Nyaya Science of Thought

SR No.: 006711
Original Sutra Author: N/A
Author: Champat Rai Jain
Publisher: ZZZ Unknown
Publication Year: 1916
Total Pages: 68
Language: English
Classification: Book_English
File Size: 3 MB

Page 53

THE SCIENCE OF THOUGHT.
47
Illustrations.* (i) Sound is subject to modification, because it is a
product. (ii) There is fire in this bill, because there is smoke
on it. (iii) We shall have rain, because rain-cloudst are
gathering. (iv) It will be Sunday to-morrow, because it is Satur
day to-day. (v) Yesterday was a Sunday, because it is Monday
to-day.
* The numbering of these illustrations corresponds to the figures in the tabulated classification of hetu.
† Here sound falls in the larger category of products which is characterised by the quality of being subject to modification. Therefore, being vyâpya (included) in the larger class paka), it is liable to have the distinguishing feature of the whole class predicated of itself. When put in the form of a modern syllogism, this illustration would read :
All products are liable to modification ; Sound is a product;
Therefore, sound is liable to modification.
Some logicians do not consider kârana (cause) to be a true hetu, on the ground that it is not always followed by its appropriate effect (karya); but this is clearly wrong, since the true kâraņa always implies an active, potent (sâmarthya) cause which nothing can prevent from producing its effect. In the instance of rain-clouds, the absence of all those causes which prevent them from giving rain is presumed and implied. The following is an instance which fully illustrates the force of karana as a true hetu : there is shade in this place because we have an open umbrella (the cause of shade) here,'