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FOREWORD
CXVII
produced by them should be produced at once, as they are always . ready to work, and as they do not require the help of others being themselves eternal.
2. The pot is a crowd of atoms. The cause of it can be inferred in the potter. The potter therefore is the cause of atoms. Again it is impossible to say a thing is causeless because its cause cannot be perceived. There are many things in the world the causes of which we are unable to know.
3. Crystal is nothing but colour. When the flower reflects in it, we see the red colour and not the stone. So it cannot be said that the crystal is a separate substance apart from its qualities. The knowledge which cognizes the stone as red is wrong.
4. As we have already established the momentariness of all things, the atoms should also be perceivable when they are made to conglomerate by the potter. In those moments when the atoms were separate they were not perceivable. There is no independent whole (Avayavi) except the parts (Avayava). The parts being nothing but momentary things, they are designated as a whole in some moments. But really the whole is nothing but the parts. In the moments when they are only parts they have some kind of power, effect and creator, and in other moments when they are called Avayavi they get different kinds of power, etc. So the whole is not at all an independent substance apart from the parts.
5. We admit that the sound must have a place of origination. But such a place is not different from the elements which are the causes of sound. Space cannot be accepted as eternal or as the place or cause of the origination of sounds. If it were so, all sounds would be produced at once and not one after another in succession.
6. All things being momentary, a man after his birth gives rise to another in the next moment and continues to do so every moment thereafter; when we see him we say he is young. Another man born before him who also likewise gives rise to another every moment is said to be a grown-up man. Beyond this, there is no other cause, namely, time, direction, etc.