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considered by some to be material points as well. What is matter is but the category of the other' in the Hegelian dialectic, which also proceeds, spirit-like by self-estrangement and a higher self-synthesis in the course of its own selfrealisation. Schopenhauer himself admits that the basic blind will manifests itself as material forces at the starting steps of the cosmio evolution. The biologists of the evolutionary school find the principles of organic evolution foreshadowed in the actions and reactions of inorganic bodies. Thus all the various theories of modification may be brought under the following heads. On the one hand, we have the theories, according to whioh all changes in a substance are evolved from within. On the other, there are the views that modifications in a substance are brought about by forces, external to it. The Lamarkian and the Spencerian theories of evolution put forward an unextreme view in respect of the above two stand-points. They agree with the former and admit that changes proceed from within,-in some senses i. o., are evolved from the nature of the object only, when there is the requisite ( Yogya ) collocation of environmental phenomena. They agree with the latter view also to some extent and say that
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