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From different perspectives, there are:
* **From the perspective of substance (dravya)**, the number of hell beings is countable.
* **From the perspective of space (pradesh)**, there are countless spaces, hence countless hell beings.
* **From the perspective of color, smell, knowledge, perception, etc.**, their permutations are infinite.
In this way, this verse clearly explains the permutations of all the hell beings and the liberated souls (siddhas).
Acharya Malayagiri has summarized these ten perspectives into four: substance, space, time, and state.
The essence of substance and space is included in substance, the essence of perception is included in space, the essence of position is included in time, and the essence of color, etc., and knowledge, etc., is included in state.
From the perspective of the 23 substances, except for plants, the remaining 23 hell beings are countless. And from the perspective of the infinite permutations of plants, all 24 hell beings are infinite. The liberated souls are infinite from the perspective of the substance of liberation.
The distinctions made in the first verse regarding non-living things (ajiva) are also present in this verse. The difference is that there they are called "classifications" (prajnapana) and here they are called "permutations."
Here, two distinctions have been made regarding matter (pudgala): atoms and aggregates (skandha). The space of the aggregate (skandhadesh) and the space within the aggregate (skandhapradesh) have been included under the aggregate itself.
The permutations of the non-living things that are shaped (rupi ajiv) are infinite. They have been considered here from the perspective of substance, space, time, and state.
The permutations of atoms, two-spaced aggregates, up to ten-spaced aggregates, and countable-spaced, countless-spaced, and infinite-spaced aggregates are infinite.
From the perspective of position, both atoms and aggregates exist from a position of one or two moments to a position of countless time.
An independent atom does not have a position of infinite time, but an aggregate can have a position of infinite time.
One is inferior, equal, or superior to another in terms of position.
From the perspective of perception, aggregates from two-spaced to infinite-spaced can occupy a space from one space of the sky to countless spaces, but not infinite space, because the matter substance is only in the world-sky (lokaakash), and the spaces of the world-sky are countless. The non-world-sky (alokaakash) is infinite, but there is no existence of matter or any other substance there.
The Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools of thought, which believe in atoms, consider the atom to be eternal and do not believe in its results or permutations.
However, Jainism considers the atom to be eternally changing (parinama-nitya).
Even though the atom is independent, it undergoes changes, as is clear from this verse.
The atom transforms into an aggregate, and the aggregate transforms into an atom, such is the process according to Jainism.
The sixth verse of the reverse order (vyutkrantipad) is about the contemplation of motion and counter-motion (gati and agati). It considers the motion and counter-motion of living beings.
Generally, in all four motions, the least is one moment and the greatest is twelve muhurtas of the time of separation from the state of birth (upapat-virahakal) and the time of separation from the state of death (udvartana-virahakal).
When contemplating the distinctions of those motions, the time of separation from the state of birth and the time of separation from the state of death are the least one moment and the greatest twenty-four muhurtas in the first hell.
In the motion of the liberated soul, there is birth (upapat), but not death (udvartana). Similarly, one should know this in other motions as well.
In the five stationary beings (sthavar), there is continuous birth and death. There is no alternative in this.
After this, there is contemplation on how many living beings are born and die in one moment from hell to liberation.
Along with this, there is discussion on how a living being is born from which state in the distinctions and sub-distinctions of hell beings, etc., and where it goes after death, and when it binds the lifespan of the next life (par-bhav).