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THE SCIENCE OF THOUGHT.
59
Similarly, vyatireka drștântâbhâsa also occurs when the sádhya and sådhana replace each other in vyatireka exemplification.
Illustration.
This hill is full of smoke, Because it is full of fire ; Whatever is not full of smoke is also not full of fire. [The fallacy is obvious, for there may be fire without smoke.]
Balaprayogábhâsa (bala=pertaining to children, prayoga=practice, and âbhâsa=fallacy) consists in not mentioning all the necessary limbs--proposition, hetu, udaharana, upanaya and nigamana (see footnote to p. 42 ante)-of a school-room syllogism. This fallacy also occurs when these limbs are given in a wrong order.
Sankhyâbhâsa is a fallacy in reference to the sources of pramâņa (valid knowledg) which are
(i) pratyakşa (direct knowledge), (ii) anumana (inference), and (iii) agama (Scripture).
This kind of fallacy consists in denying any or all of these three sources, because while pratyakşa is the immediate destroyer of doubt and ignorance, the validity of logical inference cannot be ignored, and testimony, provided it be the word of a qualified observer and absolutely unimpeachable, is certainly the only source of knowledge of things beyond perception and inference both.
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