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NYAYA.
are called nayas of which the dravyârthika (the natural) and the paryâyârthika (changing or conditional) are the most important.
The dravyârthika point of view only takes into consideration the nature of the substance or material of a thing, while the paryâyârthika confines itself to the study of the form or forms in which substances manifest themselves.
The importance of anekântic (many-sided, hence all-embracing) knowledge lies in the fact that no one-sided system of study can possibly aim at perfect validity and fulness of knowledge, being debarred from a general study of things from all sides by the very force of its one-sided absolutism; for it frequently happens that the natural attributes of a thing are quite at variance with its manifested properties, so that if the attention of the student be confined to either of them exclusively, the resulting knowledge cannot but be imperfect, and, therefore, misleading also.
Jain Education International
CHAPTER XIV.
Pramâna is either Pratyakşa (direct) or Parokṣa (indirect).
The difference between these two types of pramâna consists in the fact that while the former springs from direct perception, the latter is
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