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viii
Preface
features of Jainism, make up “Jaina ” logic. Syadvada ( also called anekanta-vada ) or the doctrine of non-absolutism and sapta-bhangi, the seven modes of predication are, too, dealt with in this logic. All these branches of Jaina logic are more or less treated in Anuogadara, Thàņa and Viyahapannatti...
Ditthivaya, the 12th anga, an extinct agama, may have dealt with logic as one of its ten names “Heüvāä " ( doctrine of reasons ) impliés. Further, according to Sakalakirti, a Digambara scholar of the 15th century A. D., Aggåņiya, the 2nd puvva ( a section of Dilthivaya ) treated logic and metaphysics.
To be explicit, pramana is classified in Thana (IV, 3; S. 338 ), Viyahapannatti (V, 4; 192 ) and Aņuogadara (s. 144; pp. 2118 to 2198 ). The word heu' (Sk. hetu ) is used in Țhana (IV, 3; s. 338 ) in two senses viz. pramana and reason. Several terms of debate such as pakkha ( party ), chala ( quibble ), viyakki ( speculation) and tikka ( discussion ) occur in Suyagada. In Thàņa we come across the word nda (Sk. jñata ) meaning an example. It is here divided into 4 kinds, each having 4 varieties. Further, this canonical treatise enumerates 6 expedients employed in a hostile debate or debate a l'outrance, and 10 defects of a debate.
Thara ( VII, s. 552) and Aņuogadára (s. 152 ) deal with naya and mention its seven varieties.
Nikṣepas with their various divisions are treated in Anuogadara ( s. 7-27, 29-42, 44-56 & 150 ).
Syaitvada is a key-note of Jainism. Examples of its usage are met with in several places in Vijahapannatti and in Jivajivabhigama (s. 125 ) and Aņuogadāra (s. 142 )}. This doctrine of nonabsolutism is treated at length by me in my intro. (pp. CVII-XXI ) to Anekantajayapataka ( Vol. II ). The three fundamental bhangas which develop into seven modes of predication are noticed in Viyahapannatti. So these suggest that saptabhangi is as old as the
1 Four varieties of hei are noted in Dasaveyaliya-nijjutti ( v. 86 ).
2 For quotations etc. see my work A History of the Canonical Literature of the Jainas (pp. 219-220 ).
3 See my introduction (pp. oxi-oxii) to Anekāntajaya-patāka ( Vol. II ).
4 This work along with its auto-commentary and super-commentary bag been published in two volumes in the Gackwad's Oriental Series 1 A. D. 1940 and 1947 respectively.