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Section 4 चतुर्थ परिच्छेद
The view that the effect (kārya) and the cause (kārana) etc. are absolutely different:
कार्यकारणनानात्वं गुणगुण्यन्यतापि च । सामान्यतद्वदन्यत्वं चैकान्तेन यदीष्यते ॥ ६१ ॥
सामान्यार्थ - (नैयायिक - वैशेषिक मत में - ) यदि कार्य-कारण में, गुण-गुणी में और सामान्य-सामान्यवान् में सर्वथा ( एकान्त रूप से) भेद माना जाए तो ऐसा मानना ठीक नहीं है -
(As per the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika ontology -) If one maintains that the effect (kārya) and the cause (hārana), the quality (guna) and the possessor of that quality (gunī), and the generality (sāmānya) and its possessor (sāmānyavān), are absolutely different, then difficulties arise
In the Nyaya-Vaiseṣika system, seven categories of reality are substance (dravya), quality (guna), action (karma), generality (sāmānya), uniqueness ( viśesa ), inherence (samavāya) and non-existence (abhāva ). Substance (dravya) is that in which a quality or an action can exist but which in itself is different from both quality and action. Quality (guna) differs from substance and action (karma) in the sense that it is an unmoving property. The action ( karma), like quality, has no separate existence, it belongs to the substance. But while quality is a permanent feature of a substance, action is a
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