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nately all these four texts are available in print 1 the first with English translation. These facets are also usually chiselled in Upapitha or pedastals, door-frames, doors, windows, swings, transverse supports, and balustrades.
GOPURAS The text next deals with Gopuras or towers in front of temples, palaces, mansions of royal families, cities, big villages, and forts. This subject is dealt with in bare outline in this text and it simply divides the construction into four sections namely Bhoomi lambana or foundation, Adhisthana or the basement, Dwāra Pirsva or the two sides of the gate and Talanirmāņa or the construction of the flats. The various parts of each of these sections are dealt with in Āgama texts and in Maya mata. Mānasära and Kaśyapiya. In those texts each of these sections is divided into a number of parts and each part is assigned a particular fraction of the whole section. The Göpuras are constructed with Chunam, bricks and granite. The stability and beauty of towers that are seen in various parts of South India are proof positive that the proportions of the various parts given in the texts and practised by the architects satisfy all the factors required by the engineer, architect and sculptor. The number of flats may be from 1 to 9 according to the area of the temple palace, city etc.
VĀPIES (small tanks)
The text next deals with small tanks. Small tanks may be square, rectangular or circular in shape and their dimensions may be from 3 to 10 dandas. It is enclosed by walls and has openings on all the four sides. They are
1. Maya Matam has been printed by the Oriental Institute, Baroda. Manasara has been published by the Oxford University Press with an English translation by Acharya and illustrative drawings and a dictionary in separate volumes. Narada Silpa has been published in Mysore. Kasyapiyam has been published by the Anandasram, Poona.