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Lesson 56
Past Participle (Use in the Passive Voice)
For expressing the Purport of the Past Tense, the Past Participle is used in Apabhramsa. The Past Participle is formed by adding the suffix of the Past Participle to the Verb (See Lesson 41). The Past Participles partake of the nature of an Adjectives. When the suffixes of the Participle are added to the Transitive Verbs, it is used only in the Passive Voice. For making the Passive Voice, the subject in the Nominative Case is changed into the Instrumental Case, (Singular or Plural). The object which occurs in the Accusative Case (Singular or Plural) is changed into the Nominative Case and the inflexion of the Past Participle is according to the object converted in the Nominative Case. The inflexion of the Past Participle is like 'Deva' in the Masculine Gender, like 'Kamala' in the Neuter Gender and like 'Kaha' in the Feminine Gender. The Past Participle is 'a-ending'. For changing it into the Feminine Gender, āsuffix is added to it.
Transitive Verb
(1)
Koka To call,
Dekha To see
Rakkha To protect,
=
Acca To worship Masculine
Narindem/etc Kai/Kai
Narindem/etc Kai/Kai
Narindehim/etc Kai/Kai
124
Harim/
Divȧyara/
Harim/
Diväyaru/
Hariem/ Divȧyara/
Hariem
Divǎyaro
Jain Education International
Suna To hear,
T
Panama = To salute. To greet Påla To nurture, To bring up,
=
To observe
Iccha To desire
Kokia/Kokia/ = The poet was Kokio/Kokiu called by the king.
Kokia/Kokia = Poets were called by
the king.
Kokia/Kokiā
-
Accia/Accia/
Accio/Acciu
= Poets were called by
kings.
- The sun was
worshiped by Hari.
Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition
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