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They have also mentioned 19 defects like *ghotk* etc. The person who is beyond the body and mind is the true owner of *kayotsarga*.
The sixth study, *pratyakhyana*, has been discussed from six perspectives: *pratyakhyana*, *pratyakhyata*, *pratyakhyeya*, *pardshad*, *kathana-vidhi*, and *phal*. There are six types of *pratyakhyana*: name, establishment, substance, *aditsa*, prohibition, and feeling. The purity of *pratyakhyana* comes from six types: faith, knowledge, humility, *anubhashana*, observance, and feeling. *Pratyakhyana* stops the flow of *ashrava*. It leads to immersion in the river of equality. By worshipping character, the *karma* is destroyed. By performing *apuurvakarana*, one ascends to the *kshapka* category and attains *kevalgyan*. Finally, one gets the uninterrupted happiness of liberation. The person who is not distracted and uncorrupted is the owner of *pratyakhyana*.
In *avashyakaniyukti*, all the rules and regulations that make the life of a *shraman* brilliant and dominant have been discussed in detail. This *niyukti* also presents ancient historical facts. The author of this *niyukti* is Acharya Bhadrabahu. Historians believe that there were many Acharyas named Bhadrabahu in Jain history. One of them, the fourteenth *purvadhari* Acharya Bhadrabahu, went to Nepal to practice *mahapranayama* yoga. From the perspective of the Svetambara tradition, he was the author of *chedasutra*. According to the Digambara tradition, he went to the south instead of Nepal. From our perspective, these two Bhadrabahus must have been separate individuals. Because the one who went to Nepal did not go to the south, and the one who went to the south did not go to Nepal. The author of *niyukti*, Bhadrabahu, was the brother of the famous astrologer Varahamihira. His time is the sixth century of the Vikram era. Punyavijayaji, the author of *Agam Prabhakar*, believes that Shrutakevali Bhadrabahu started the *niyuktis*, and they continued to develop until the second Bhadrabahu. Thus, some of the *niyuktis* are very ancient, while others are more recent. The current *niyuktis* are not entirely composed by the fourteenth *purvadhara* Bhadrabahu. Because the author of *niyukti*, Bhadrabahu, has saluted the author of *chedasutra*, Bhadrabahu. According to our opinion, in *Samavayanga*, *Sthananga*, and *Nandi*, where the introduction of *dwadasanga* is given, the text "sankejjau nijjuttio" is found. This makes it clear that the tradition of *niyuktis* existed even during the *agam* period. Each Acharya or *upaadhyaya* would have created *niyuktis* from their own perspective to make their disciples understand the secrets of the *agam* by heart. Just like professors today make their students write notes, *niyuktis* would have been like that. The second Bhadrabahu would have given the final form to the *niyuktis* based on them.
After the *niyuktis*, commentary literature was written. The style of commentary of *niyuktis* was very cryptic and concise. They lacked the expansion of the subject. Their main goal was to explain the technical terms. The commentaries, written in Prakrit language in detail to reveal the deep secrets of *niyuktis*, are known by that name. The credit for expressing the abundance of meaning hidden in the words of *niyuktis* goes to the commentators. In the commentary, the use of Magadhi and Shaurseni is visible in many places. The main meter is *arya*. The commentary literature presents many ancient traditions, worldly stories, and the methods of conduct and thought of traditional *shramans*.
**Commentary**
The name of the commentator Jinabhadragani Kshamasraman is engraved in Jain history with honor. He wrote *Vishesh Avashyak Bhashya* on *Avashyak Sutra*. Three commentaries were written on *Avashyak Sutra*: 1. *Mula Bhashya*, 2. *Bhashya*, and 3. *Vishesh Avashyak Bhashya*. The first two commentaries are very concise. Many of their verses are found in *Vishesh Avashyak Bhashya*. Therefore, *Vishesh Avashyak Bhashya* also represents both commentaries. This commentary is only on the first study, *Samayik*. It has 3603 verses.
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