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pacons of praise of the Lord, his creator. But here also the fear of punishment in the hell is the incentive to the acts, which are out ritualistic, and are, by themselves, not supposed to be sufficient to win His Grace.
According to both these modes of thought the individual must needs be governed by an external authority and forced to obedience by the fear of corporeal punishment. This is founded obviously on the principle that the law of Cause and Effect which regulates the blind forces of nature and the physical life of man applies equally to the human mind.
There is, however, a third view which regards the individual as a fully self-conscious and self-determined human being, who after attaining the human form of organism through a long course of evolution has to realise by his own efforts his perfection. This view was propounded by the Jain thinkers from time immemorial. According to them, man is neither wholly spiritual nor wholly material but a compound of both, and that his progress was to rise from the bondage imposed by the law of cause and effect to the state of full freedom. On this view man
