandi at different times and places. It is easier to raise a question whether all these prakaranas are written by one and the same Padmanandi than to answer it, because there is no sufficient evidence, either internal or external, to tackle this problem satisfactorily. It looks highly probable, though one should not be too sure, that the hand of one and the same author is apparent in all these prakaranas. First, the name Padmanandi is mentioned at the close of most of them; and as noted above, even the anonymous ones have something strikingly common with others. Secondly, there are some verses repeated or nearly repeated in different prakaranas: for instance I. 16 & VI. 10; I. 149 & IX. 24; I. 154 & XXIII. 19 (the third line is differently worded); I. 158 & IX. 5 (some two lines alike); I. 159 & IX. 19; II. 7 & II. 42 (this is common in the same prakaraṇa, thus increasing the specified number); III. 3 & XXIV. 1; XI. 10 & XXIII. 20 (partly); etc. Thirdly, very similar topics, with quite parallel settings, are expounded in different prakaranas: see, for instance, I. 125 & XIII. 34; II. 1f. & VI. 1f.; IV. ES & XXII. EB; XII. 6 & XXVI. 9; etc. Fourthly, the author's devotion to his guru and his words of instruction is repeatedly mentioned in various prakaranas, see, for instance: I. 197, II. 54, IX. 32, X. 26, 49, XI. 4, 59, XXII. 6, XXIII. 16, etc. Fifthly, the Prakrit prakaranas have also some ideas common between themselves and with others : for instance, XIII. 23f. and XVIII. 1f.; XIII. 59 & XV. 31; XIII. 3 & XIV. 16. Lastly, there are contexts in which similes and expressions are alike; for instance, IV. 61 and VII. 29. So, as long as there is no positive evidence to the contrary, one may work with the hypothesis that all the prakaranas are composed by one and the same Padmanandi.
4. VARIOUS PADMANANDIS
There have been many saints bearing the name Padmanandi, and some of them have Prakrit and Sanskrit works to their credit. i)Kundakunda of venerable antiquity had a name Padmanandi, and his various Prakrit works are well-known.' ii) The Jambudirapannatti, Prakrit text on Jaina cosmo
1) A. N. UPADHYE: Pravacanasara, Intro. pp. 2f, Bombay 1935.
For other discussion
2) Ed. by H. L. JAIN and A. N. UPADHYE, Sholapur 1958, see Intro. pp. 13f. see also the Indian H. Quarterly XIV, pp. 188 ff., Calcutta 1938; J. MUKTHAR Puratana Jaina Fakyasüct, Intro. pp. 64 ff., Sarasawa 1950; N, PREMI: Jaina Sahitya aura Itihasa, 2nd ed., pp. 256 f., Bombay 1956,