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KALABHRAS AND JAINISM. 55 and Nedumāran clearly show that he was a conqueror of the Pandyas, at any rate, that he was a Pandyan king. The three other titles, viz., Kalvarakalvan, Kalbharakalvan, and Kaltakalvan indicate their origin. These three mean the same thing, i.e., thief of thietves or king of thieves, showing thereby that the ‘Kalabhras' of Vēlvikudi.grant were Kallars in their origin. Kalvarkalvan might also be read as Kalvarakalvan (கள்வர்கள்வன்), but in the inscriptions it is common to read Kalvarakalvan as Kalavarakalvan (களவரகள்வ ன்). In its Canarese form the 'v'is easily interchangeable with 'b' and we have .Kalabharakalvan and from that, the Kalabhras of the Vēlvikudi grant. When they conquered the Pandyan country they assumed the title of Muttaraiyan. The word might mean either · Lord of Pearls' (muttu + araiyan) or as the ' Lord of Three lands' (mū + ttaraiyan) which latter interpretation corresponds more closely with the description given of them in the inscriptions as conquerors of Chola, Pandya and Chera countries.
Having thus established the identity of the Kalabhras Kalabhras with the Carnatic king of Periyapurā- Jainism. nam, we shall next inquire what light this information throws on the history of the Jains. The same Periyapurānam account of Mūrti Nāyanār tells us that the Kalabhras, the moment they came to the country, embraced Jainism and influenced by the Jains who were innumer•able, began to persecute the Saiva saints and
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